RAJIVGANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH

SCIENCES, KARNATAKA

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT

FOR DISSERTATION

1. Name of the candidate and Address

MS.TINTU ANNIE MATHEW, DR. SYAMALA REDDY COLLEGE OF NURSING, #111/1, SGR MAIN ROAD, MUNNEKOLALA, MARATHAHALLI, BANGALORE-560037.

2. Name of the institution Dr. Symala Reddy College of Nursing.

3. Course of the study and subject M.Sc Nursing, I Year.

Community Health Nursing.

4. Date of admission to course09.06.2008.

5. Title of the topic A study on effectiveness of structured teaching programme on road safety measures among primary school children in selected schools at Bangalore.

6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK

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INTRODUCTION

“Shape the future of life

Healthy environments for children

The children of today are the adults of tomorrow

They deserve to inherit a safer, fairer and healthier world

There is no task more important than safe guarding their environment”

Road traffic accidents are one of the main causes of death and injury to children of

school age. Accidents tragically are often due to ignorance, carelessness, thoughtlessness and

over confidence. The consequences of accidents affect seriously the children’s health and

growth, interferes in their study and future.

Every year more than 1.17 million people die in road crashes around the world. The

majority of these deaths, about 70 % occur in developing countries, 65 percent of death involves

pedestrians and 35 % of pedestrian death in children. Over 10 million are crippled or injured

each year. It has been estimated that at least 6 million more will die and 60 million will be

injured during the next 10 years in developing countries unless urgent action is taken. The vast

majority of these occur in developing countries among pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists and

users of public transport.

The World Health Day 2004 focused on this rapidly growing public health problem of

accidents. The “Road Safety is no accident” is a message to the public that be solution to this

grave problem lies in their own hands. Action can be taken on a number of fronts to prevent

these neediness deaths and disabilities, and the immense loss and suffering they cause. Many

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programmers and policies exist to prevent road traffic crashes. They include strategies to address

rates of speed and alcohol consumption, promotion of helmets and seat belts and other restraints,

and greater visibility of people walking and cycling.

The theme for World Health Day 2004 was road safety. On this day around the globe,

hundreds of organizations were host events to help raise awareness about roar traffic injuries,

their grave consequences and enormous costs to society. They were also contributed to spreading

the word that such injuries can be prevented.

“Start Road Safety Early”

As adults, we are responsible for young children’s safety around traffic whether they

are pedestrians or passengers. “The aim of road safety is convey information to road users so as

to enhance their knowledge about road safety issues, influence their behavior on the road and / or

prepare them for new safety measures.”

6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY.

“Children are the future of the nation. If given proper training they could help usher in an

era of traffic culture.”

Dr. P.S. Passich

Everyday as many as one lakh forty thousand people are injured on the world’s roads.

More than three thousand (3000) die and some fifteen are disabled for life. Each of those people

has a network of family, friends, neighbors, colleagues or classmates who are also affected

emotionally otherwise. Families struggle with poverty when they lost a bread winner or have the

added expense of caring for disabled family members.

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According to World Health Organization, nearly 1.18 million people lost their lives

every year due to road accidents. Almost 18000 young people are injured in Australia roads

every year. In Australia. 958 persons killed in the year of 2001, 958 persons killed in the year of

2002, and 931 persons killed in the year of 2003.

Fifteen children under the age of 15 lost their lives and 1079 were injured in Norwegian

Traffic in 2002, and increase of 8 children killed and 122 children injured compared 2001.The

number of road accidents registered during the year of 2007 was 20,519 against 20,242 in the

preceding year. Among these accidents majority 18,329 were non-injury, 133 fatal, 403 caused

serious injury and 1,654 slight injuries compared to 2006 accidents causing casualties went up by

12.5% , non-injury by 0.2% , fatal by 0.9%, serious injury by 36% and slight injuries by 8.2%.

Seventy six people under the age of thirty were killed in road traffic accident in 2007,

down by nine from the previous year. In total 233 people lost their lives. The number of children

road traffic fatalities increased when compared with 2006. On average, twenty children have

died each year during 2000.

In 2006, fifty three persons killed (45– 54 years) in road traffic accidents. April 19 th,

2007, GENEVA- road traffic crashes were the leading cause of death among young people

between ten and twenty four years, according to an new report published by World Health

Organization as part of the first United National Global road safety week 23 – 29 April 2007.

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In Bangalore city, 628 people died in 2000 and 659 were killed in 2001. nearly 9000

people have been injured in accidents in 2002, while the number of injured in the last two years

was around 84,000 and 900 death in 2004, seven hundred and four (704) people died in 2005.

Nearly 7000 persons died in road accidents annually in Karnataka and the numbers alarmingly

increasing.

Current figures are alarming enough. Even more alarming are trends. If they continue by

2020, the number of people killed and disabled every day on the world’s roads will have grown

by more than 60% making road traffic injuries a leading contributor to the global burden of

disease and injury. Today they account for 90% of the deaths and disabilities resulting from road

traffic injuries. Soon, that

will rise to 95%. By taking action now and by working together, we can reverse the current

trends and save million of adults and children from death and disability between now and 2020,

and many millions more people in the years beyond.

Now - a-days only a few children walk to school compared to previous generation. This

is because parents feel safe to drive their children to school resulting in poor road crossing skills

among children. Hence, children should be given awareness regarding road safety. There is less

number of research studies done on knowledge of primary school children regarding road safety

measures.

By watching school children after their school timings, walking as they like, getting

shouting by vehicle drivers, passers-by, vendors, house-wives, the researcher felt the need to

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educate the children regarding road safety measures. If the children are educated regarding

causes and prevention of road traffic accidents, rules and regulations for crossing the roads and

signal lights, such type of accidents can be reduced to an extent. The purpose this study is

assessing the existing level of knowledge of primary school children regarding road safety

measures and providing structured teaching programme regarding road safety measures.

6.2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Road safety should be taught from a very early. Before allowing the child to cross the

road unattended by an adult, you must ensure that the child is competent to do. The child should

not be allowed on the roads on a bicycle until effective training has taken place. There are

several facts about road safety that most people are not aware of, first road traffic injuries kill

more than one million people each year. That makes traffic injuries one of the top ten leading

causes of death worldwide. Secondly, roughly 85-90% of the road traffic death occurs in low and

middle income countries.

The related review of literature has been arranged and presented in the

following order:

1. Meaning of Road Traffic Accidents.

2. Prevalence rate of Road Traffic Accidents.

3. Why are young children at risk?

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4. Meaning of Road safety measure

5. As adults, what we need to do?

6. Established road traffic practices and routines.

7. Studies related to road traffic accidents/injuries.

8. Studies related to road safety

1. Meaning of Road Traffic Accidents.

Road traffic accident is defined as any vehicle accident occurring on a public road or

highway and includes vehicles accidents where the place of occurrence is unspecified.

2. Prevalence rate of road traffic accidents.

ROAD ACCIDENTS IN INDIA (2000-2005).

S.NO YEAR PERSONS DIED IN 1000 POPULATION

1. 2000 399.3

2. 2001 405.2

3. 2002 408.7

4. 2003 435.1

5. 2004 464.5

6. 2005 465.2

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Six percent of world deaths during road accidents happen in India. One person die every

six minutes, ten are injured at the same time. More than 1, 00,000 people die on Indian roads

every year.

3. Why are young children at risk?

There are some of the reasons why young children are at risk of accidents, because children

Are curious. This can lead to danger of left alone in the vehicle

Are dependent. They need an adult.

Are unable to determine which direction sounds are coming from.

May be restless. They may not want to sit still in a car, but don’t realize their behavior

can distract the driver.

Want to be independent. They don’t always want to hold an adults hand when near

traffic.

Are small. Hard to be seen in traffic.

Are fragile. Injuries are likely to be more severe because of their small size.

May be easily distracted. They need help to understand what to watch out and listen for.

4. Meaning of road safety measure.

To prevent road accident and to save precious lives. It reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and

property (damage) resulting from crashes of road vehicle

5. As adults, what we need to do?

we need to

Protect and supervise children in all traffic situations

Use our knowledge and experience to predict when a situation might become

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dangerous

Ensure children hold an adults hand, wear a seat belt, or wear their bike helmet, even-though

they may resist.

Help children learn about road safety.

Use the road safety information and activities.

Take every opportunity to talk together about what you are doing.

6. Established road traffic practices and routines.

As soon as children can move, they are on the go, exploring. This can lead them into danger.

Watch and keep children out of danger

Talk with children about road safety in ways they understand

Expect the unexpected ….even at home, because you never know when a child will do

something new.

7. Studies related to road traffic accidents/injuries.

Dan Dona. R (2004)a study was conducted on death due to road traffic accidents in

Hyderabad city in India. The result of the study was a total of 3,039 cases of road traffic crashes

were recorded for 2002 including 400 cases (13.2%) were killed. Three hundred and sixteen

cases of road traffic crashes resulting in deaths were reported in the newspaper. The majority

died were males, 70% of those killed were between 16 and 49 years of age. Collision with a

vehicle caused 86.4% of all crashes and 60% of the victims died before reaching hospitals.

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Sreenivasa and Gautam (2004) conducted an epidemiological study on road traffic

accidents, in south India. The study revealed that 83% male and 17% female were accident

victims. Labors were the higher (29.9%) among the victims. The highest number of accidents

took place in the month of January (12.9%) and on Sundays (17.1%). Among the motor vehicles,

two wheeler drivers were more (31%) involved in accident out of 254 drivers (14.9%) were

found to have consumed alcohol.

Shahies (2006) conducted a study on road side accident in Faisalabad city. The study

revealed that 80% accidents happened during peak hours; where as 50% accidents occurred on

the main roads. Vehicle wise the percentage of accidents by motor cycle, tracks and pick-ups,

buses and car are 26.27%, 19.43%, 17.67% and 16.4% respectively, among these accidents

72.08% are fatal while 27.92% non-fatal. The main causes of accidents are fast speeding, rush

negligible driving, and frequent use of mobiles and visibility reduction.

8. Studies related to road safety

Ann maria patino,Alan(2003)conducted a study on “the role of the health care professional

in “bicycle safety” among children under 15 years old account for the majority of cycling time in

the united states. Health care professionals can play an important role in making cycling safe

activity by encouraging and advocating for safe bicycling practices and thereby building a

foundation of self cycling.

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Thomson reula(2007)a study was conducted on predicting bicycle helmet state of change

among middle school, high school and college cyclists from demographic, cognitive and

motivational variables. The samples were 797 cyclists in the 7th and 9th grades and to college

students. The results were 43% of the students were in “pre contemplation”, 17% were in either

“contemplation” or preparation, 16% were in either action or maintenance, and 24% were in the

“relapse stage of change”. The conclusion of the study was Tran theoretical model of behavior

change is a viable theoretical frame work for designing intervention aimed at increasing bicycle

helmet using children and adolescents.

Melhuish.Ross.A (2003)a study was conducted on “the effectiveness of road safety

campaign on elderly pedestrian safety in Malaysia”. The purpose of the study was that there is a

need to protect this vulnerable road users group on the road. The samples of 587 pedestrians

were interviewed in the pre campaign survey. The data were later analyzed using paired sample

test. The result of the study was that there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in mean

knowledge and practice score after campaign was launched. Therefore the sample group has a

higher risk to be involved in a road accident compared to other group of road users and also this

elderly age group takes a longer time to cross the road and in a pedestrian crossing area has

increased. In terms of attitude, the mean score showed a slight improvement between pre and

post campaign, this improvement is not significant statistically (P>0.05).

Albaladejo(2001) a study carried out on “promoting road safety through community

education programmes-an international study South Africa’s case study report”. Qualitative and

quantitative techniques were used to identify the key and safety issues in the community.

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Thereafter, an intensive educational and communication programme was run in the community

together with various stakeholders.

Zeedyk M.S.(2003) a study was carried out on “Tackling children road safety through

educational programme. This study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a video to take Britain’s

poor record on children’s road safety. Video had an impact of either children’s knowledge or

parent’s awareness of pedestrian skills when used in a standard home based fashion. The sample

size was 120 families, all of whom had children 5 years of age. Half the families received videos

at the beginning of the study, while the other half serves as a control group against which to

measure changing treatment group. However, the conclusion was when used in a casual fashion,

had no educational impact on either parents or children.

A study was conducted on “assessing the validity of road safety education studies by

analyzing causal chain”. A causal chain denotes the path through which a road safety measure

influences the number of accidents. It involves a traffic club for children. The intended causal

chain in this study was: join the club –improve knowledge—improve behavior—reduce accident

rate.

Tabibi .Z, Pfeffer K.(2002) a study was conducted on “choosing a safe place to cross the

road: the relationship between attention and identification of safe and dangerous road crossing

sites’’. Sample size was 95 children (aged 6.5 years, 8.6 years and 10.4 years) and 33 adults. The

results were the ability to identify safe and dangerous road crossing site and the ability to resist

interference increased with age. Significant correlations were observed between identification of

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safe and dangerous road crossing sites and performance of stroop test for children and for adults.

The discussion of the study was road safety training programme for children may need to take

into account in the development of children attention.

Langley J.D (2003) a study was conducted on “Missing cyclists”. The sample size was

2929 cyclists. The results were, of the 2925 cyclists crashes on public road, only 652 (22%)

could be linked to a Traffic Crash Report (TCR) of the crashes involving motor vehicles (n-

1033). Only 562 (54%) could be linked to the Land Transport Safety Authority (LTSA)database.

Nine percentages of these resulted in serious injury and 7% hospital stay greater than 7 days. The

conclusion of the study was greater effort and precision needs to be applied to routinely

document the burden of eye list crashes, especially cyclist only crashes.

A study was conducted on “Implementation of road safety measures in loc and environs”.

The results were accidents causes and recommended safety measures. The conclusion was the

National road safety council of Papua New Guinea in collaboration with public authorities and

private enterprises in implementing the recommendation in stages.

6.3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A study on effectiveness of structured teaching programme on Road Safety Measures

among-primary school children in selected schools at Bangalore.

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6.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.

1. To assess the level of knowledge among primary school children regarding road

safety measures before and after structured teaching programme.

2. To determine the effectiveness of structured teaching programme among primary

school children regarding road safety measures.

3. To compare the level of post test knowledge among primary school children

regarding road safety measures in both experimental and control group.

4. To find out the association between socio demographic variables and level of

knowledge regarding road safety measures.

6.5. HYPOTHESIS.

H1: There is a significant difference in the level of knowledge among Primary school children

regarding road safety measures before and after structured teaching programme.

H2: There is a significance difference in the post knowledge level of primary school children

regarding road safety measures in experimental and control group.

H3: There is a significant association between socio demographic variables and level of

knowledge regarding road safety measures among primary school children.

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6.7. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Knowledge:

It refers to response of the primary school children regarding road safety measures using

structured self administered questionnaire.

Road safety:

Taking precautions while crossing or walking on road by primary school children to

prevent accident.

Primary school children:

They are the children studying in fourth to fifth standard in selected school.

Structured teaching programme:

It is a plan teaching given to school children regarding road safety measures such as

causes of accident, prevalence and rules and regulations for crossing the road, signal light

etc using video.

Effectiveness:

It is the desired level of knowledge gained by primary school children after planned

teaching program using Video regarding road safety measures

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6.6. ASSUMPTION

A1: Level of knowledge of primary school children regarding road safety measures differ

from child to child.

A2: Structured teaching program influences level of knowledge of primary school children

regarding road safety measures.

A3: Socio demographic variables contribute to the level of knowledge of primary school

children regarding road safety measure.

7.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS

7.1. SOURCE OF DATA:

Students who are studying fourth and fifth standard.

7.2. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION:

Research method : Experimental study.

Research design : 2 groups Pre test and Post test Design.

Sampling technique : Simple Random Technique.

Sample size : 100 primary school children, of which 50

Children will be in experimental group and 50

Children will be in control group.

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Setting of the study : Study will be conducted in selected Primary

Schools at Bangalore.

7.2.1. SAMPLING CRITERIA

1. Children studying in fourth and fifth standard.

2. Children willing to participate in the study.

7.2.2. DATA COLLECTION TOOL

A structured self administered questionnaire will be prepared to assess the knowledge

among primary school children on road safety measures. The structured teaching

programme tool will be prepared about road safety measures. The content validity of tool

will be ascertained in consultation with guide and expert from various disciplines.

7.2.3. DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

Data analysis can be done using descriptive statistics like frequency distribution,

percentage, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics like chi-square and‘t’ test.

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7.3. DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR

INTERVENTION TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR OTHER

HUMAN OR ANIMALS?

No.

7.4. HAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED?

Yes. A written permission will be obtained from the school principal. Verbal consent will

be obtained from the children before conducting the study. Confidentiality and anonymity of the

subjects will be maintained throughout the study.

8.0. LIST OF REFERENCE

1. Ariana Vorko, Jovic, Josipa Kera; Department of statistics; Epidemiology and Informatics.

2. Department of Road Transport and Highways; 2000 -2005; Indian Statistic.

3. Itasca; National Safety Council; 2002; International Accident Facts.

4. Indian Journal of Community Medicine ; Epidemiological Study of Road Traffic ; Vol. XXIX ; No 1 ; Jan – March 2004.

5. Journal of Safety Research; Vol. 35; Issue 2 ; 2004; 173 – 174 p.p

6. Lick .R. and Vaa. T. (impress), hand book of Road Safety Measures ; Oxford 125 p. p

7. Manual of Family Health ; Royal College of Nursing ; Every day Care in the Home ; 653 p. p

8. Nurses of India; Road Safety; World Health Day 2004; March 2004.

9. Nurses of India; Road Safety Measures; May 2004.

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10. Nursing Journal; Prevention of accidents; Vol. XCVII; No. 10; Oct 2006.

11. Nursing Journal of India; Road Safety is no accident; World Health Day 2004; April 2004.

12. Park.K; Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine; 17th edition; 304 p.p.

13. Road accident in India; Causel Mostly; by Human error 2007.

14. Road deaths in Australia; Monthly Bulletin; Sept 2008.

15. Suzanne c. Seltzers and Brenda G. Bare. Text book of Medical and Surgical Nursing; 7th

edition ; 1485 p. p

16. The Nursing Journal of India ; Prevention of accidents in children ; Vol XCV ; No. 12 ; December 2004.

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SIGNATURE OF CANDIDATE

REMARKS OF THE GUIDE

NAME AND DESIGNATION

11.1 GUIDE

11.2 SIGNATURE

11.3 CO-GUIDE

11.4 SIGNATURE

11.5 HEAD OF THE

DEPARTMENT

11.6 SIGNATURE

12.1 REMARKS OF THE CHAIRMAN AND PRINCIPAL

12.2 SIGNATURE

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