reading 02 - toefl
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Reading 02TRANSCRIPT
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ReadingComprehension02
Lichens.probablythehardiestofallplants,livewherevirtuallynothingelsecannotjustonruggedmountainpeaksbutalsoonsunbakeddesertrocks.Theyareusuallythefirstlifetoappearonamountainsidethathasbeenscrapedbarebyanavalanche.
Unlikeothermembersoftheplantkingdom,lichensareactuallyapartnershipbetween5twoplants.Theframeworkofalichenisusuallyanetworkofminutehairlikefungusthat
anchorstheplant,Theothercomponentisanalga(similartothegreenfilmofplantlifethatgrowsonstagnantpools)thatisdistributedthroughoutthefungus.Beinggreenplants,algaearecapableofphotosynthesisthatis,usingenergyfromtheSuntomanufacturetheirownfood.Thefungiarcbelievedtosupplywater,minerals,and
10physicalsupporttothepartnership.
Lichensarefamousfortheirabilitytosurvive~watershortage.Whenwaterisscarce(asisoftenthecaseonamountain),lichensmaybecomedormantandremaininthatconditionforprolongedperiodsoftime.Somelichenscanevengrowwherethereisnorainatall,survivingononlyoccasionaldewthemoisturethatcondensesonthesurface
15oftheplantsatnight,Andunlikemostotherplants,lichensarelittleaffectedbythestrongultravioletraysinthemountains.
Lichensuselittleenergy,fortheygrowslowly.Somegrowsoslowlyandaresooldthattheyarecalled"timestains."Youmayfindlichensthatarecenturiesoldcertainoftheselichencolonieshavebeenestablishedforanestimated2,000years.
20Fordecades,scientistswonderedhowtheoffspringofanalgaandafungusgottogethertoformanewlichen,itseemedunlikelythattheywouldjusthappenloencounteroneanother.Itwasfinallydiscoveredthatinmanycasesthetwopartnershaveneverbeenseparated.Stalklike"buds"thatformoncertainlichensarebrokenoffbythewindorbyanimalsthesetollorareblowntoanewlocation.
1.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthepassageanswer?
(A)Wherecantheoldestlichensbefound?(B)Howlongdoesittakeforlichenstoestablishthemselves?(C)Howlargecanlichenshe?(D)Wheredolichensusuallyoccur?
7.Theword"prolonged"inline13isclosestinmeaningto:
(A)precise(B)extended(C)approximate(D)regular
2.Theword"hardiest"inlineIisclosestinmeaningto:
(A)mostunusual(B)mostbasic(C)mostabundant(D)mostvigorous
8.AllofthefollowingarementionedinthediscussionoflichensEXCEPT:
(A)Theyarecapableofproducingtheirownfood.(B)Theyrequirelargeamountsofmineralstoprosper.(C)Theyareaunionoftwoseparateplants.(D)Theycanlivethousandsofyears.
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3.Theword"framework"inline5isclosestinmeaningto:
(A)structure(B)fragment(C)condition(D)environment
9.Whatdoesthephrase"lichencolonies(line19)suggest?
(A)Nothingbutlichensliveinsomelocations(B)Manylichenslivetogetherinonearea.(C)Lichensdisplacetheplantsthatsurroundthem.(D)Certaingroupsoflichenshaveneverbeenseparated.
4.Theauthormentions"thegreenfilmofplantlifethatgrowsonstagnantpools"(lines67)inordertoexplain:
(A)howthesunaffectslichens(B)whyplantsdependonwater(C)wherefungibecomealgae(D)whatalgaearc
10.Theword"encounter"inline21isclosestinmeaningto:
(A)lose(B)support(C)meet(D)create
5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatlichensuselessenergyandgrowmoreslowlywhen:
(A)theenvironmentispolluted(B)theyareexposedtoultravioletrays(C)theyareveryold(D)thesupplyofwaterisinadequate
11.Theword"these"inline24refersto:
(A)partners(B)buds(C)lichens(D)animals
6.Whichoffilefollowingtermsisdefinedinthepassage?
(A)"anchors"(line6)(B)"stagnant"(line7)(C)"dew"(line14.)(D)"ultraviolet"(line16)
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