Read and analyze the map on Read and analyze the map on page 534page 534

Draw a chart listing the Draw a chart listing the Monarchs and the Nations Monarchs and the Nations

they are fromthey are from

Bell WorkBell Work

Chapter 18Chapter 18

Absolute Monarchs Absolute Monarchs in Europein Europe

Quick Question…Quick Question…

What do you think of when you What do you think of when you hear the word “hear the word “ABSOLUTEABSOLUTE””

What are some synonyms for What are some synonyms for this word?this word?

Quick Introduction…Quick Introduction…

What is an ABSOLUTE MONARCH?What is an ABSOLUTE MONARCH?– A king or queen who has total power, and A king or queen who has total power, and

seeks to control all aspects of societyseeks to control all aspects of society What gives the king their power?What gives the king their power?

– Divine Right – belief that God gave the Divine Right – belief that God gave the king his “right” to be king (God’s king his “right” to be king (God’s Representative)Representative)

Feudalism Renaissance Growth of Cities

Growth of Nationalism

Need for Central Power

Evolution of Absolutism

Chapter 18.1Chapter 18.1Absolutism in SpainAbsolutism in Spain

The King Becomes an The King Becomes an EmperorEmperor

King Charles IKing Charles I– Absolute Absolute

monarchmonarch A ruler whose A ruler whose

power is not power is not limited by having limited by having to consult with to consult with the nobles, the nobles, common people, common people, or their or their representativesrepresentatives

Ruled by Ruled by Divine Divine RightRight

Charles V and the Charles V and the EmpireEmpire

Bought votes to be elected Bought votes to be elected Holy Roman EmperorHoly Roman Emperor Charles VCharles V

Territory expanded to Territory expanded to vast vast empireempire

Fighting for Fighting for religious control religious control of Europeof Europe– Wants people to be Wants people to be CATHOLICCATHOLIC– Power closely connected to the Power closely connected to the

churchchurch– Devastating wars w/ protestant Devastating wars w/ protestant

princes forced him to sign princes forced him to sign Peace Peace of Augsburgof Augsburg, which gave German , which gave German princes right to princes right to decide religion decide religion of of their territorytheir territory

Dividing the EmpireDividing the Empire

Charles gave up Charles gave up throne in 1556throne in 1556

Divided empire Divided empire between brother and between brother and sonson– Brother took Hapsburg Brother took Hapsburg

holdings in holdings in AustriaAustria– Son, Son, Philip II Philip II took took

Netherlands, Sicily, Netherlands, Sicily, Spain, and American Spain, and American ColoniesColonies

Golden CenturyGolden Century

El Greco El Greco (“The Greek”)(“The Greek”)– ReligiousReligious– Elongated humansElongated humans

Diego VelazquezDiego Velazquez– People of all social classesPeople of all social classes

Don QuixoteDon Quixote– Author: Miguel de CervantesAuthor: Miguel de Cervantes– About a man caught between About a man caught between

medieval and modern worldsmedieval and modern worlds

After the Quiz…After the Quiz…

Read the “Section Read the “Section Summary” and answer Summary” and answer the questions for Section the questions for Section 2: Absolute Monarchy 2: Absolute Monarchy and France (textbook and France (textbook pages 540 – 544). pages 540 – 544).

reviewreview

Textbook pages 526 Textbook pages 526 – 527– 527

Answer questions 1- Answer questions 1- 7, 9, 11-12 in your 7, 9, 11-12 in your notebooknotebook

Spain Under Philip IISpain Under Philip IISteady stream of Steady stream of gold and gold and

silver from American silver from American colonies colonies led to peak of led to peak of prosperityprosperity

Devout Devout CatholicCatholic, saw , saw himself as leader of himself as leader of Counter-ReformationCounter-Reformation

Faith Faith clashed w/ clashed w/ protestants protestants in Belgium, in Belgium, Netherlands, LuxembourgNetherlands, Luxembourg– Dutch revolted, led to Dutch revolted, led to Court Court

of Bloodof Blood– Dragged on for decadesDragged on for decades– Led to independent Led to independent

NetherlandsNetherlands

Spain and EnglandSpain and England English English aided Dutch rebels aided Dutch rebels

against Spainagainst Spain– Infuriated PhilipInfuriated Philip

Elizabeth I of England allowing Elizabeth I of England allowing English ships to attack English ships to attack Spanish Spanish treasure ships treasure ships coming from Americacoming from America– Sea dogs stole gold and silverSea dogs stole gold and silver

Philip assembled Philip assembled Spanish Spanish Armada Armada to attack Englishto attack English

Spanish ships Spanish ships badly damagedbadly damaged England emerged as England emerged as

dominantdominant power power

Bell WorkBell Work

Write the Roman Write the Roman Numerals for 1 – 20. If Numerals for 1 – 20. If you don’t know, number you don’t know, number your paper 1 – 20, and your paper 1 – 20, and we will go over themwe will go over them

Chapter 18Chapter 18Section 2Section 2

Pages 540-Pages 540-544544

Absolutism in France:Absolutism in France:The Reign of Louis The Reign of Louis

1414thth

Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV strengthened the Louis XIV strengthened the

French monarchy, with Louis French monarchy, with Louis XIV setting the example of XIV setting the example of

an absolute monarch for the an absolute monarch for the rest of Europerest of Europe

What you will What you will learnlearn

Setting the Stage for Louis 14Setting the Stage for Louis 14King Henry IVKing Henry IV

There were BIG problems in France with There were BIG problems in France with religious connotations.religious connotations.

The Catholics and the The Catholics and the Huguenots (French Huguenots (French Protestants)Protestants) were constantly fighting. were constantly fighting.– Huguenots were a threat to CatholicsHuguenots were a threat to Catholics– 1/10 French were Huguenots1/10 French were Huguenots– Un roe, une loi, une foiUn roe, une loi, une foi

“ “ One King, One law, One Religion”One King, One law, One Religion” Monarchy saw Huguenots as a challenge to thisMonarchy saw Huguenots as a challenge to this

St. Bartholomew's Day St. Bartholomew's Day MassacreMassacre

Huguenots and Catholics had been Huguenots and Catholics had been fight for yearsfight for years– 1572 Paris Streets run red1572 Paris Streets run red

Henry of Navarre’s (protestant) and Marguerite Henry of Navarre’s (protestant) and Marguerite de Valoi’s (Catholic) Wedding dayde Valoi’s (Catholic) Wedding day

Brides mother (Queen) ordered all of the Brides mother (Queen) ordered all of the protestants in for wedding to be killedprotestants in for wedding to be killed

10K-70K protestants killed, Henry would 10K-70K protestants killed, Henry would escapeescape

Henry would be next inline for throneHenry would be next inline for throne– Converted to Catholicism and crowned King Henry IV Converted to Catholicism and crowned King Henry IV

III. Setting the Stage for Louis III. Setting the Stage for Louis 1414

There was a time of peace when Henry of There was a time of peace when Henry of Navarre (a Huguenot prince) came to Navarre (a Huguenot prince) came to powerpower– He converted to Catholicism in order to help He converted to Catholicism in order to help

the countrythe country– Signed the Edict of NantesSigned the Edict of Nantes

meant religious toleration for the Huguenots meant religious toleration for the Huguenots in France.in France.

Gave them limited freedomsGave them limited freedoms One King, one law, one religion is no longerOne King, one law, one religion is no longer Catholicism still official religion of FranceCatholicism still official religion of France

King Henry IVKing Henry IV

Focused on repairing war torn FranceFocused on repairing war torn France– Fixed financial situationFixed financial situation– Eliminated debt and built a surplusEliminated debt and built a surplus– Created new industryCreated new industry– Built roads and canalsBuilt roads and canals

He was assassinated by a fanatic He was assassinated by a fanatic who did not like who did not like

What’s Happening?What’s Happening?

How did Henry IV end France’s wars of religion?How did Henry IV end France’s wars of religion? By converting to Catholicism and granting certain By converting to Catholicism and granting certain

rights to the Huguenotsrights to the Huguenots Why did the Catholics accept the Edicts of Nantes?Why did the Catholics accept the Edicts of Nantes? Because it ended the religious wars but still Because it ended the religious wars but still

declared Catholicism as France’s official religiondeclared Catholicism as France’s official religion Why would the French royal family want to kill all Why would the French royal family want to kill all

the Huguenots?the Huguenots? Killing them would put an end to the fightingKilling them would put an end to the fighting

Setting the Stage for Louis 14: Setting the Stage for Louis 14: Louis 13Louis 13

B. Louis 13B. Louis 13thth

– WEAK king- young, mom ruled for several yearsWEAK king- young, mom ruled for several years– Richelieu was his main “advisor”Richelieu was his main “advisor”

He pretty much ran the kingdom, not LouisHe pretty much ran the kingdom, not Louis He hated the HuguenotsHe hated the Huguenots Strengthened his own power by weakening the nobles Strengthened his own power by weakening the nobles

influence (made them take down their fortified castles)influence (made them take down their fortified castles) La Rochelle, Huguenots side with English, Upon their La Rochelle, Huguenots side with English, Upon their

defeated all churches had to become catholicdefeated all churches had to become catholic Repressed Huguenot Nobles with spies and harsh Repressed Huguenot Nobles with spies and harsh

punishmentpunishment More interested in Strengthening the Monarchy than More interested in Strengthening the Monarchy than

supporting Catholicssupporting Catholics

What’s Happening?What’s Happening?

How did Louis XIII and Cardinal How did Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu strengthen the French Richelieu strengthen the French monarchy?monarchy?

Reduced power of Huguenots; Reduced power of Huguenots; How did Richelieu plan to strengthen How did Richelieu plan to strengthen

the monarchy?the monarchy? By crushing his opponentsBy crushing his opponents

Louis 14Louis 14The Most Powerful Ruler of The Most Powerful Ruler of

FranceFrance ““I am the state” – meaning that he was I am the state” – meaning that he was

France France – Sun KingSun King

Began his rule when he was 4 years Began his rule when he was 4 years oldold

Because he was so young when he Because he was so young when he took over, he had an advisor – Mazarin.took over, he had an advisor – Mazarin.

Mazarin’s “rule” caused the nobles to Mazarin’s “rule” caused the nobles to revolt. revolt. Louis hated this and made up Louis hated this and made up his mind that he would become so his mind that he would become so powerful that the nobles would NEVER powerful that the nobles would NEVER rise against him.rise against him.– Louis excluded them from councils and Louis excluded them from councils and

taxed themtaxed them

Absolutism at VersaillesAbsolutism at Versailles

Demanded to be in charge of all military, Demanded to be in charge of all military, political, and economic initiatives.political, and economic initiatives.– Best Example of an Absolute MonarchBest Example of an Absolute Monarch

Religion of his subject were also under Religion of his subject were also under his direct controlhis direct control

Built a enormous palace, Versailles Built a enormous palace, Versailles Greatest ambition was to build up Greatest ambition was to build up

military and expand French Territorymilitary and expand French Territory

Louis’ Palace: Louis’ Palace: The Palace at VersaillesThe Palace at Versailles

The Palace at Versailles was 14 The Palace at Versailles was 14 miles outside of Paris.miles outside of Paris.

5,000 acres of forests, gardens, 5,000 acres of forests, gardens, and lawnsand lawns

1,400 Fountains, so many that 1,400 Fountains, so many that they could not even run them all they could not even run them all at the same time. at the same time. (The workers would just (The workers would just turn them on when Louis walked by, and turn them off turn them on when Louis walked by, and turn them off when he walked away.)when he walked away.)

The cost to build them palace was The cost to build them palace was approximately $2.5 billion.approximately $2.5 billion.

It took 36,000 people to build the It took 36,000 people to build the Palace at Versailles.Palace at Versailles.

Why do you think that Louis built this palace?

People who wanted to speak to the king could not knock on his door. Instead, using the left pinkie finger, they had to gently scratch on the door, until they were granted permission to enter. As a result, many courtiers grew that fingernail longer than the others

Palace at VersaillesPalace at Versailles

Palace at VersaillesPalace at Versailles

The Actions of Louis 14The Actions of Louis 14

Expanded the economyExpanded the economy– Jean Baptist Colbert – Minister of Finance Jean Baptist Colbert – Minister of Finance

used Mercantilism to build France’s bank used Mercantilism to build France’s bank accountsaccounts

– Focused on making money in the New World Focused on making money in the New World (fur trade)(fur trade)

– Limited imports and increased exportsLimited imports and increased exports Over-turned the Edict of NantesOver-turned the Edict of Nantes

– Persecuted the Huguenots, so they 200 K Persecuted the Huguenots, so they 200 K left, left,

and took jobs and money with them.and took jobs and money with them. Pampered himselfPampered himself

– Lived in TOTAL luxury, had 500 servants, Lived in TOTAL luxury, had 500 servants, cooks, etc. who looked after his every cooks, etc. who looked after his every desire.desire.

Louis 14 Extends France’s Louis 14 Extends France’s BordersBorders

Under Louis’ leadership, Under Louis’ leadership, France became the most France became the most powerful nation in Europe.powerful nation in Europe.– Largest PopulationLargest Population– French Army: Best trained, best French Army: Best trained, best

weapons, most soldiersweapons, most soldiers

Louis 14 Extends France’s Louis 14 Extends France’s BordersBorders

With this large army, Louis began to With this large army, Louis began to expand the French borders.expand the French borders.– Early in his campaigns he had successEarly in his campaigns he had success– Eventually his luck ran outEventually his luck ran out– Hurt the people, b/c the high cost war Hurt the people, b/c the high cost war

was paid with taxes- went to war 4 timeswas paid with taxes- went to war 4 times Would melt down royal silver to pay for Would melt down royal silver to pay for

suppliessupplies

One Last War for the One Last War for the FrenchFrench

The French people wanted peace.The French people wanted peace. What they got was another warWhat they got was another war

– The War of Spanish SuccessionThe War of Spanish Succession– France and Spain were on the verge of unificationFrance and Spain were on the verge of unification– Wanted Spanish throne for his sonWanted Spanish throne for his son– Other countries of Europe were scared that this Other countries of Europe were scared that this

would be too much power for the Bourbon Kings.would be too much power for the Bourbon Kings.– Result: Spain and France were beaten by Result: Spain and France were beaten by

England, Netherlands and Holy Roman Empire, England, Netherlands and Holy Roman Empire, and the thrones were not permitted to be unified.and the thrones were not permitted to be unified. Treaty of UtrechtTreaty of Utrecht

French ExpansionFrench Expansion

Louis 14: Legacy & Louis 14: Legacy & DeathDeath

Positives that Louis Positives that Louis BroughtBrought

Strengthened France in Strengthened France in Art & LiteratureArt & Literature

Strengthened French Strengthened French Military and influence in Military and influence in EuropeEurope

Strengthened the French Strengthened the French Colonies in the New WorldColonies in the New World

Negatives that Louis Negatives that Louis BroughtBrought

Constant WarfareConstant Warfare Lost of debts (palace and Lost of debts (palace and

fighting)fighting) High Taxes for the peopleHigh Taxes for the people Set the stage for the Set the stage for the

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

Louis died in his bed in 1715. The French people Louis died in his bed in 1715. The French people celebrated when they heard the news.celebrated when they heard the news.

What’s Happening?What’s Happening?

What were the causes and effects of What were the causes and effects of the Spanish Succession?the Spanish Succession?

Caused when other European powers Caused when other European powers did not want to see Louis XIV’s son did not want to see Louis XIV’s son become king of Spainbecome king of Spain

Resulted in giving Louis’s grandson the Resulted in giving Louis’s grandson the throne, but keeping France and Spain throne, but keeping France and Spain from being ruled by the same monarchfrom being ruled by the same monarch

Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by describing how the power of the French monarchy increased describing how the power of the French monarchy increased

under Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV.under Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV.

Chapter 18Chapter 18

Section 3 Section 3

Pages 545-550Pages 545-550

Monarchy in EnglandMonarchy in England

Write a brief description of Write a brief description of either the St. either the St.

Bartholomew’s Day Bartholomew’s Day Massacre or the palace that Massacre or the palace that Louis XIV built at Versailles. Louis XIV built at Versailles.

Use Use details details that will help that will help your reader your reader visualizevisualize the the

scene. scene.

5 Points 5 Points

7 Sentence Min7 Sentence Min

Bell ringer Bell ringer 18.318.3

In contrast to the absolute In contrast to the absolute monarchy France, the monarchy France, the English monarchy was English monarchy was limited by Parliament; limited by Parliament; following a civil war, following a civil war,

Parliament became even Parliament became even more powerful more powerful

What you will learn What you will learn todaytoday

Monarchs Defy ParliamentMonarchs Defy Parliament

First, you need to understand that a First, you need to understand that a MONARCHY is a form of MONARCHY is a form of ABSOLUTISM.ABSOLUTISM.

The Monarchs (Kings and Queens) The Monarchs (Kings and Queens) felt that they were above the law felt that they were above the law (i.e. – Parliament)(i.e. – Parliament)– Parliament – English version of Parliament – English version of

CongressCongress

Monarchs vs. ParliamentMonarchs vs. ParliamentQueen ElizabethQueen Elizabeth – she – she

had problems with had problems with the parliament the parliament regarding moneyregarding money

James I – he had problems with the parliament regarding religion

Charles I – fired the Parliament – just got rid of it!

RecapRecap

Henry VII creates Protestant church to Henry VII creates Protestant church to divorce wife- not able to have male childdivorce wife- not able to have male child

Daughter, Mary take thrown, switch Daughter, Mary take thrown, switch back to Catholicism and kills protestantsback to Catholicism and kills protestants

Daughter, Elizabeth takes thrown, Daughter, Elizabeth takes thrown, switches back to Catholic Churchswitches back to Catholic Church

All of this is done with the help of All of this is done with the help of parliament passing laws.parliament passing laws.

ElizabethElizabeth

Parliament wants her to marry so there will Parliament wants her to marry so there will be a male heir to the thrown, but she refuses be a male heir to the thrown, but she refuses to do soto do so

She doesn’t want to share the power with She doesn’t want to share the power with anybodyanybody

She does have a good relationship with She does have a good relationship with Parliament as they are able to speak their Parliament as they are able to speak their mind w/o fear of punishment.mind w/o fear of punishment.

What’s HappeningWhat’s Happening

How did the Tudors work with Parliament?How did the Tudors work with Parliament?– Henry VIII teamed with Parliament to pass a series Henry VIII teamed with Parliament to pass a series

of laws to convert England to Protestantism and of laws to convert England to Protestantism and name him head of the Church of England, name him head of the Church of England, Elizabeth I needed the help of Parliament to re-Elizabeth I needed the help of Parliament to re-establish herself as the head of the Church of establish herself as the head of the Church of EnglandEngland

What do you think would have happened if What do you think would have happened if Elizabeth I had married?Elizabeth I had married?– Might have lost power because her husband would Might have lost power because her husband would

have wanted to play a part in a growing Englandhave wanted to play a part in a growing England

James I Problems with James I Problems with ParliamentParliament

Elizabeth's SuccessorElizabeth's Successor Relative from ScotlandRelative from Scotland Believed in the Devine Rights of Kings Believed in the Devine Rights of Kings Bad relations with ParliamentBad relations with Parliament

– Absolute PowerAbsolute Power– From ScotlandFrom Scotland– Low funds from predecessorsLow funds from predecessors

James rarely got what he wanted from ParliamentJames rarely got what he wanted from Parliament

– Who really has the power?Who really has the power?

James I Problems with James I Problems with ReligionReligion

Parliament is increasing powerParliament is increasing power Puritans are on the risePuritans are on the rise

– Religious group who wants to purify the churchReligious group who wants to purify the church– Thought church was too catholicThought church was too catholic

Robes/kneelingRobes/kneeling

Puritans wanted to take power away from Puritans wanted to take power away from church officialschurch officials

Church leadership supported James IChurch leadership supported James I– James refuses to pass most reformJames refuses to pass most reform– does have Bible written in English. King James does have Bible written in English. King James

versionversion

Charles ICharles I

James dies and son Charles I is crowned.James dies and son Charles I is crowned.– Married a catholic woman and went to war (English are Married a catholic woman and went to war (English are

Happy). He is very popular.Happy). He is very popular. War = $$War = $$

– In order to continue conquests he must ask parliament to In order to continue conquests he must ask parliament to raise taxes.raise taxes.

The only way that Parliament would give him The only way that Parliament would give him money is if he signed the Petition of Right.money is if he signed the Petition of Right.– No false imprisonmentNo false imprisonment– No taxes w/o Parliament’s consentNo taxes w/o Parliament’s consent– No housing of soldiers in homesNo housing of soldiers in homes– No martial (absolute) law in peace timeNo martial (absolute) law in peace time

Charles I vs. ParliamentCharles I vs. Parliament

The Petition of Right was a direct challenge The Petition of Right was a direct challenge to Absolute Monarchyto Absolute Monarchy

Charles signed it – then he IGNORED it.Charles signed it – then he IGNORED it. He needs more $ and goes back to He needs more $ and goes back to

Parliament but is denied.Parliament but is denied. Charles fired Parliament for 11 yearsCharles fired Parliament for 11 years

Then he needed them back to get him Then he needed them back to get him some money – for more wars some money – for more wars

He “re-hired” them.He “re-hired” them. But after 11 years, who is in the power But after 11 years, who is in the power

seat?seat?

Charles I vs. ParliamentCharles I vs. Parliament

Parliament took this opportunity to further limit Parliament took this opportunity to further limit kings power and further empower Parliamentkings power and further empower Parliament

Charles is not done yet!Charles is not done yet! A radical Puritan group within parliament has A radical Puritan group within parliament has

moved to abolish the appointment of Bishops within moved to abolish the appointment of Bishops within Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

The kings power is directly connected to church The kings power is directly connected to church officialsofficials

Charles again fires ParliamentCharles again fires Parliament

What’s Happening?What’s Happening?

What led the first two Stuart kings to What led the first two Stuart kings to clash with Parliament?clash with Parliament?– Went to Parliament to raise money, rarely Went to Parliament to raise money, rarely

able to get what he wantedable to get what he wanted What did Charles I do when Parliament What did Charles I do when Parliament

refused to give him money after he refused to give him money after he signed the Petition of Rights?signed the Petition of Rights?– He taxed the English people and dismissed He taxed the English people and dismissed

ParliamentParliament

English Civil WarEnglish Civil War

Why? – because the people were mad at Why? – because the people were mad at Charles for firing the Parliament (and Charles for firing the Parliament (and Parliament was mad too)Parliament was mad too)

When? – 1642 – 1649When? – 1642 – 1649

Loyalists

•Supported Charles

•Called “Cavilers”

Also called “Royalists”

Puritans

•Supported Parliament

•Called Roundheads

•Leader was Oliver Cromwell

VS

Results of the English Results of the English Civil WarCivil War

Oliver Cromwell’s Oliver Cromwell’s Roundheads Roundheads defeated the defeated the Cavilers and Cavilers and imprisoned imprisoned CharlesCharles

They put Charles I They put Charles I on trial, sentenced on trial, sentenced him to death – him to death – chopped his head chopped his head off.off.

Changes in PowerChanges in Power

Oliver Cromwell took over Oliver Cromwell took over following the civil warfollowing the civil war– Dismissed ParliamentDismissed Parliament– Formed a CommonwealthFormed a Commonwealth

Republican based governmentRepublican based government

– Formed a military stateFormed a military state Lord Protector of EnglandLord Protector of England Fought with Dutch of tradeFought with Dutch of trade

– Very strictVery strict Closed theatresClosed theatres Limited popular Limited popular

entertainmententertainment– THE PEOPLE ARE UNHAPPYTHE PEOPLE ARE UNHAPPY

What's Happening?What's Happening?

What were the causes and results of What were the causes and results of the English Civil War?the English Civil War?

CAUSE: Parliament limited Charles I CAUSE: Parliament limited Charles I power and refused to give him moneypower and refused to give him money

RESULT: Charles I executed, RESULT: Charles I executed, Monarchy and house of Lords Monarchy and house of Lords abolished, England becomes a abolished, England becomes a common wealthcommon wealth

Defender of AbsolutismDefender of Absolutism

Thomas Hobbs- Thomas Hobbs- LeviathanLeviathan

Describes human as being naturally Describes human as being naturally selfish and fearfulselfish and fearful

Life in nature is solitary, poor, nasty, Life in nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and shortbrutish, and short

People need an all powerful monarch People need an all powerful monarch to tell them how to live.to tell them how to live.

The Restoration (Charles II)The Restoration (Charles II)

After Cromwell died, the people wanted to After Cromwell died, the people wanted to have a king – Charles II (Charles I son) took have a king – Charles II (Charles I son) took over. (weak)over. (weak)

He got along better with the Parliament, He got along better with the Parliament, restorationrestoration took place in England. took place in England.

Was weak to ParliamentWas weak to Parliament– Was quick to given in Was quick to given in – Supported public constructionSupported public construction– Reopened theatresReopened theatres

What’s Happening?What’s Happening?

Do you think that England was better off Do you think that England was better off under the commonwealth or under the under the commonwealth or under the monarchy?monarchy?

Why did Parliament vote to bring back the Why did Parliament vote to bring back the monarchy?monarchy?– People were unhappy with new Puritan laws, People were unhappy with new Puritan laws,

and Cromwell’s son was an uninspiring leaderand Cromwell’s son was an uninspiring leader

Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution

– 1685 Charles II died with NO heir1685 Charles II died with NO heir– His brother James II took over (but he was His brother James II took over (but he was

catholic!)catholic!) Believed in Absolute MonoarchyBelieved in Absolute Monoarchy He soon offended Parliament and voted some He soon offended Parliament and voted some

Catholic friends into high office (against the Catholic friends into high office (against the law)law)

Parliament protested, so he fired themParliament protested, so he fired them His wife then had a son and the people were His wife then had a son and the people were

scared that a long line of Catholics would scared that a long line of Catholics would rule. rule.

Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution

– HOWEVER, James had an older Protestant daughter HOWEVER, James had an older Protestant daughter (Mary) who married William of Orange. (Mary) who married William of Orange.

– Parliament invited William to overthrow James II. He Parliament invited William to overthrow James II. He brought and army, James II was scared and fled the brought and army, James II was scared and fled the countrycountry

– Thus, the Thus, the Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution began and ended with began and ended with no fightingno fighting

– William and Mary begin their reign and develop aWilliam and Mary begin their reign and develop aCONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHYCONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY : :

There is a monarch in place, There is a monarch in place, however they are limited in however they are limited in their powertheir power

What’s Happening?What’s Happening?

Why are the events of 1688 known Why are the events of 1688 known as the glorious revolution?as the glorious revolution?– A new king and king took power without A new king and king took power without

blood shedblood shed

Pop Quiz Pop Quiz

True/FalseTrue/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false.Indicate whether the statement is true or false. ________ 1.Queen Elizabeth I had a good relationship with 1.Queen Elizabeth I had a good relationship with

Parliament and called it into session Parliament and called it into session ten ten times during her 45-year reign.times during her 45-year reign.

________ 2.Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector of England 2.Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector of England clamped down on social life by closing clamped down on social life by closing

theaters and limiting other forms of theaters and limiting other forms of popular popular entertainment.entertainment.

________ 3.William and Mary were crowned king and 3.William and Mary were crowned king and queen of England in order to prevent queen of England in order to prevent

a a Puritan monarch from Puritan monarch from occupying the occupying the throne.throne.

Pop Quiz Pop Quiz Answers Answers

True/FalseTrue/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false.Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1.Queen Elizabeth I had a good relationship with 1.Queen Elizabeth I had a good relationship with

Parliament and called it into session ten Parliament and called it into session ten times during her 45-year reign.times during her 45-year reign.

TRUETRUE 2.Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector of England 2.Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector of England

clamped down on social life by closing clamped down on social life by closing theaters and limiting other forms of popular theaters and limiting other forms of popular entertainment.entertainment.

TRUETRUE 3.William and Mary were crowned king and 3.William and Mary were crowned king and

queen of England in order to prevent a queen of England in order to prevent a Puritan monarch from occupying the Puritan monarch from occupying the throne.throne.

FALSEFALSE

Using your notes, fill in the graphic Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by identifying the causes organizer by identifying the causes

of the decreasing power of the of the decreasing power of the monarchy. 5 Pointsmonarchy. 5 Points

Chapter 18Chapter 18

Section 4Section 4

P. 552-557P. 552-557

Rulers of Rulers of Russia and Russia and

Central EuropeCentral Europe

Russia Before IvanRussia Before Ivan

Far behind Western DevelopmentFar behind Western Development– Run by church officials Run by church officials – Boyars (landowners)Boyars (landowners)

1546 young prince named Ivan1546 young prince named Ivan– Took title of CzarTook title of Czar– Intended to rule w/o limitsIntended to rule w/o limits

Crash CourseCrash Course

Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols: Crash Course World History Mongols: Crash Course World History #20 - YouTube#20 - YouTube

Russia’s Absolute Russia’s Absolute Ruler: Ivan IVRuler: Ivan IV

Ivan IV a.k.a “Ivan the Ivan IV a.k.a “Ivan the Terrible”Terrible”

Came to the throne when Came to the throne when he was only 3 years old.he was only 3 years old.

At the age of 16 he At the age of 16 he crowned himself czar crowned himself czar (Caesar) and took control(Caesar) and took control– Why would he want to be Why would he want to be

recognized as “czar?”recognized as “czar?”

Two Stages of Ivan’s LifeTwo Stages of Ivan’s Life ““Good Stage” – 1547-1560Good Stage” – 1547-1560

Married AnastasiaMarried Anastasia Expanded Russia’s landsExpanded Russia’s lands

– Expanded to the East Volga River TerritoryExpanded to the East Volga River Territory– Increased tradeIncreased trade

Cleaned-up the Russian legal systemCleaned-up the Russian legal system General council included low class and merchantsGeneral council included low class and merchants Promoted military by merit not social statusPromoted military by merit not social status

WIFE (ANASTASIA) DIED / He thought she was poisoned.

Two Stages of Ivan’s LifeTwo Stages of Ivan’s Life

““Bad Stage” – 1560-1584Bad Stage” – 1560-1584 Ivan put together a “secret police” who Ivan put together a “secret police” who

went around hunting those suspected of went around hunting those suspected of being traitors (killed 1000s)being traitors (killed 1000s)

Punished anyone who spoke Punished anyone who spoke

out against czarout against czar Killed an entire city (Novgorod)Killed an entire city (Novgorod)

– Wanted to separate form RussiaWanted to separate form Russia Killed his own son (oldest)Killed his own son (oldest)

Details about killing his sonDetails about killing his son

In 1581, Ivan beat his In 1581, Ivan beat his pregnant daughter-in-law for pregnant daughter-in-law for wearing immodest clothing, wearing immodest clothing, causing a miscarriage. His causing a miscarriage. His son, also named Ivan, upon son, also named Ivan, upon learning of this, engaged in a learning of this, engaged in a heated argument with his heated argument with his father, which resulted in Ivan father, which resulted in Ivan striking his son in the head striking his son in the head with his pointed staff, with his pointed staff, causing his son's causing his son's (accidental) death. This (accidental) death. This event is depicted in the event is depicted in the famous painting by Ilya famous painting by Ilya Repin, Repin, Ivan the Terrible and Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan on Friday, his son Ivan on Friday, November 16, 1581November 16, 1581 better better known as known as Ivan the Terrible Ivan the Terrible killing his sonkilling his son

Russia’s StrugglesRussia’s Struggles

After Ivan killed his oldest son there was only After Ivan killed his oldest son there was only his weak, youngest son to rule. his weak, youngest son to rule.

He was too weak to lead effectively.He was too weak to lead effectively. He died without an heir.He died without an heir. The Time of Trouble beganThe Time of Trouble began

– Economic, problems, Foreign invasion, uncertaintyEconomic, problems, Foreign invasion, uncertainty This began the rule of the Romanov Dynasty This began the rule of the Romanov Dynasty

in Russia (lasts 300 years)in Russia (lasts 300 years) Enter Czar Peter the GreatEnter Czar Peter the Great

Czar Peter ICzar Peter I Known as Peter the GreatKnown as Peter the Great 6’8” tall6’8” tall Took over in 1696Took over in 1696

– Removed his sister from powerRemoved his sister from power 11stst act was to attack Azov (city held by act was to attack Azov (city held by

Turks)Turks)– Failure, but learned from mistakesFailure, but learned from mistakes– Along side carpenters, he built a navy and Along side carpenters, he built a navy and

Azov SurrenderedAzov Surrendered

Czar Peter ICzar Peter I

Strengthened the power of the czar Strengthened the power of the czar (that is added to his ABSOLUTE POWER)(that is added to his ABSOLUTE POWER)

When Peter took over Russia was very When Peter took over Russia was very backwards, in that they still based their backwards, in that they still based their society on Vassals, serfs, etc., Peter society on Vassals, serfs, etc., Peter was determined to change this.was determined to change this.

Peter’s ReformsPeter’s Reforms

In 1697, Peter made a grand tour of Western Europe.In 1697, Peter made a grand tour of Western Europe. Peter wanted to learn about their customs and Peter wanted to learn about their customs and

manufacturing techniques.manufacturing techniques. In order to make In order to make “Westernize”“Westernize” Russia, Peter had to Russia, Peter had to

strengthen is ABSOLUTE POWER. strengthen is ABSOLUTE POWER. Here’s what he did:Here’s what he did:– Controlled the Russian ChurchControlled the Russian Church– Reduced the power of the Upper Class, and created a Reduced the power of the Upper Class, and created a

Middle ClassMiddle Class– Disbanded the Streltsy (politically based Army)Disbanded the Streltsy (politically based Army)– Enlarged the Russian Army (raised taxes to pay them)Enlarged the Russian Army (raised taxes to pay them)

Peter’s Westernization of RussiaPeter’s Westernization of Russia

The Westernization ProcessThe Westernization Process– Introduced Potatoes as a part of their dietIntroduced Potatoes as a part of their diet– Started a newspaperStarted a newspaper– Allowed women to attend social gatheringsAllowed women to attend social gatherings– Had the Nobles start wearing Western FashionsHad the Nobles start wearing Western Fashions– Education Focus: Education Focus:

Sponsored Schools: Navigation, Arts, and SciencesSponsored Schools: Navigation, Arts, and Sciences

– St. Petersburg: Russia’s warm water port St. Petersburg: Russia’s warm water port (named after Peter’s Patron Saint)(named after Peter’s Patron Saint)Results of Peter’s ActionsResults of Peter’s Actions: Russia became modernized, : Russia became modernized,

and better off as a result of his efforts.and better off as a result of his efforts.

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great

Grew angry with husband Czar Peter Grew angry with husband Czar Peter IIIIII

Seized power after the Czar was Seized power after the Czar was murderedmurdered

Catherine the Great Catherine the Great ReformsReforms

Worked on Westernization efforts of Peter Worked on Westernization efforts of Peter the Greatthe Great

Believed that a wise stronger ruler could Believed that a wise stronger ruler could improve the lives of their subjectsimprove the lives of their subjects– Reformed legal and education systemsReformed legal and education systems– Removed trade restrictionsRemoved trade restrictions– Promoted Science and artsPromoted Science and arts– Defeated and took over Poland, valuable outlet Defeated and took over Poland, valuable outlet

for sea tradefor sea trade

Russia take over PolandRussia take over Poland

Why is this important? Why is this important?

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great

While fighting a man saying he was Peter III (not While fighting a man saying he was Peter III (not murdered) stepped forward saying the throne was hismurdered) stepped forward saying the throne was his

He put together a ragtag army of peasants and He put together a ragtag army of peasants and rebelledrebelled– This was put downThis was put down

Catherine decided she needed to strengthen the Catherine decided she needed to strengthen the Monarchy in rural areasMonarchy in rural areas

She reorganized local government in the hands of She reorganized local government in the hands of nobles and landownersnobles and landowners– In return for their services, she lowered their taxes and In return for their services, she lowered their taxes and

gave them absolute control over their lands and peasantsgave them absolute control over their lands and peasants

Monarchy and conflict in Monarchy and conflict in Central EuropeCentral Europe

Unlike Monarchs of Western Unlike Monarchs of Western

Europe and Russia, Europe and Russia,

Central Europe had no Central Europe had no

Absolute MonarchsAbsolute Monarchs

The Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire

Has an emperor, but theHas an emperor, but the

Empire has several Empire has several

smaller states each with its smaller states each with its

Own rulerOwn ruler

The HapsburgsThe Hapsburgs

In 1450 all of the small states had a In 1450 all of the small states had a ruler that came from the same family- ruler that came from the same family- The HapsburgsThe Hapsburgs

One rule would try to exert his One rule would try to exert his authority on all the Statesauthority on all the States

IV. The 30 Years WarIV. The 30 Years War When: 1618 – 1648When: 1618 – 1648 Where: Bohemia (Czech Republic)Where: Bohemia (Czech Republic) Who: Who: Protestants Protestants (with Lutheran help)(with Lutheran help) and Catholics and Catholics Details: Conflict over religion, territory, and for power Details: Conflict over religion, territory, and for power

among European ruling familiesamong European ruling families Results: Results:

– Hurt Germany most (lost 4 million people)Hurt Germany most (lost 4 million people)– Treaty: Peace of WestphaliaTreaty: Peace of Westphalia– This was the last religious war in EuropeThis was the last religious war in Europe – Europe became a group independent countries, rather than Europe became a group independent countries, rather than

a Catholic Empirea Catholic Empire

The 7 Years WarThe 7 Years War When: 1756 - 1763When: 1756 - 1763 Where: Europe, India, North AmericaWhere: Europe, India, North America Who: England vs. France (and their allies)Who: England vs. France (and their allies) Results: England gained the mostResults: England gained the most

– They took all of France’s holding in the New They took all of France’s holding in the New WorldWorld

– England gained trading domination in IndiaEngland gained trading domination in India

The Scientific The Scientific Revolution & Revolution &

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

New Models and MethodsNew Models and Methods

Chapter 19 Sec 1-2Chapter 19 Sec 1-2

Pages 567-579Pages 567-579

Bellringer 19.1Bellringer 19.1

Imagine that you are a German Imagine that you are a German engineer who has moved to Russia to engineer who has moved to Russia to help Peter the Great build St. help Peter the Great build St. Petersburg. Write a letter in which Petersburg. Write a letter in which you try to persuade another you try to persuade another professional back home to come professional back home to come work with you in Russia.work with you in Russia.

5 points5 points

By the 17th Century, many By the 17th Century, many changes had begun to occur: changes had begun to occur:

Scientists all over Europe kept in Scientists all over Europe kept in touchtouch

Science became a big businessScience became a big business Newton’s theory of the UniverseNewton’s theory of the Universe

– Huge influence on both scientific & Huge influence on both scientific & political/social thinkingpolitical/social thinking

Application of Science to IndustryApplication of Science to Industry Popularized SciencePopularized Science

Themes of the Scientific Themes of the Scientific Revolution Revolution

Science = a philosophyScience = a philosophy Science is practicalScience is practical Science creates repercussions in Science creates repercussions in

theology & philosophytheology & philosophy– Deism: “Clockwork Universe”Deism: “Clockwork Universe”– Traditional churches of all kinds were Traditional churches of all kinds were

threatened by new ideas about man and threatened by new ideas about man and God.God.

More ThemesMore Themes

Science created repercussions in Science created repercussions in political thought, as well.political thought, as well.– Scientific Revolution led to a belief in Scientific Revolution led to a belief in

democracy & freedomdemocracy & freedom Rational order in the universe – it Rational order in the universe – it

was possible scientifically, politically, was possible scientifically, politically, and sociallyand socially

All of worlds problems could be All of worlds problems could be solved with reasonsolved with reason

What you will LearnWhat you will Learn

New ways of thinking led to New ways of thinking led to remarkable discoveries remarkable discoveries during the Scientific during the Scientific Revolution.Revolution.

Old Views Scholars relied on church and traditional

authorities for their beliefs on the structure of the earth

These old ideas were upheld by the church– Geocentric Theory– Taught god put earth at the center of the

universe

Scholars would begin to challenge these traditional way and begin a new way of thinking– Questioning the natural world

ClaudiusClaudiusPtolemyPtolemy

The Universe The Universe Ptolemy’s model of the universe was Ptolemy’s model of the universe was

generally accepted by ancient & generally accepted by ancient & medieval scientists (geo-centric with medieval scientists (geo-centric with concentric crystalline spheres)concentric crystalline spheres)

Aristotle was 1Aristotle was 1stst to to

Produce this theoryProduce this theory

Why new way of thinking

Exploration- lead to study of natural world– Ancient scholars could give no info about

these new lands– New people and animals never seen before

Maybe there are other things out there that have yet to be discovered– The more the examined natural world, the

more they realized ancient beliefs did not match

New Views

Challenged old views Based on Europeans learning

advances made by Arab world Posed theories about natural world

and then tested them– Called Scientific Method

Scientific Method

The Scientific Method is a set of techniques for acquiring new knowledge about the natural world based on observable, measurable evidence.– Step 1 Identify a problem or a research question to be

answered.– Step 2 Form a hypothesis that can be tested. A

hypothesis is a proposed answer to the research question and is based on previous knowledge.

– Step 3 Perform experiments to test the hypothesis.– Step 4 Record the results of the experiments.– Step 5 Analyze the results of the experiments to form

a conclusion that either proves or disproves the hypothesis.

What’s Happening?What’s Happening?

What changes led to the dawn of modern What changes led to the dawn of modern science? science? – Traditional authorities challenged: new theories Traditional authorities challenged: new theories

proposed and tested; exploration led to closer proposed and tested; exploration led to closer study of natural world; development of scientific study of natural world; development of scientific methodsmethods

How was the scientific method different How was the scientific method different than pervious methods of thinkingthan pervious methods of thinking– Reliance on testing ideas by experimentation; Reliance on testing ideas by experimentation;

rather than accepting the views of traditional rather than accepting the views of traditional authoritiesauthorities

Two scholars who help develop the Scientific

method

Rene Rene DescarteDescarte

ss

Rene Descartes: Rationalist Rene Descartes: Rationalist

Tried to use reason to explain the Tried to use reason to explain the world—didn’t trust the senses.world—didn’t trust the senses.– Doubted everything until it could be Doubted everything until it could be

proved by reasonproved by reason 1637: 1637: Discourse on MethodDiscourse on Method: :

emphasis on deduction & mathemphasis on deduction & math– Relied heavily on math and logic to Relied heavily on math and logic to

prove truthsprove truths

SirSir Francis Bacon Francis Bacon

Only way to gain Only way to gain scientific knowledge scientific knowledge is by is by experimentationexperimentation

Observing Observing measuring, measuring, explaining, verifyingexplaining, verifying

Induction vs. DeductionInduction vs. Deduction

Medieval scientists believed in the ideasMedieval scientists believed in the ideas

of Aristotle: of Aristotle: Deductive MethodDeductive Method: look at : look at the “whole” and make hypotheses about the “whole” and make hypotheses about itit

Bacon rejected the deductive method & Bacon rejected the deductive method &

advocated the advocated the Inductive methodInductive method: look : look at the parts and make hypotheses at the parts and make hypotheses about the whole.about the whole.

Copernicus- Astronomer Copernicus- Astronomer Heliocentric universe in which Heliocentric universe in which

stars and planets are points stars and planets are points of light with circular orbits.of light with circular orbits.

11stst scientist to complete a scientist to complete a model of the solar system model of the solar system using science, physics, and using science, physics, and mathematicsmathematics

Published “On the Published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs” in 1473Orbs” in 1473– did so on his death bed as he did so on his death bed as he

fear church oppositionfear church opposition

Tycho Brahe- Tycho Brahe- Astronomer/MathematicianAstronomer/Mathematician

Observed the heavens and decided Observed the heavens and decided that all of the heavenly bodies that all of the heavenly bodies orbited around the sun, except for orbited around the sun, except for the earth and its moon, and that the the earth and its moon, and that the sun and its planetary system sun and its planetary system revolved around the earth.revolved around the earth.

Brahe’s Brahe’s ModelModel

KeplerKepler

Accepted & revised the Accepted & revised the Copernican modelCopernican model

Elliptical (oval) orbitsElliptical (oval) orbits Proved mathematically that Proved mathematically that

the sun is the center of the the sun is the center of the universe.universe.

Kepler’s Kepler’s ModelModel

GalileoGalileo

GalileoGalileo

Improved the telescope and used it Improved the telescope and used it to observe the moon, stars, and to observe the moon, stars, and other heavenly bodiesother heavenly bodies

1610: Published “Starry Messenger” 1610: Published “Starry Messenger” in which he claimed there were in which he claimed there were mountains on the moon and moons mountains on the moon and moons around Jupiter.around Jupiter.

1613: Sunspots discovered1613: Sunspots discovered

Controversy with the ChurchControversy with the Church

Between 1613 and 1616, Galileo Between 1613 and 1616, Galileo wrote a series of letters concerning wrote a series of letters concerning the truth of the Copernican model.the truth of the Copernican model.– The 1616 letter came to the attention of The 1616 letter came to the attention of

an influential Cardinal who had it put on an influential Cardinal who had it put on the Index of Prohibited Books.the Index of Prohibited Books.

– He was ordered NOT to hold Copernican He was ordered NOT to hold Copernican views.views.

More ControversyMore Controversy

1624-30: Galileo wrote “Dialogue 1624-30: Galileo wrote “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World: Ptolemaic & Copernican”the World: Ptolemaic & Copernican”– Banned immediatelyBanned immediately– Put on Trial in 1633 and found guilty of Put on Trial in 1633 and found guilty of

breaking the 1616 sentence.breaking the 1616 sentence.– Put under house arrest where he was Put under house arrest where he was

supervised by officers of the Inquisition.supervised by officers of the Inquisition.

What’s Happening?What’s Happening?

What discoveries occurred in What discoveries occurred in astronomy, physics, and math during astronomy, physics, and math during the Scientific Revolution? the Scientific Revolution? – Heliocentric theory; plants orbited the sun; Heliocentric theory; plants orbited the sun;

predictable laws of movement; calculuspredictable laws of movement; calculus Why were Galileo’s books so Why were Galileo’s books so

contraversial?contraversial?– They contradicted the official Church They contradicted the official Church

viewpoints that the sun orbited the earthviewpoints that the sun orbited the earth

Sir Isaac Sir Isaac NewtonNewton

Sir Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton

1668: built the first reflecting telescope1668: built the first reflecting telescope Laws of motionLaws of motion Law of universal gravitationLaw of universal gravitation 1687: Published “Principial 1687: Published “Principial

Mathematican” Mathematican” 1704: Published “Optics” in which he 1704: Published “Optics” in which he

included his explanation of differential included his explanation of differential calculus as an appendix. calculus as an appendix. – Developed calculus independent of LeibnizDeveloped calculus independent of Leibniz

ScientistsScientists

Antony van Leeuwenhoek was 1Antony van Leeuwenhoek was 1stst to to invent microsopeinvent microsope

Robert Boyle, the father of modern Robert Boyle, the father of modern Chemistry, was 1Chemistry, was 1stst to define an to define an element and described matter as a element and described matter as a cluster of tiny particlescluster of tiny particles

What Happening?What Happening?

How did scientific ideas move beyond How did scientific ideas move beyond the realm of science and affect the realm of science and affect society? society? – Science and religion combined to Science and religion combined to

produce artistic achievement of the produce artistic achievement of the Renaissance; Scientist challenged some Renaissance; Scientist challenged some of the traditional ideas of the church of the traditional ideas of the church

Using your notes, fill in the graphic Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by listing the causes and the organizer by listing the causes and the effects of new discoveries made during effects of new discoveries made during

the Scientific Revolutionthe Scientific Revolution5 Points5 Points

The EnlightenmentChapter 19 Sec 2Pages 574-579

Bell Ringer 9.2Bell Ringer 9.2

Suppose that you are an astronomer Suppose that you are an astronomer during the mid-1500s. Write a short during the mid-1500s. Write a short speech explaining why the scientific speech explaining why the scientific method would reveal truth more method would reveal truth more accurately than reliance upon accurately than reliance upon traditional authorities.traditional authorities.

What you will learnWhat you will learn

European thinkers European thinkers developed new ideas developed new ideas about government and about government and society during the society during the Enlightenment.Enlightenment.

The Age of Reason

Scientific Revolution convinced many people in the power of reason– Could it be used to study human nature too– Reason can be used to solve human

problems

Philosophies'Philosophies'

Philosophies had differing beliefs Philosophies had differing beliefs about issues, such as the perfect about issues, such as the perfect form of government, etc., but they all form of government, etc., but they all shared a basic unity of thought.shared a basic unity of thought.

SimilaritiesSimilarities

All applied reason to their analysis of All applied reason to their analysis of societysociety

All believed in progress and looked All believed in progress and looked optimistically toward the futureoptimistically toward the future

All sought reform to establish and All sought reform to establish and protect human libertiesprotect human liberties

All attacked the abuses of the Old All attacked the abuses of the Old RegimeRegime

Thomas Hobbs- political thinker

Wrote Leviathan Based upon his horrific experiences in

English Civil War People are self fish and greedy

– People need government Social contract

– People should give up some freedoms in exchange for peace, saftey, and order that government will provide

Monarchy was best form of government– Strong central power could be used to impose

law and order

Locke: Locke: Empiricist Empiricist

People are People are naturally happy, naturally happy, tolerant and tolerant and reasonablereasonable

Everyone is born Everyone is born free with natural free with natural rights of life, rights of life, liberty and liberty and property.property.

Locke: EmpiricistLocke: Empiricist

Purpose of the government was to protect the people

Monarchs were not chosen by God– Instead the people consented to the

government, who power was limited by law ““Two Treatises of Civil Government” Two Treatises of Civil Government”

1690 1690 – If government failed to protect it citizens’ If government failed to protect it citizens’

natural rights, they people had the right to natural rights, they people had the right to over throwover throw RevolutionRevolution

Important Ideas Important Ideas of Lockeof Locke

““Tabula RosaTabula Rosa” All knowledge ” All knowledge comes from sense impressions made comes from sense impressions made on the mind from birth.on the mind from birth.– At birth the mind is like a “blank slate”At birth the mind is like a “blank slate”– Our picture of the world is built up of the Our picture of the world is built up of the

impressions which are imprinted on our impressions which are imprinted on our mind through numerous observations mind through numerous observations during our lifetime.during our lifetime.

More Important IdeasMore Important Ideas

Man is a “rational” being that can be Man is a “rational” being that can be improved by education and proper improved by education and proper upbringing. upbringing.

Provided a “scientific” reason for reformProvided a “scientific” reason for reform Toleration, respect for reason, optimism Toleration, respect for reason, optimism

about human perfectibility, and political about human perfectibility, and political freedom were all hallmarks of the freedom were all hallmarks of the Enlightenment that stemmed from Enlightenment that stemmed from Locke.Locke.

RousseauRousseau

“Force does not “Force does not constitute constitute

right... right... obedience is obedience is due only to due only to legitimate legitimate

powers”powers”

Rousseau (1712 – 1778)Rousseau (1712 – 1778)

A romantic, he differed from the rest by A romantic, he differed from the rest by questioning the generally accepted faith in questioning the generally accepted faith in reason and science as a means to a good reason and science as a means to a good lifelife

People were born basically goodPeople were born basically good– Society corrupted manSociety corrupted man

Civilization was a disease that had Civilization was a disease that had corrupted man and led him into slaverycorrupted man and led him into slavery– ““Man is born free, but everywhere he is in Man is born free, but everywhere he is in

chains . . . (Social Contract)chains . . . (Social Contract)

Social ContractSocial Contract

All men begin in a state of nature, where All men begin in a state of nature, where they are “benevolent natives.” they are “benevolent natives.” – Human nature is innately good—man is Human nature is innately good—man is

corrupted by society.corrupted by society. The first person to fence off his property The first person to fence off his property

ruined this idyllic state of affairs and ruined this idyllic state of affairs and created a need for government—thus a created a need for government—thus a social contract was made between citizens.social contract was made between citizens.

A social contract was a deal made among A social contract was a deal made among the people themselves in which the the people themselves in which the supreme authority was to be the general supreme authority was to be the general will.will.

GovernmentGovernment

Direct democracy, an agent of the Direct democracy, an agent of the peoplepeople

Revolution is advisable, if the Revolution is advisable, if the government no longer serves the government no longer serves the needs of the people, and it can be needs of the people, and it can be changed whenever the people wish.changed whenever the people wish.

MontesquieMontesquieuu

““The love of The love of democracy is democracy is

that of that of equality”equality”

Montesquieu (1689 – 1755)Montesquieu (1689 – 1755)

Most famous book: The Spirit of the Most famous book: The Spirit of the LawsLaws

Relativist: no one best form of Relativist: no one best form of government exists.government exists.– Good government should vary with the Good government should vary with the

circumstances of the nation—education, circumstances of the nation—education, climate, soil, size, religion, customs, etc.climate, soil, size, religion, customs, etc.

Necessary FactorsNecessary Factors

No matter which type of government No matter which type of government was chosen, two characteristics was chosen, two characteristics needed to be present for there to be needed to be present for there to be “good government”“good government”– Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances– Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers

VoltaireVoltaire

“Liberty of “Liberty of Thought is Thought is the Life of the Life of the Soul”the Soul”

Voltaire (1694-1778)Voltaire (1694-1778)

Longest-lived, most prolific philosopherLongest-lived, most prolific philosopher Believed the universe is governed by Believed the universe is governed by

natural laws which can’t be changed by natural laws which can’t be changed by man.man.

Rejected the idea of innate ideas and held Rejected the idea of innate ideas and held that knowledge is acquired through that knowledge is acquired through experience which is interpreted by reason.experience which is interpreted by reason.

Man and human nature are basically goodMan and human nature are basically good

Diderot (1713 – 1784)Diderot (1713 – 1784)

Editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedie (vol. Editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedie (vol. 1 published in 1751)1 published in 1751)– 27 years to write27 years to write– Propagandistic—designed to show up the Propagandistic—designed to show up the

faults of society and to promote faults of society and to promote rationalism, science, a respect for natural rationalism, science, a respect for natural law, and the need for reform to create law, and the need for reform to create social progresssocial progress

– Helped spread Enlightenment ideasHelped spread Enlightenment ideas– Censored by the Catholic churchCensored by the Catholic church

Economic ReformersEconomic Reformers

Physiocrats: a group of economic Physiocrats: a group of economic thinkers who believed in the existence thinkers who believed in the existence of natural economic laws.of natural economic laws.– Economic harmony would result when Economic harmony would result when

these natural laws were left alone to these natural laws were left alone to operate freely operate freely

– Called for a laissez-faire economyCalled for a laissez-faire economy

Mary Wollstonecraft

Demanded equal rights for women– Especially in education

A Vindication of the Rights of Women– If men and women were equal in

education then they would be equal in society

Adam Adam SmithSmith

Adam Smith (1727 – 1790)Adam Smith (1727 – 1790)

Father of Modern Capitalism/Laissez-FaireFather of Modern Capitalism/Laissez-Faire– Business activities hsoul take place in the free Business activities hsoul take place in the free

marketmarket– argued against the protection of home argued against the protection of home

industries by imposing tariffsindustries by imposing tariffs– Argued that in the long run it would be to the Argued that in the long run it would be to the

nation’s advantage not to restrict imports by nation’s advantage not to restrict imports by tariffs.tariffs.

Government interference justified only for Government interference justified only for the purpose of defense or to extend or the purpose of defense or to extend or protect the rights and liberties of citizensprotect the rights and liberties of citizens

Wanted funding of public education.Wanted funding of public education.

Most Famous QuoteMost Famous Quote Every individual...generally, indeed, Every individual...generally, indeed,

neither intends to promote the public neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry of domestic to that of foreign industry he intends only his own security; and he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an other cases, led by an invisible handinvisible hand to promote an end which was no part to promote an end which was no part of his intention. of his intention.

Enlightened AbsolutismEnlightened Absolutism Ideas of enlightenment thinkers became Ideas of enlightenment thinkers became

popular with some absolute monarchspopular with some absolute monarchs Monarchs tried to justify their despotic Monarchs tried to justify their despotic

rule by claiming that they were rule by claiming that they were governing in the interests of the people.governing in the interests of the people.

Some enlightened despots really did care Some enlightened despots really did care about the condition of the people are about the condition of the people are were willing to offer limited reforms as were willing to offer limited reforms as long as the reforms did not jeopardize long as the reforms did not jeopardize their power.their power.

Enlightened Enlightened MonarchsMonarchs

Enlightened Monarchs included:Enlightened Monarchs included:– Frederick II (the Great) of PrussiaFrederick II (the Great) of Prussia– Catherine II (the Great) of RussiaCatherine II (the Great) of Russia– Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria

All of these monarchs sought to All of these monarchs sought to provide educational opportunities, provide educational opportunities, hospitals, and cultural opportunities hospitals, and cultural opportunities to at least some portion of their to at least some portion of their population.population.

Frederick IIFrederick II

Catherine IICatherine II

Joseph IIJoseph II

Using your notes, fill in the interactive Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by describing how graphic organizer by describing how

Enlightenment ideas affected Enlightenment ideas affected governmentgovernment

1. How was the Enlightenment influenced 1. How was the Enlightenment influenced

by reason? by reason? 2. What new views did philosophers have 2. What new views did philosophers have

about government? about government? 3. What new views did philosophers have 3. What new views did philosophers have

about society? about society? 4. How did Enlightenment ideas spread? 4. How did Enlightenment ideas spread?