reading instructional guide

1Copyright © 2019 Teengagement, a division of Principle Woods, Inc. All rights reserved.

READING INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDEUNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do movement and visual expression—in real life and in media—help us explore and expand our world?

BEFORE READINGBuilding Interest and Setting a Purpose for Reading

Anticipation Guide Begin the Unit of Study by considering the following statements and marking whether you “Agree” or “Disagree” with each. After reading the articles, revisit the statements and indicate whether your position has changed or remains the same. Include text evidence to support your final position.

BEFORE READING AFTER READING

StatementAgree/

DisagreeAgree/

DisagreeText Evidence

(include article & para. #)

The way a person moves can tell a story.

Physical movement is separate from mental training.

The most important part of creative film effects is for them to look real.

Movement-based disciplines and movie effects have similarities in purpose.

Answer Key — Answer Key — Answer Key

2 Copyright © 2019 Teengagement, a division of Principle Woods, Inc. All rights reserved.

Unit Opening Discussion

Watch the video: “Purpose – Parkour/Freerunning” (2:54) or teacher-selected video.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Khuu0mFa-M

Think about: How would you describe the movements in the video? Are there any safety concerns you see?

Discuss: Based on the video, what would you say are the characteristics of parkour and the people who participate in it?

Essential Question Discussion Before reading, participate in a small-group or whole-class discussion of the Unit Essential Question. Your teacher may ask you to respond in writing before or after the discussion.

How do movement and visual expression—in real life and in media—help us explore and expand our world?

CLOSE READINGReading to Understand the Text Ideas

Teacher Note: Review bolded vocabulary and any other unfamiliar words or phrases with students prior to reading.

Part 1: Read the Text 1. Read each article closely, using the stay-connected-to-text strategy provided by your teacher.

2. Circle additional unfamiliar words or phrases when necessary. Use passage context clues to determine their meaning.

Part 2: Revisit and Analyze the Text3. Revisit portions of the text as they are assigned and record elements that shape the text in the chart

below.

High-Interest Article Technical Article

Structure

Point-of-View/Purpose

Style

Relationships Between Ideas

Development of Central Ideas



AFTER READING Share and Discuss the Text Ideas

After reading the High-Interest and Technical Articles and the Text Set, participate in a small-group or whole-class discussion of the questions assigned by your teacher.

Text-Based Discussion Questions

1. Reread paragraph 5 of “Defying Gravity” and Table 1 in the Text Set. What benefits do parkour and creative movement share?

2. Reread the text box in “Cinematic Magic” and Text 1 in the Text Set. What statement in the text box supports Text 1’s claim that martial arts choreography and effects are key to telling a story?

3. The authors of many of the texts in this Unit of Study compare expressive movement with dance. What does each text emphasize when making this comparison?

Impact Questions

1. How does parkour teach social, emotional, and physical well-being? How can you use movement to express yourself in your own life?

2. How do special effects and movement-based activity change your perspective? How can this translate into physical and/or mental growth?



HIGH-INTEREST ARTICLE VOCABULARY

Looking at the Words

Define the vocabulary words based on their context in the article. These words are in bold in the article.

Words to Study Syllables Meaning in Context

bolstered bol-stered (v.) strengthened or supported; boosted

discipline dis-ci-pline (n.) training that develops a skill or set of skills for a specific activity

explicitly ex-plic-it-ly (adv.) distinctly or markedly; clearly

fluidly flu-id-ly (adv.) smoothly, without awkwardness or pause

ideologies i-de-ol-o-gies (n.) bodies of beliefs that guide or govern a discipline

inherent in-her-ent (adj.) existing in something as a permanent quality or element

intricate in-tri-cate (adj.) having interrelated parts that are complicated and complex

solely sole-ly (adv.) only or exclusively

traverse trav-erse (v.) to move through

urban ur-ban (adj.) pertaining or relating to a city environment

Anchor Standards for Language: 3–6



HIGH-INTEREST ARTICLE

Climbing, vaulting, rolling, and flipping… parkour athletes seem to defy both the laws of physics and the limitations of the human body with unbelievable stunts and speed. Pushing boundaries in a demonstration of athleticism, participants take on physical and environmental obstacles for the thrill of facing physical challenges and risks creatively. But where did this urban phenomenon find its roots? And what impact has it had on society?

So, what is parkour?

Parkour, also sometimes called freerunning, can be hard to define. The discipline uses movements—running, jumping, climbing, and swinging—developed from military obstacle-course training to move from point A to point B. Parkour is an extreme sport, requiring intense physical and mental strength training and self-discipline. Participants learn techniques that allow them to execute intricate and difficult stunts as they traverse through an area.

In addition to being difficult to define, parkour’s origins can be hard to pinpoint. A wide variety of athletic ideologies and training methods combined over decades to create the modern concept of parkour. In the early 1900s, French officer Georges Hébert invented a military training methodology called parcours du combattan—which translates to “path of the warrior,” or in modern language, “obstacle course.” The training was meant to give a soldier the physical and mental strength to move fluidly and quickly through natural obstacles. Much later, in the 1980s, veteran French Special Forces officer Raymond Belle introduced parcours du combattan to his son David and David’s friends. These young men took hold of this military obstacle-course training and began to transform it into an athletic training that was more relevant to their urban environment. They eventually changed the spelling of the French parcours to coin a name for their new activity: parkour. Since then, parkour has evolved from athletic training to a sport, not by the

work of a sports organization but by the community of passionate participants who care about and have fostered its development.

Participants in the sport today believe parkour offers advantages beyond the limits of obstacle-course training. In its urban environment, parkour provides various health benefits, incorporating cardiovascular exercise with aspects of community-building among participants. Parkour training includes bodyweight exercises to improve balance, flexibility, and strength, especially in the upper body. The community-minded focus of parkour can improve psychological well-being and social inclusion.

But parkour is also a mindset. With a goal of using the body to move through space creatively, participants don’t just try to complete a course but look to do it in the most stylish way possible. Incorporating flips, acrobatics, and flashy moves, parkour athletes explore the art of movement, a method of self-expression. Although training may be done in a gym, parkour itself is typically performed in urban settings, such as cities or parks. These areas have a wide variety of unique and random architectural features that can be used in stunts. Athletes train to think quickly and creatively so they can move through space organically, using any features which happen to be present in the area (such as walls, roofs, stairs, and rails).

Risking It All

Like all extreme sports, parkour has inherent risks. Training and performance injuries are common, and even some fatal injuries have resulted from parkour. Famed British athlete Ryan Doyle suffered a severe injury at a 2007 parkour competition in Vienna. During the event he misjudged a flip off of a 12-foot drop and snapped his shin bone. Doyle nearly lost his leg, and it took multiple surgeries and 2 years of recovery for him to eventually return to the sport.

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Copyright © 2019 Teengagement, a division of Principle Woods, Inc. All rights reserved.

Other injuries occur due to the thrill-seeking nature of parkour. On New Year’s Eve of 2016, a 17-year-old British teenager named Nye Frankie Newman was killed after being crushed between 2 moving trains. Although his friends claim he wasn’t practicing parkour at the time, his group was known for performing parkour on and between trains, a move known as train surfing. Whether he was actively participating in the sport when he was killed or not, it seems Newman’s tragically fatal situation was tied to parkour. In cases like this one, it’s not the sport itself that’s dangerous, but rather the situations some parkour athletes put themselves in to further intensify the sport. Some see risks involved with sports as an essential part of the allure or a necessary sacrifice; others think they are cause for restrictions or even bans.

The risks of parkour are not solely physical. Some parkour athletes have been arrested by police. Since the sport often relies on urban architecture in public areas, participants may be trespassing and could be charged with a crime. In early 2018, Singaporean parkour practitioner Koh Chen Pin was charged with criminal trespassing after posting a video on the Internet of himself scaling the glass roof of a shopping mall. Pin was ultimately let off with a warning, but this is not always the case for others. And though the thrill of pushing the edge of the law motivates some athletes, many prefer the rush of the physical challenge—and also hope to keep attention to parkour in a positive light.

Parkour on Screen

Koh Chen Pin’s brush with the law was aided by another phenomenon—the rise of video sharing. YouTube, a video-sharing site allowing users to upload and interact with videos, was the brainchild of young eBay employees who wanted an easy way to search for and share videos. Both parkour and YouTube experienced an explosion of popularity in the mid-2000s, with YouTube playing a significant role in both the fame and spread of the sport. Infamous and award-winning parkour practitioner Jason Paul explains, “When I began freerunning, the sport didn’t have any kind of structure. But YouTube was born at the same time. I watched the first videos by other freerunners and practiced and refined their tricks. I filmed myself doing them and then uploaded my films. Suddenly, we freerunners were a worldwide community. We appeared online, inspired one another, and swapped ideas.” Today a large community of self-made parkour videos and channels exists on YouTube.

The sport’s popularity was likewise bolstered by feature films in the early 2000s. Movies such as District B13 (2004), the James Bond flick Casino Royale (2006), and Live Free or Die Hard (2007) all included

parkour-style action sequences. District B13 actually stars David Belle, one of parkour’s founders. Such films are often credited with helping to push along the success of the discipline.

Today, parkour techniques are used in films without explicitly parkour stunt sequences. Many stunt doubles actually began their careers as parkour athletes. Hollywood stunt double Paul Darnell heavily relies on his background in parkour, working in both typical action films like Baby Driver and Fast Five, and movies like Twilight, not necessarily the first film that comes to mind when you think of parkour. Darnell uses the body-control techniques he learned from the discipline and training of parkour to perform a wide variety of stunts. While parkour’s popularity was encouraged by video-sharing and the big screen, the discipline has, in turn, transformed the way action movies are made.

Parkour’s Impact

Parkour has evolved and grown since its onset in the 1980s. Though relatively young, the sport has become a name known around the world. The fame parkour gained on screen has no doubt cemented it in the global culture of our time, but its impact on individuals—from physical health to social inclusion—may be as important. With its risk-taking athleticism and dynamic influence on pop culture, parkour is creating a modern legacy in both sports and society.

American NinjasAmerican Ninja Warrior (ANW) is a favorite television show in the United States, on which individuals attempt to complete a series of seemingly impossible obstacle courses with the goal of earning a cash prize and the title “American Ninja Warrior.” The show, which premiered in 2009 during the peak of parkour’s popularization, takes advantage of American fascination with competition and pushing the limits. Just like in parkour, participants of ANW traverse through space in creative and mind-blowing ways, using extreme physical strength. However, ANW includes more structure than traditional parkour, with specific obstacles to complete, rules to follow, and a race against a clock and other competitors. Nonetheless, ANW is often associated with the parkour discipline, and many of the competitors on the show are vocal about having a background in parkour.

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READING COMPREHENSION After reading “Defying Gravity,” select the responses that best answer questions 1–9. Then answer question 10.

Questions 1–9 correspond to the grades 6–12 Anchor Standards for Reading by number. (e.g., Question 1 correlates to Anchor Standard 1 under “Key Ideas and Details.”)

1. Which detail most strongly suggests that parkour requires mental training and discipline in addition to physical training?

A. “Incorporating flips, acrobatics, and flashy moves, parkour athletes explore the art of movement, a method of self-expression.”

B. “Participants in the sport today believe parkour offers advantages beyond the limits of obstacle-course training.”

C. “Athletes train to think quickly and creatively so they can move through space organically…”D. “Participants learn techniques that allow them to execute intricate and difficult stunts...”

2. Reread paragraph 11. How does the author further develop the central idea of the section “Parkour on Screen” in this paragraph?

A. She asserts that while parkour has been influenced by film, it has also shaped how film stunts are done.

B. She makes a connection between action and non-action films.C. The author makes the reader reconsider the safety of freerunning and parkour.D. The author provides evidence that all of the best stunt doubles previously practiced parkour.

3. Why does the author include the introduction?A. to introduce the fundamentals of parkourB. to hook the reader and ask questions that set the purpose for readingC. to make a connection to the final section of the article, “Parkour’s Impact”D. to introduce the benefits and risks of the extreme sport parkour

4. Part A How does paragraph 1 establish the tone of the article?

A. by responding to the hype surrounding parkour with cautionB. with sentence construction that questions what the reader should learnC. by using words that emphasize the exciting nature of parkourD. by promoting a viewpoint that warns the reader

Part B Select two words in paragraph 1 that help to establish the tone of the article.

A. societyB. thrillC. urbanD. unbelievableE. physical

5. Which excerpt helps develop the idea that the culture surrounding parkour can lead to risky behavior?A. “Training and performance injuries are common, and even some fatal injuries have resulted from parkour.”B. “Since the sport often relies on urban architecture in public areas, participants may be trespassing

and could be charged with a crime.” C. “…many prefer the rush of the physical challenge—and also hope to keep attention to parkour in a positive

light.”D. “Some see risks involved with sports as an essential part of the allure or a necessary sacrifice; others think

they are cause for restrictions or even bans.”

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6. Part A Select the author’s primary purpose for writing this text.

A. to educate readers on the risks vs. benefits of parkourB. to examine the many facets of parkour in societyC. to link the sport of parkour to its military rootsD. to promote parkour as an outlet for young people

Part B Select an excerpt that supports this purpose.

A. “With its risk-taking athleticism and dynamic influence on pop culture, parkour is creating a modern legacy in both sports and society.”

B. “Parkour has evolved and grown since its onset in the 1980s.”C. “The risks of parkour are not solely physical.”D. “The discipline uses movements—running, jumping, climbing, and swinging—developed from military

obstacle-course training to move from point A to point B.”

7. Which element is emphasized in both the article and the image below?

A. the urban nature of parkourB. the danger of parkourC. the community-minded focus of parkour D. the planning required for parkour

8. Reread the section “Parkour on Screen.” Which detail is irrelevant to the author’s primary claim? A. “The sport’s popularity was likewise bolstered by feature films in the early 2000s.”B. “‘Suddenly, we freerunners were a worldwide community. We appeared online, inspired one another, and

swapped ideas.’”C. “YouTube, a video-sharing site allowing users to upload and interact with videos, was the

brainchild of young eBay employees who wanted an easy way to search for and share videos.”D. “While parkour’s popularity was encouraged by video sharing and the big screen, the discipline has, in turn,

transformed the way action movies are made.”



9. Read closely the following summary from a research study titled “Parkour Injuries Presenting to United States Emergency Departments, 2009–2015.”

ResultsMost parkour injuries were reportedly caused by landing or from striking objects. Common diagnoses included fractures, sprains/strains, abrasions/contusions, and lacerations. More than half of reported injuries (57.7%) affected the patients’ extremities. In this data, there appears to be a trend of increasing parkour injuries over time. Patients as young as 8 years old have presented to emergency departments with parkour-related injuries in recent years.

How does the view presented in this research summary relate to the central idea of the “Risking It All” section in the High-Interest Article?

A. The research summary and the “Risking It All” section both focus on physical risks and injuries as the most significant risks associated with parkour.

B. The research summary focuses on the increase in physical injuries, while the central idea of the “Risking It All” section speaks to both the physical and legal risks of parkour.

C. Both the research summary and the “Risking It All” section ignore the fatalities associated with parkour as a primary concern.

D. The research summary primarily focuses on the young age of those being injured by parkour, while the “Risking It All” section does not mention age as a factor.

10. Short Response: Do the benefits of parkour outweigh the risks? Write your answer in no more than 3 complete sentences, using at least 2 details from the text to support your answer.

Student answers will vary but may include the following points:

• Parkour has both psychological (social inclusion) and physical benefits for health.

• Parkour involves inherent risks both physically (injuries) and in breaking the law (trespassing).

• Students may decide whether the benefits or risks are more significant, as long as their answers are supported by textual evidence.

Use the Reading Short-Response Rubric to reference the criteria and determine the number of points to award.

Anchor Standard for Reading: 8


“DEFYING GRAVITY”


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The analysis provided corresponds to the Student PDF and is not intended to be exclusive. Some response items may be eliminated for more than one reason.

1. C is correct A is incorrect – This detail focuses on the physical aspects of parkour, not the mental training required. B is incorrect – This detail focuses on the advantages of parkour, not the mental training required. D is incorrect – This detail focuses on the physical aspects of parkour, not the mental training required.

2. A is correct B is incorrect – The author does include both action and non-action films in her discussion; however, this does not

develop the central idea that parkour and film have a mutually beneficial relationship. C is incorrect – Paragraph 11 does not discuss the safety of freerunning and parkour. D is incorrect –The text does not support this response. While the author makes the connection between stunt

doubles and parkour, she does not assert or prove this claim.

3. B is correct A is incorrect – The text does not support this response. Paragraph 1 builds a sense of excitement but does not

discuss the fundamentals of parkour. C is incorrect – The text does not support this response. While paragraph 1 builds a sense of excitement, it does

not make a connection to the final section of the article. D is incorrect – The text does not support this response. Paragraph 1 builds a sense of excitement but does not

introduce the benefits and risks of parkour.

4. Part A: C is correct A is incorrect – The text does not support this. Paragraph 1 builds interest and excitement in the topic but does not

respond with caution. B is incorrect – The text does not support this. Although paragraph 1 ends with two questions for the reader, these

do not establish tone, nor do they question what the reader should learn. D is incorrect – The text does not support this. Paragraph 1 builds interest and excitement in the topic but does not

warn the reader.

Part B: B and D are correct A is incorrect – Society does not contribute to a tone of interest and excitement surrounding the topic. C is incorrect – Urban does not contribute to a tone of interest and excitement surrounding the topic. E is incorrect – Physical does not contribute to a tone of interest and excitement surrounding the topic.

5. B is correct A is incorrect – This excerpt focuses on injuries in parkour, but this does not develop the idea that parkour’s culture

can lead to risky behavior. C is incorrect – This excerpt focuses on why some choose not to engage in risky behavior, which does not develop

the idea that parkour’s culture can lead to risky behavior. D is incorrect – This excerpt focuses on the debate about the risks involved but does not develop the idea that

parkour’s culture can lead to risky behavior.



6. Part A: B is correct A is incorrect – While the author does discuss the risks and benefits of parkour, it is not a primary purpose for

writing. C is incorrect – The text does not support this response. The text only briefly touches on the military roots of

parkour, and it is not a primary purpose for writing. D is incorrect – The text does not support this response. The article does not promote parkour; instead, it informs

about many elements in parkour.

Part B: A is correct B is incorrect – This detail explains the evolution of parkour but does not support the author’s purpose in Part A. C is incorrect – This detail notes a variety of risks of parkour but does not support the author’s purpose in Part A. D is incorrect – This detail explains some of the mechanics of parkour but does not support the author’s purpose in

Part A.

7. A is correct B is incorrect – While the article discusses dangers associated with parkour, the image does not support this

element. C is incorrect – While the article discusses the community focus of parkour, the image of a single parkour athlete

does not support this element. D is incorrect – While the article discusses mental and physical training for parkour, the image does not capture

whether this is a planned or spontaneous movement; therefore, this is not the best response.

8. C is correct A is incorrect – The question asks which detail DOES NOT support the author’s primary claim. This answer choice

supports the idea that pop culture and parkour enjoy a mutually beneficial relationship, a primary claim of the section. B is incorrect – This answer choice supports the idea that pop culture and parkour enjoy a mutually beneficial

relationship, a primary claim of the section. D is incorrect – This answer choice supports the idea that pop culture and parkour enjoy a mutually beneficial

relationship, a primary claim of the section.

9. B is correct A is incorrect – It is true that the research summary only focuses on the physical risks; however, the “Risking It All”

section also focuses on social and legal risks as significant. C is incorrect – It is true that the research summary does not mention fatalities; however, the “Risking It All” section

does mention them as significant. D is incorrect – It is true that the “Risking It All” section does not mention age as a factor; however, the age factor is

discussed only briefly in the research summary, it is not the primary focus.



TECHNICAL ARTICLE VOCABULARY

Looking at the Words

Define the vocabulary words based on their context in the article. These words are in bold in the article.

Words to Study Syllables Meaning in Context

authenticity au-then-tic-i-ty (n.) genuineness; the quality of being real

boundaries bound-a-ries (n.) limits or rules

domains do-mains (n.) defined areas of a specific technology or profession

franchise fran-chise (n.) Cinema: a series of films based on the same character or characters

intricately in-tri-cate-ly (adv.) in a complex and detailed manner

meticulously me-tic-u-lous-ly (adv.) in a way that is very thorough and detailed

organic or-gan-ic (adj.) natural; basic; fundamental

perilously per-il-ous-ly (adv.) in a way that is fraught with danger or risk

rudimentary ru-di-men-ta-ry (adj.) pertaining to first principles; basic; elementary

traction trac-tion (n.) the state of taking hold or gaining influence

Anchor Standards for Language: 3–6



TECHNICAL ARTICLE

Agent James Bond flips headfirst over a fence in frantic pursuit of his target. What begins as a foot chase dumps the men onto an active construction site, the 00 agent perilously scaling dangerous machinery and scaffolding in pursuit of bomb-maker Mollaka. Bond jumps from crane to crane as explosions around him light up the scene. Breathtaking parkour-style action results as Bond battles 200 feet above the ground, enduring grueling leaps and crashes, the construction site his punishing playground.

This opening scene of the 2006 remake of the Bond flick Casino Royale, which stands out as the first foot chase in Bond franchise history, features spectacular stunts and visual effects. The movie’s star, Daniel Craig, completed many of his scenes without the help of a stunt double, adding breathtaking authenticity. Bond’s villain, Mollaka, is played by none other than the co-creator of the sport of parkour, Sébastien Foucan, who infuses the scene with excitement and an edge of danger. Foucan was cast specifically for the sport’s urban feel; director Alexander Witt compared his running to ballet—“not like running a stuntman would do, there is a kind of flow to his running and jumping.” The scene in Casino Royale is one of the first times that parkour was portrayed in a major Hollywood film, and due to the exciting nature of the sport, it set off a trend in modern action films.

Like the producers of the 007 franchise, a film producer has one aim: wow the audience! Since the earliest days of film, exciting stunts, visual effects, and camera trickery have played an essential role in the creation of dramatic and engaging cinematic experiences. Throughout the last century, these effects have evolved into a sophisticated system of both practical and computer-animated techniques that dictate the production and reception of many modern film genres.

Practical Effects

The oldest type of cinematic effects—practical effects—include scenes in which techniques are used to create the images viewers see on the screen. With practical effects, what you see is what you get; the sequence is not edited later or altered in post-production. The effect is done mechanically, in real life. Practical effects include everything from stunt doubles and puppetry, to stage makeup and rain machines.

Practical effects have been around as long as movies themselves. In the early 1900s, decades before technology allowed any sort of computer animation, silent films were wildly popular. These movies were famous for using exaggerated slapstick humor and crazy antics to make up for the lack of sound. Some of these antics were also unbelievably dangerous. To achieve the violent plane crashes in the award-winning 1927 film Wings, renowned aerial stunt performer Dick Grace actually wrecked multiple planes, while inside. To make these stunts a bit safer, Grace sectioned off the aircraft so parts would break away with less pressure and resistance, dampening the impact of the crash. He also wore a shock-absorbing harness and clothing. Grace broke his neck while shooting Wings, and after recovering, continued to work as a movie stunt performer. He was one of the very few stunt pilots of his time to die from illness rather than in a stunt accident. In his nearly 40-year career, he performed 45–50 crashes and broke over 80 bones.

While film industry regulations would never allow such treacherous stunts today, modern practical effects can still be extremely hazardous. Even in recent years, cinematic stunt doubles have experienced severe injury and even death. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 (2010), Daniel Radcliffe’s series-long stunt double, David Holmes, experienced a tragic and life-altering

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injury. A planned explosion sent him flying into a wall, and the impact immediately paralyzed him. Holmes is now tetraplegic, meaning his arms, legs, and torso are entirely and irreversibly paralyzed.

CGI

Practical effects continued to rule the film world for decades; that is, until 1973 when Westworld—the first film to use CGI technology—permanently altered the way movies were both viewed and created. CGI, which stands for computer-generated imagery, has gradually evolved and improved alongside the evolution of technology. Anything you see on the screen that isn’t straight out of the camera is created using CGI. It covers various aspects of filmmaking, from setting (think: outer space), to characters (monsters and other beings), to actual scenes or sequences (like a person flying).

CGI allows filmmakers to add a variety of features that were once unattainable. By replacing real danger with computer-generated action, stunts can defy reality and yet be just as realistic. Early CGI technology was undeniably rudimentary, nowhere near the photorealistic sequences that exist today. CGI continued to gain traction in the late 1970s and early ’80s, playing a role in hit films like 1977’s Star Wars: A New Hope. As computer technology improved, so did the capacity of CGI. Today it can be difficult to distinguish if a stunt was done using CGI or practical effects.

Modern Cinematics

Despite highly-developed CGI technology available to modern-day filmmaking, many directors and cinematographers continue to rely on the authenticity and physicality of practical effects. The film Mad Max: Fury Road (2015) is a prime example—rather than use green screens or other CGI technology to replicate the endless desert backdrop present throughout the movie, the cast filmed for 6 months in a Namibian desert. The film’s action sequences are intense and consist almost entirely of intricately choreographed car and motorcycle chases, complete with explosions and violent crashes. Viewers probably think these incredible scenes are computer generated, but in reality—like the desert backdrop—the vast majority of the effects in the film are actually practical. Director George Miller notes that 90% of the film was done without CGI effects. Like Dick Grace and his airplanes, Miller created vehicles that were built to crash safely, and he fitted them each with professional stunt drivers. Each chase sequence and crash was meticulously planned and controlled no matter how organic and disorderly it appears to viewers.

Many modern filmmakers use both CGI and practical effects to bring special effects to a new level, opening new doors in cinematography. Even those whose jobs are directly related to producing practical effects see the benefits of using both. About CGI, famed stage makeup

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Wire Fu FilmsThe martial arts film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon premiered in 2000, directed by Ang Lee. It remains the highest-grossing foreign language film in US history and has earned critical acclaim for its martial arts sequences and effects. Characters in the movie run up the sides of walls, leap from rooftop to rooftop, and seem to float on treetops. One critic describes the fight scenes as a “delicate dance.”

Embracing old-school practical effects and inspired by the spirit of martial arts, the film uses little CGI technology except to “paint out” the harness and wire safety system that allows the actors to fly, float, and fight with the grace of dancers. Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon employs wire-fu style, a combination of wire work and kung fu elements, popular in eastern styles of filmmaking. Wire-fu allows actors to complete practical effects beyond the laws of physics and their own physical abilities, and in the case of Crouching Tiger, these effects insert dramatic, magical realism into the film’s storyline. American film critic Roger Ebert said in his review of the film, “The best martial arts movies have nothing to do with fighting and everything to do with personal excellence. Their heroes transcend space, gravity, the limitations of the body and the fears of the mind.”



artist Tom Savini said, “It used to be a challenge to try and create what was in the script. Now anything you can imagine can be created on the screen.” Combining the 2 types of effects creates an authentic and often intense visual experience that also prioritizes the safety of actors and crew members. The 2017 action hit Logan employed a particularly impressive amount of innovative CGI, undetectable to most viewers. The film was able to use stunt doubles for many of the dramatic action sequences—even sequences showing full facial shots of the characters. This was done by first photographing the actors in a variety of positions and making an assortment of facial expressions. Those photographs were used to overlay the faces and sometimes bodies of the actors onto those of the stunt doubles. The technology involved is still developing, and the process is painstaking, but the results are seamless.

Much has changed in filmmaking, and in the world, since the days of silent movies, and even since the onset of computer-generated imagery. However, both practical effects and CGI have stood the test of time, each retaining a vital role in exploring the boundaries of cinema. The evolution of these 2 domains of special-effect techniques allows for a wide range of creativity, both separately and combined. As techniques and technology continue to develop, our ability to represent the world can only expand.

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READING COMPREHENSIONAfter reading “Cinematic Magic,” select the responses that best answer questions 1–9. Then answer question 10.

Questions 1–9 correspond to the grades 6–12 Anchor Standards for Reading by number. (e.g., Question 1 correlates to Anchor Standard 1 under “Key Ideas and Details.”)

1. Part A How do many professionals of practical effects feel about CGI?

A. They dislike the reduction in the number of classic physical stunts used in films due to CGI.B. They believe modern-day cinema should return to the authenticity of practical effects.C. They believe CGI can be combined with practical effects to expand what film can achieve.D. They seek out ways to make CGI more believable to audiences.

Part B Which two details from the text support the answer in Part A?

A. “About CGI, famed stage makeup artist Tom Savini said, ‘It used to be a challenge to try and create what was in the script. Now anything you can imagine can be created on the screen.’”

B. “The 2017 action hit Logan employed a particularly impressive amount of innovative CGI, undetectable to most viewers.”

C. “Many modern filmmakers use both CGI and practical effects to bring special effects to a new level, opening new doors in cinematography.”

D. “Viewers probably think these incredible scenes are computer generated, but in reality—like the desert backdrop—the vast majority of the effects in the film are actually practical.”

E. “Today it can be difficult to distinguish if a stunt was done using CGI or practical effects.”

2. Choose the statement from the text that best captures the central idea.A. “While film industry regulations would never allow such treacherous stunts today, modern practical effects

can still be extremely hazardous.”B. “… many directors and cinematographers continue to rely on the authenticity and physicality of practical

effects.”C. “Even those whose jobs are directly related to producing practical effects see the benefits of using both.”D. “As techniques and technology continue to develop, our ability to represent the world can only

expand.”

3. Why is the text box, “Wire Fu Films,” included in the article?A. to give a prototypical example of how filmmakers should combine practical effects and CGI B. to support the argument that practical effects are more powerful than CGIC. to provide an example of how one genre of film combines practical effects and CGI to tell a storyD. to compare 007 action films to martial arts films

4. Reread paragraph 1. How does the author’s word choice develop the tone?A. Words like frantic and breathtaking create a tone of excitement.B. Words like headfirst and perilously create a tone of fear.C. The author writes in short phrases to create a tone of anxiety.D. The author uses literary devices to make the audience believe they are there.



5. Part A Select the paragraph that refines the idea that practical effects provide a realism that computers can’t re-create.

A. paragraph 2B. paragraph 5C. paragraph 7D. paragraph 9

Part B How does this paragraph support the author’s purpose?

A. It reveals the author’s belief that practical effects are superior to CGI in filmmaking.B. It supports the author’s assertion that different types of effects are used depending on the

director’s vision for the world he or she wants to create.C. It reveals the author’s purpose in emphasizing how dangerous practical effects can be to bring about more

safety regulations.D. It supports the author’s assertion that CGI and technology are still developing.

6. Select a phrase from paragraphs 7–8 that shows the author’s purpose in including the section on CGI.A. “first film to use CGI technology”B. “add a variety of features that were once unattainable”C. “various aspects of filmmaking”D. “difficult to distinguish if a stunt was done using CGI or practical effects”

7. Look at this image representing 3-Dimensional computer-generated graphics.

How does this illustration support the information in the article?

A. It shows how CGI can overlay stunt doubles to make fictional creatures come to life.B. It proves the author’s assertion that CGI technology is safer than practical effects in filmmaking. C. It explains the process of overlaying facial features onto stunt doubles.D. It reveals the evolution of technology related to computer-generated imagery.

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8. Identify two details where the author supports the claim that CGI has increased safety.A. “…Westworld—the first film to use CGI technology—permanently altered the way movies were both viewed

and created.”B. “CGI allows filmmakers to add a variety of features that were once unattainable.”C. “By replacing real danger with computer-generated action, stunts can defy reality and yet be just

as realistic.”D. “Despite highly-developed CGI technology available to modern-day filmmaking, many directors and

cinematographers continue to rely on the authenticity and physicality of practical effects.”E. “Combining the 2 types of effects creates an authentic and often intense visual experience that

also prioritizes the safety of actors and crew members.”

9. Read this excerpt from an article titled “The Value of Visual Effects.”

What are the benefits of visual effects? – Storytelling freedom.Freedom for filmmakers, writers and directors to tell any story they like. Humans have been telling stories since communication made it possible. Verbal and written storytelling can and does cover everything imaginable. A writer has full freedom to do anything including having their main character turn into a giant cockroach. Myths from around the world describe actions and creatures that don’t exist in real life. Even the Bible has a number of stories that would be difficult to realize beyond the written word and paintings.

How do the text box, “Wire Fu Films,” and this excerpt treat the theme of creativity similarly?A. Both show how fight scenes and monsters can be represented on screen.B. Both emphasize the role effects play in creatively representing a story on screen.C. Both the excerpt and the text box question the idea that creativity should be used in telling true stories.D. Both the excerpt and the text box presume that creativity is the reason most people view films.

10. Complete the Table: Sort the benefits of film effects provided in the Answer Bank into the appropriate category in the table below.

Answer BankBring to life extraordinary events and creatures Help explore and expand understanding of the world Provide authentic real-life excitement

Practical Effects CGI Practical Effects and CGI

Provide authentic real-life excitement

Bring to life extraordinary events and creatures

Help explore and expand understanding of the world



“CINEMATIC MAGIC”


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The analysis provided corresponds to the Student PDF and is not intended to be exclusive. Some response items may be eliminated for more than one reason.

1. Part A: C is correct A is incorrect – The text does not support this response. The article states that many professionals enjoy using both

practical and CGI effects. B is incorrect – The article does not provide evidence to support this statement. D is incorrect – The article does not provide evidence to support this statement.

Part B: A and C are correct B is incorrect – This fact is unrelated to the idea that professionals can use practical effects and CGI together to

make a stronger film. D is incorrect – This fact explains how one film used practical effects, rather than CGI, and is unrelated to the idea

that professionals can use practical effects and CGI together to make a stronger film. E is incorrect – This fact reveals that different types of effects can be difficult for a viewer to identify, but is unrelated

to the idea that professionals can use practical effects and CGI together to make a stronger film.

2. D is correct A is incorrect – This statement is a detail that describes the danger of practical effects but does not capture the

central idea. B is incorrect – This statement is a detail that supports the use of both practical effects and CGI but does not

capture the central idea. C is incorrect – This statement is a detail that supports the use of both practical effects and CGI but does not

capture the central idea.

3. C is correct A is incorrect – The text box does not assert that the movie described is a prototype of how to combine practical

effects and CGI. B is incorrect – The text box does not make this argument. D is incorrect – The text box does not compare action and martial arts films.

4. A is correct B is incorrect – The text does not support this response. Though words like headfirst and perilously do affect the

tone, they help convey the author’s excitement, not fear. C is incorrect – The text does not support this response. The author does not write in short phrases. D is incorrect – The text does not support this response. The author’s use of literary devices serves to create a tone

of excitement rather than make the audience believe they are present.

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5. Part A: D is correct A is incorrect – Paragraph 2 explains the role of practical effects in the movie Casino Royale but does not refine the

idea that practical effects provide a realism that computers can’t re-create. B is incorrect – Paragraph 5 explains some of the dangers of practical effects but does not refine the idea that

practical effects provide a realism that computers can’t re-create. C is incorrect – Paragraph 7 explains how CGI transformed film but does not refine the idea that practical effects

provide a realism that computers can’t re-create.

Part B: B is correct A is incorrect – The correct answer shows how paragraph 9 supports the author’s purpose. The assertion in this

answer choice is not supported by the text. C is incorrect – While the author does mention the dangers of physical effects, it is not the purpose of the text. D is incorrect – The author’s purpose is not supported by the assertion that CGI and technology are still

developing.

6. B is correct A is incorrect – This detail notes the beginning of CGI but does not support the author’s purpose in showing CGI’s

effect on what film could achieve. C is incorrect – This phrase does not support the author’s purpose in showing CGI’s effect on what film could

achieve. D is incorrect – This detail notes the difficulty in detecting practical effects vs. CGI but does not support the

author’s purpose in showing CGI’s effect on what film could achieve.

7. A is correct B is incorrect – The text and illustration do not support this response. The image shows a CGI overlay and does

not address any assertion about safety. C is incorrect – The text and illustration do not support this response. While the image shows a CGI overlay, it does

not explain the process. D is incorrect – The text and illustration do not support this response. While the image shows a CGI overlay, it does

not show the technology’s evolution.

8. C and E are correct A is incorrect – This detail identifies the way CGI has affected the evolution of film but does not support the idea of

added safety. B is incorrect – This detail shows some benefits of CGI but does not support the idea of added safety. D is incorrect – This detail explains the benefits of practical effects and does not support the idea of added safety.

9. B is correct A is incorrect – This is not accurate. The text box discusses fight scenes, while the excerpt discusses monsters. C is incorrect – Neither text questions creativity’s role in telling stories. D is incorrect – Neither text points to creativity as a reason that people view films.



TEXT SETExamine the content presented in the Text Set in relationship to the High-Interest and Technical Articles. As you analyze the text and data, consider the Unit Essential Question: “How do movement and visual expression—in real life and in media—help us explore and expand our world?”

Text 1. Excerpt from an article about kinesthetics (body motion) and fight choreography in film

Clearly, a theatrical fight has a very different purpose from a real fight. In essence, theatrical fights represent real fights in a codified way. The theatrical fights are designed to convey a narrative story of conflict through representational movement. This means that any time a fight’s primary purpose ceases to be about actually damaging an opponent and begins to entail presenting a movement-story to a viewing audience, a certain amount of stylization automatically is employed. One important aesthetic aspect of this stylization then becomes the musicality of the fight itself….

Whenever stylization and musicality become expressed through a human body, a type of expressive movement is created that functions in many ways like dance….

Although this passage primarily addresses… modern dance, [it] can also describe elements of choreographed martial movement. Martial movements intended to be seen necessarily have an expressive design. The movement itself aims to convey a story or narrative.

Figure 1. Timeline of film effects

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Table 1. Benefits of creative movement

Creative movement is a type of dance using rhythmic, patterned, or improvised body movements to explore movement as nonverbal communication. Creative movement bridges physical activity to the dance art form and provides both physical and mental/emotional benefits.

Physical Benefits

Develops physical skills

Improves posture, flexibility, and strength

Channels energy

Mental/Emotional Benefits

Promotes self-expression

Boosts creativity

Builds autonomy

Stimulates imagination

Expresses cultural customs

Provides new perspectives of oneself and the world



ANALYSIS PLANNING SHEET

Task 1 Task 2

Task 3 Task 4

Task 5

Read the Integrate and Evaluate prompt. What do movement-related disciplines (like parkour and martial arts) and film effects have in common? Based on the prompt, what are you being asked to do?

Compare movement-related disciplines and film effects.

Read Text 1. What is the purpose of a theatrical fight? For whose benefit does a theatrical fight occur?

To convey a story For the benefit of an audience

Name 2 characteristics of a theatrical fight:1. musicality2. conflict

Read Figure 1. What can you infer about the purpose of film effects as they have developed?

Film effects create dramatic and engaging experiences for the viewer.

Read Table 1. How does creative movement unify athleticism and art?

Answers may vary. Students should cite information from the table that supports the idea that creative movement is an art form that has both physical and mental benefits for an individual.

How does creative movement benefit an audience?

It is a form of dance that explores movement as nonverbal communication. It can express cultural customs and provide a different perspective beyond the spoken word.

Place a check mark under each criterion describing attributes and benefits of movement-related disciplines and film effects in the table below.

Physical Health

Self-Expression

Explore the World

Dramatic and Engaging

Push Expected

LimitsCreativity

Manipulate Reality

Movement-Related

Disciplines√ √ √ √ √ √

Film Special Effects √ √ √ √ √

Students should use this guide to help them interpret and analyze the Text Set. This guide may then be used to organize ideas for the Integrate and Evaluate Written Response.

24



INTEGRATE AND EVALUATEAfter completing the Analysis Planning Sheet, write an explanatory essay to answer the question: “What do movement-related disciplines (like parkour and martial arts) and film effects have in common?” Your essay must be based on ideas and information that can be found in the Unit of Study.

Manage your time carefully so that you can:

• read the passages;• plan your response;• write your response; and• revise and edit your response.

Be sure to:

• use evidence from multiple sources; and• avoid overly relying on one source.

Your response should be in the form of a multi-paragraph essay and will be evaluated using the Integrate and Evaluate Extended-Response Rubric. Write your response in the space provided on the following page.



WRITTEN RESPONSE

Anchor Standards for Reading: 7, 9Anchor Standards for Writing: 2, 4, 5, 9

Student answers will vary but should cite textual evidence, which may include some of the following:

• Movement-related disciplines like parkour and martial arts provide obvious benefits like physical health, but beyond that, they serve as a way for participants to both express themselves and explore the world around them by physically pushing its limits.

• Film effects, which have advanced profoundly in the past century and now include both practical effects and CGI, serve to create dramatic and engaging experiences. Further, film effects push limits by exploring the world, even beyond what seems possible.

• Both allow for a wide range of creativity and encourage people (practitioners or viewers) to explore possibilities in the world around them.

Before students begin writing, thoroughly read the Integrate and Evaluate Extended-Response Rubric with the class to ensure that each student understands the criteria and expectations. Make sure that each student has a copy of the rubric for reference during the writing task.

Use the Integrate and Evaluate Extended-Response Rubric to reference the criteria and determine the number of points to award.

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RUBRICS

Reading Short-Response Rubric

2 points

The student fully understands what is being asked for. The student’s answer is correct, complete, and addresses all aspects of the assigned task. The student provides detail and support from the text in order to support their answer. Any additional information provided by the student is related to the assigned task and acts as support for the response.

1 point The student partially understands what is being asked for. The student’s answer is correct; however, it is generalized and not specific enough. The student is missing many specific details and support from the text that would prove a lack of understanding of the text and the assigned task.

0 points The answer is completely incorrect, has nothing to do with the assigned task, or no answer is provided.


Project-Based Assessment Rubric

Requirement Exceptional- 3 Proficient- 2 Emergent- 1 Score

Comprehension and

Collaboration

The student successfully evaluates others’ viewpoints, reasoning, and evidence presented.

The student adequately evaluates others’ viewpoints, reasoning, and evidence.

The student insufficiently evaluates others’ viewpoints, reasoning, and evidence.

The student collaborates effectively with others and is able to integrate and evaluate information successfully.

The student collaborates sufficiently with others and adequately integrates and evaluates information.

The student has difficulty collaborating with peers and/or is not successful at integrating and evaluating information.

Presentation of Knowledge and

Ideas

The student’s presentation includes abundant supporting evidence with effectual organization, development, and appropriate style of speech and/or writing.

The student’s presentation includes sufficient supporting evidence. The organization, development, and style are generally effective and appropriate.

The student’s presentation is lacking in supporting evidence. It is missing key elements of organization, development, and/or uses style not suited to the audience or task.

The student successfully uses digital and visual media where appropriate.

The student makes effective use of digital and visual media where appropriate.

The student’s use of digital and visual media is lacking or not appropriate to the task or audience.

(This score may

be marked n/a if

the standard isn’t

addressed in the

Assessment).

Anchor Standards for Speaking and Listening: 1–6



Ethical Analysis Extended-Response Rubric

Requirement Exceptional- 3 Proficient- 2 Emergent- 1 Score

Analysis

The student uses valid reasoning from textual evidence and personal experience to support analysis and reflection about character.

The student uses somewhat valid reasoning from textual evidence and personal experience. There is limited analysis and reflection about character.

The student does not use valid reasoning from textual evidence and/or personal experience. There is insufficient analysis and reflection about character.

Discussion

The student participates effectively in conversation with peers, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.

The student participates sufficiently in conversation with peers, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own adequately.

The student participates ineffectively in conversation with peers and is not successful in building on others’ ideas or expressing their own.

Anchor Standards for Writing: 1, 9 Anchor Standard for Speaking and Listening: 1

Integrate and Evaluate Extended-Response Rubric

4 points

The student skillfully integrates and evaluates content presented in diverse formats and media and produces clear and coherent writing with development, organization, and style appropriate to the prompt. The student supports their claim or explanation, analysis, and reflection by using an abundance of relevant facts from the text.

3 points

The student competently integrates and evaluates content presented in diverse formats and media and produces mostly clear and coherent writing with development, organization, and style appropriate to the prompt. The student adequately supports their claim or explanation, analysis, and reflection by using relevant facts from the text.

2 points

The student insufficiently integrates and evaluates content presented in diverse formats and media and then produces somewhat clear and coherent writing. The development, organization, and style may be unsuitable for the task at hand. The student writes inaccurate or incomplete statements that rely on few relevant facts from the text.

1 point The student does not integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse formats and media and produces unclear writing with development, organization, and style that is unsuitable for the task at hand. The student writes inaccurate statements that do not rely on facts from the text.

Anchor Standard for Reading: 7 Anchor Standards for Writing: 1 or 2; 4, 5, 9

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High-Interest Article“A Brief & Basic History of Parkour.” World Freerunning Parkour Federation (WFPF) website. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 3) https://wfpf.com/history-parkour/

“Benefits of Parkour.” Parkour/Freerunning. Freemove.co.uk. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 4) http://www.freemove.co.uk/benefits-of-parkour/

Graham, Jefferson. “Video Websites Pop Up, Invite Postings.” USA Today, November 21, 2005. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 9) http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2005-11-21-video-websites_x.htm

Lam, Lydia. “Parkour Enthusiast Who Scaled Eastpoint Roof Let Off with Warning.” Strait Times, March 1, 2018. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 8) https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/parkour-enthusiast-who-scaled-eastpoint-roof-let-off-with-warning-focusing-on-proper

Leibowitz, Jessica. “Meet the Stuntman Behind ‘Baby Driver.’” Mashable, February 22, 2018. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 11) https://mashable.com/2018/02/22/supporting-players-stunt-man/#e.v23TJLH5qa

Pierce, Chad M. “The Best Parkour Movie You Should See—Top 8 Choices.” In Learning Parkour. UltimateParkourGear.com, June 10, 2017. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 10) https://ultimateparkourgear.com/best-parkour-movie-choices/

Sims, Tom. “The Sport of Parkour Gets a Growing Following.” New York Times, March 23, 2012. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 6) http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/24/sports/24iht-athlete24.html

Stockl, Johanna. “Jason Paul: ‘Freerunning Is Much More Creative than Parkour.’” ISPO.com, May 30, 2016. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 9) https://www.ispo.com/en/people/id_77971978/freerunner-jason-paul-freerunning-is-more-creative-than-parkour-.html

Turner, Camilla. “Safety Concerns as Daredevil Pursuit of Parkour Is Set to Become Official Sport.” Telegraph, January 8, 2017. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 7) https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2017/01/08/safety-concerns-daredevil-pursuit-parkour-set-become-official/

“What Is Parkour.” Parkour/Freerunning. Freemove.co.uk. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 2, 5) http://www.freemove.co.uk/en/parkour/freerunning/what-is-parkour/

“American Ninjas” Text BoxAmerican Ninja Warrior. epguides.com. Internet Archives. Accessed June 25, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20150717190410/http:/epguides.com/AmericanNinjaWarrior/

Reading ComprehensionQuestion 7...: “Parkour-Climb-Acrobatics-Sports.” (Sept. 2012) No. 2258115. Pixabay, April 28, 2018. Accessed January 4, 2019. https://pixabay.com/en/parkour-climb-acrobatics-sport-2258115/

Question 9...: Rossheim, Matthew E., and Caroline J. Stephenson. “Parkour Injuries Presenting to United States Emergency Departments, 2009–2015.” Department of Global and Community Health. George Mason University. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, October 2017. Volume 35. Issue 10. p. 1503–05. Accessed July 10, 2018. https://www.ajemjournal.com/article/S0735-6757(17)30304-2/fulltext

Technical ArticleDavies, Bee. “7 Modern Films that You Wouldn’t Have Guessed Relied on Practical Effects.” Resource Magazine, January 30, 2017. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 9) http://resourcemagonline.com/2017/01/7-modern-films-that-you-wouldnt-have-guessed-relied-on-practical-effects/74420/

DeMain, Bill. “6 Dangerous Stunts of the Silent Movie Era.” Mental Floss, August 4, 2011. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 5) http://mentalfloss.com/article/28422/6-dangerous-stunts-silent-movie-era

“Focus of the Week: Casino Royale Foot Chase.” 007.com, November 13, 2017. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 2) http://www.007.com/focus-week-casino-royale-foot-chase/

Fusco, Jon. “Watch: All of the Incredible Practical Effects in ‘Mad Max: Fury Road.’” No Film School, September 12, 2016. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 9) https://nofilmschool.com/2016/09/mad-max-fury-road-practical-effects-vfx

Gonzalez, Rowan. “A Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI) History.” Computer Stories, last updated February 13, 2018. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 7) https://computerstories.net/a-computer-generated-imagery-cgi-history-698

Kantilaftis, Helen. “CGI Animation History: Defining (and Awesome) Moments in Cinema.” Student Resources. New York Film Academy, November 18, 2015. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para 8) https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/cgi-animation-history-defining-and-awesome-moments-in-cinema/

Konow, David. “Practical Effects Masters on the Pros and Cons of CGI.” Tested, December 12, 2013. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 10) http://www.tested.com/art/makers/459394-practical-effects-masters-pros-and-cons-cgi/

Movieclips. “Casino Royale Movie Clip – Parkour Chase (2006) HD.” YouTube (7:51), September 25, 2012. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZxNbAwY_rk

Onkst, David H. “Hollywood Stunt Pilots.” U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 5) http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/movie_stunt_pilots/EX26.htm

Pearson, Ben. “Logan Was Full of CGI Doubles and You Never Even Noticed.” Games Radar, March 8, 2017. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 10) https://www.gamesradar.com/logan-was-full-of-digital-doubles-and-you-never-even-noticed/

“Practical Effects.” TY Tropes. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 1) http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/PracticalEffects

Vivona, Veronica. “15 Times Stunt Performers Were Seriously Injured (or Died) on Set.” Screen Rant, July 20, 2017. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 6) https://screenrant.com/times-stunt-performers-seriously-injured-or-died-on-set/

“Wire Fu Films” Text BoxBreihan, Tom. “America Had Never Seen Anything Like Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.” The A.V. Club, May 5, 2017. Accessed May 30, 2018. https://film.avclub.com/america-had-never-seen-anything-like-crouching-tiger-h-1798261610

Crabtree, Sheigh. “High-Wire Act Raises the Bar on Fight Scenes.” Los Angeles Times, December 17, 2006. Accessed May 30, 2018. http://articles.latimes.com/2006/dec/17/entertainment/ca-goldenflower17

Ebert, Roger. “Review: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.” RogerEbert.com, December 22, 2000. Accessed May 30, 2018. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/crouching-tiger-hidden-dragon-2000

Reading ComprehensionQuestion 7...: “Activemarker2.PNG.” (User: Hipocrite at English Wikipedia) In the public domain. Wikimedia Commons, July 25, 2006. Accessed May 30, 2018. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Activemarker2.PNG

Question 9...: Squires, Scott. “The Value of Visual Effects.” Effects Corner, July 10, 2012. Accessed May 30, 2018. http://effectscorner.blogspot.com/2012/07/value-of-visual-effects.html#.Ww2sDEgvzD5

Text SetText 1Anderson, Aaron. “Kinesthesia in Martial Arts Films: Action in Motion.” (Jump Cut, No. 42, Dec. 1998, pp. 1–11, 83) Reprinted online: Jump Cut, No. 48, Winter 2006. Accessed January 3, 2019. https://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC42folder/anderson2/action2.html

Figure 1Dirks, Tim. “Timeline of Greatest Film Milestones and Turning Points in Film History.” Filmsite. Accessed January 3, 2019. https://www.filmsite.org/milestones.html

Edwards, Owen. “Without This Camera, the Emerald City Would Have Been the Color of Mud.” Smithsonian.com, December 27, 2016. Accessed January 9, 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/without-camera-emerald-city-would-have-been-color-mud-180961463/

Fussell, James A. “Special Effects in ‘Wizard of Oz’ Took Real Magic.” Kansas City Star, updated August 17, 2014. Accessed January 3, 2019. https://www.kansas.com/entertainment/movies-news-reviews/article1236642.html

Maher, Michael. “The Art of Split Screen.” The Beat, February 19, 2016. Accessed January 3, 2019. https://www.premiumbeat.com/blog/split-screen-editing-and-composing/

“Matte Painting: Background.” Wikipedia, last updated November 12, 2018. Accessed January 3, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matte_painting

NOVA. “Special Effects: Titanic and Beyond.” (transcript) NOVA website, November 3, 1998. Accessed January 4, 2019. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2514specialfx2.html

Spry, Jeff. “Firsts: The First All-CGI Character, Made Before Pixar Became Pixar.” Syfy Wire, January 10, 2018. Accessed January 4, 2019. https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/firsts-the-first-all-cgi-character-made-before-pixar-became-pixar

“The Humpty Dumpty Circus.” Wikipedia, updated December 16, 2018. Accessed January 9, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Humpty_Dumpty_Circus

“The Ten Commandments (1956 film).” Wikipedia, last updated January 3, 2019. Accessed January 3, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)

NOTES



Trenholm, Richard. “’Youth and Ignorance’ Drove Eye-Popping ‘Star Wars’ Effects.” CNET, May 4, 2017. Accessed January 3, 2019. https://www.cnet.com/news/john-dykstra-star-wars-anniversary-industrial-light-and-magic-special-effects/

Table 1Hook, Danielle. Creative Movement as a Form of Expression. Chapter 3: Lesson 3. Study.com. Accessed January 4, 2019. https://study.com/academy/lesson/creative-movement-as-a-form-of-expression.html

Westminster College, Missouri. Creative Movement and Rhythm. (syllabus) Campus Compact, July 5, 2011. Accessed January 4, 2019. https://compact.org/resource-posts/creative-movement-and-rhythms/

Instructional Resources PowerPointNot Applicable

reading instructional guide

Documents