Range of Tolerance

#

of

Surv

ivors

Temperature F 86 94 98 101 106

Limit of Tolerance Limit of Tolerance OPTIMAL RANGE

Community interactions

Ecology Hierarchy

Interactions with biotic factors Individual: physiology, reproduction,

development or behavior Populations/species: habitat and resource

needs, group behavior, population growth, extinction

Communities: how populations interact Interactions with abiotic and biotic factors

Ecosystems Biomes Biosphere

Species Interactions: competitionIntraspecific competition – Short term- Density dependent population

control Encourages territoriality (K

selected) Send young away Resource partition between

generations Force trespassers away

Long term Encourages specialization

Species Interactions: competition

Interspecific competition – Competitive exclusion principle

Non-native invasive species

What leads to heterogeneity?

Small changes in the ecosystemTopography, slope aspect, pH, moistureResource partitioning

Species Interactions: competition

FUNDAMENTAL NICHE REALIZED NICHE

Species Interactions: competition

Interspecific competition Non-native invasive species Keys to success Generalist species • Excellent dispersal

mechanisms, allowing it to spread

• R-selected or r-strategist Large clutch size/many offspring

produced Early onset of reproduction/early

maturation o Frequent reproduction

Superior defenses against predators in new environment

• Superior skills as a predator in new environment

Norway rat Snakehead fish

Cane toad Kudzu