rauniĆ vadanjel, tdr d.o.o. - coresta | home · 2012_pt04_lindner.pdf congress2012 - document not...

EFFECT AND INFLUENCE OF PERFORATION METHODS

FOR TIPPING PAPER ON THE CONTROL OF

BASIC SMOKE YIELDS

Michael LINDNER, TANNPAPIER GmbH, AUSTRIA

Renata RAUNIĆ VADANJEL, TDR d.o.o.

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INTRODUCTION: CIGARETTE SMOKE

DILUTION PROCESS

Types of Tipping Perforation:

Online-laser perforation on finished cigarettes

inside the cigarette maker

Pre-perforated Tipping

Paper (offline perforation):

- Laser perforation

- Electrostatic perforation

© TANNPAPIER: PT04 - Smoke Yield Control 2

Filter air flow

Total air flow

(diluted smoke)

Tobacco rod air flow

Main air flow

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DIFFUSION: MASS TRANSPORT DRIVEN

BY CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCE

Mainstream CO reduction is governed by oxygen diffusion

through inherently porous cigarette paper

Unlike ventilation related to perforation, diffusion of CO takes

place against the air flow direction

Diffusion capacity for banded (LIP) cigarette paper is lower

than for non-banded paper with equal permeability


Gas 1 Gas 2

p1 = p2

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QUASI-DIFFUSION: DIFFUSIVE-LIKE

INFLUENCE FROM FILTER VENTILATION

Quasi-diffusion as a side effect of Tipping Perforation, co-

determining the control of mainstream yields NFDPM (“tar“),

nicotine and CO

Physical & geometrical perforation

parameters basis for a quantitative quasi-

diffusion simulation model by combining

volumetric air flow through capillary tubes

flow of a fluid through porous medium

one-dimensional gas diffusion


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QUASI-DIFFUSION SIMULATION MODEL

Perforation zone: Parallel capillary tubes within the paper

matrix Hagen-Poiseulle law for the volumetric flow f

through the measurement area A:

r… tube radius = mean hole size

d… tube length = paper thickness

Δp… pressure difference

h… dynamic viscosity of air

n… perforation hole density

Perforation permeability Darcy‘s law:

P2… air permeability (CU)

n… empirically estimated permeability exponent for each

perforation type


d

pAnr

h

f

8

4

nf pAP 2

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QUASI-DIFFUSION SIMULATION MODEL

Basic relation of diffusion Fick‘s first law for the diffusive

flux J:

D… diffusivity / diffusion constant

Δc/d… concentration gradient across the paper

d can be substituted with the former

equations quasi-diffusion:

With D and some assumptions / simplifications

quasi-diffusive flux comprising information about Tipping

Perforation:


Ad

cDJ

Anr

pcPDJ quasi 4

1

2

n

2P

4

13

2~

nr

pPJquasi

n

h

8

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SAMPLE SELECTION:

CIGARETTE SAMPLES FROM 2011

(MANUFACTURER: TDR D.O.O.)

Sample

Number

Perforation

Type

Number of

Tracks

Number of

Holes

Hole Radius

[mm]

Permeability

[CU]

Open Pressure

Drop [mm H2O]

Filter Ventilation

[%]

1 Offline-Laser 2 67 0,042 100 128,9 13,74

2 Online-Laser 2 16 0,074 120 128,5 14,41

3 Offline-Laser 2 83 0,053 300 108,8 31,5

4 Online-Laser 2 21 0,074 280 108,3 32,36

5 Offline-Laser 2 104 0,063 600 92,5 45,85

6 Online-Laser 2 30 0,085 430 93,0 48,75

7 Offline-Laser 4 175 0,053 600 90,1 50,47

8 Online-Laser 2 30 0,085 460 90,3 50,92

9 Offline-Laser 2 60 0,095 1000 88,4 51,37

10 Online-Laser 2 30 0,085 480 90,1 52,69

11 Electrostatic 1 NA NA 100 127,8 14,24

12 Online-Laser 2 18 0,063 150 128,4 16,97


14 Online-Laser 2 23 0,085 310 108,2 36,66


16 Online-Laser 2 35 0,085 520 89,7 54,39


18 Online-Laser 2 39 0,095 640 79,3 65,22

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SAMPLE SELECTION:

CIGARETTE SAMPLES FROM 2012

(MANUFACTURER: TDR D.O.O.)

Samples 2011: 24000 CU plug wrap paper + 50 CU non-banded

cigarette paper

Samples 2012: 6000 CU plug wrap paper + 120 CU banded

cigarette paper


Sample

Number

Perforation

Type

Number of

Tracks

Number of

Holes

Hole Radius

[mm]

Permeability

[CU]

Open Pressure

Drop [mm H2O]

Filter Ventilation

[%]

1 Offline-Laser 2 101 0,053 500 97,0 28,00

2 Online-Laser 2 18 0,085 260 94,5 34,28

3 Offline-Laser 2 58 0,127 1500 92,0 35,05

4 Online-Laser 2 18 0,095 300 31,0 37,84

5 Offline-Laser 2 58 0,148 2000 85,5 42,31

6 Online-Laser 2 30 0,085 440 90,0 44,59

7 Offline-Laser 2 58 0,153 2500 82,0 46,62

8 Online-Laser 2 30 0,095 520 80,0 51,41

9 Offline-Laser 2 58 0,153 3000 81,0 48,61

10 Online-Laser 2 30 0,095 520 80,0 51,41

11 Offline-Laser 2 58 0,159 3500 79,0 50,08

12 Online-Laser 2 30 0,095 550 77,0 54,93

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CLASSIFICATION OF CIGARETTE

SAMPLES ACCORDING TO THE

FILTER VENTILATION

Vg (degree of filter ventilation)

of offline perforated cigarettes =

Vg of online perforated

cigarettes but different

perforation properties

Concerned pairs of samples (e.

g. 1 & 2, 3 & 4, 5 & 6, etc.) are

marked in the table with equal

color shades

Investigation of ventilation and

quasi-diffusion effects with

emphasis on CO / tar ratios


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RESULTS: TAR vs. FILTER VENTILATION

(CIGARETTE SAMPLES 2011)

Above a filter ventilation of approx. 20% higher tar reduction for

offline than for online perforated cigarettes

Offline perforation: Larger hole densities more homogeneous

smoke dilution © TANNPAPIER: PT04 - Smoke Yield Control 10

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RESULTS: CO vs. FILTER VENTILATION


Lower CO values for offline than for online perforated cigarettes

over the total range of filter ventilation

CO reduction co-determined by quasi-diffusive effects due to

microscopic perforation structure © TANNPAPIER: PT04 - Smoke Yield Control 11

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RESULTS: NICOTINE vs. FILTER VENT.


Above a filter ventilation of approx. 10 – 15% lower nicotine

quantities for offline than for online perforated cigarettes

Reduction efficiency is primarily controlled by dilution based on

filter ventilation © TANNPAPIER: PT04 - Smoke Yield Control 12

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RESULTS: CO / TAR RATIO vs. FILTER

VENTILATION


Up to a filter ventilation of approx. 60% slightly lower CO / tar

figures for offline than for online perforated cigarettes

Above 60% filter ventilation elimination of quasi-diffusion due to

the gradual change from laminar to turbulent dilutive air flow © TANNPAPIER: PT04 - Smoke Yield Control 13

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RESULTS: CO / TAR RATIO vs. FILTER

VENTILATION


Transition point (lower CO / tar

ratios for online- than for offline-

laser perforation) already at 25%

filter ventilation + relatively high

values

Influence from banded cigarette

paper negative impact on CO

reduction efficiency

Higher interference of the 6000

CU plug wrap paper with the

dilutive air flow than the 24000

CU plug wrap paper used for the

samples from 2011


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RESULTS: CORRELATION BETWEEN CO /

TAR RATIOS AND SIMULATION RESULTS


Direct linear relationship

between CO / tar values and

quasi-diffusive flux CO

reduction efficiency rises with

increasing quasi-diffusion effect

Both perforation techniques

comprise quasi-diffusive

contributions to regular smoke

dilution

Slightly higher quasi-diffusion

capabilities for pre-perforated

than for online perforated Tipping

Paper


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RESULTS: CORRELATION BETWEEN CO /

TAR RATIOS AND SIMULATION RESULTS


Turbulent air flow inside filters

due to low plug wrap paper

permeability elimination of

quasi-diffusion

Non-linear behavior of calculated

quasi-diffusive flux

Characterization of the transition

point between quasi-diffusion

assisted and dilution dominated

control of mainstream deliveries


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SUMMARY: VENTILATION & SMOKE

YIELDS

Investigation of the correlation between

the control of fundamental smoke yields

and filter ventilation based on different

Tipping Paper perforation methods

Physical and geometrical perforation

parameters for a quasi-diffusion

simulation model describing CO / tar

ratios

Smoke output reduction: Offline

perforated cigarettes are more efficient

than online perforated cigarettes (at

same ventilation levels)


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SUMMARY: CO / TAR RATIOS

Small values only with contributing quasi-diffusion

Advantage of pre-perforated Tipping Paper only in the regime

of small / moderate filter ventilation (laminar air flow)

Above transition point dilution eliminates quasi-diffusion

Transition point depends significantly on permeability

difference between plug wrap and Tipping Paper

Predictive quality of the simulation model below transition

point confirmed

Experimental and theoretical results useful for compensating

impacts from banded cigarette paper and for pre-determining

requested smoke yields


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THANK YOU FOR YOUR VALUABLE

QUESTIONS & FEEDBACK!

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