reading sections and details · sections, partial sections, and details. each may appear in the...

CHAPTER

321

11CHAPTER

Reading Sections and Details

CHAPTER OVERVIEW

cutting plane

KEY TERMS

• Reading Sections

• Chapter 11 Test

• Chapter 11 Problems

This chapter covers the following topics:

• Introduction

• Section Alignment

• Types of Sections

longitudinal section partial section transverse section

27277_ch11_rev02_lr.indd 32127277_ch11_rev02_lr.indd 321 15/05/12 3:00 PM15/05/12 3:00 PM

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322 Chapter 11 Reading Sections and Details

INTRODUCTIONSections are drawn to show the vertical relationships of the structural materials that are specified on the floor, framing, and foundation plans. The sections show the methods of construction for the framing crew. Before working with sec-tions, it is important to understand the cutting plane’s rela-tionship to the section, the different types of sections, and their common scales.

SECTION ALIGNMENTWhen reading sections, as with reading other parts of the plans, the drawing is read from the bottom or right side of the page. The theory involved in creating a section is that a giant chop saw was used to slice the structure, exposing all of the structural members that the saw blade, referred to as a cutting plane, passed through. The cutting plane, as shown in Figure 3.88, is placed on the floor or framing plan to show where the structure is being cut to allow viewing. The arrows of the cutting plane normally point to the top or left side of the paper, depending on the area of the building being sec-tioned. More important is the direction the cutting plane is placed in relationship to the building shape. Figure 11.1 shows the relationship of the section viewing plane and the resulting section.

Longitudinal Sections

A longitudinal section is produced when the cutting plane is parallel to the long axis of the structure. It is generally perpendicular to most structural materials used to frame the roof, ceiling, and floor systems. Because the framing mem-bers are perpendicular to the cutting plane, they are seen as if they were cut. Figure 11.2 shows an example of a longitu-dinal section.

Transverse Section

A transverse section, often referred to as a cross section, is produced when the cutting plane is parallel to the short axis of the structure. The cutting plane for a transverse section is usually parallel to the materials used to frame the roof, ceil-ing, and floor systems and generally provides a clearer view of the shape of the structure. Figure 11.3 shows a transverse section.

TYPES OF SECTIONSIn addition to identifying the cutting plane’s alignment to the structure, there are three types of sections that may result from passing the cutting plane through the structure: full sections, partial sections, and details. Each may appear in the plans as a transverse or longitudinal view.

A

B

B

B

A

A

FIGURE 11.1 The cutting plane on the framing plan shows the direction from which the section is to be viewed. Depending on the cutting plane’s relationship to the structure, a longitudinal or transverse section will be produced. Each type of section is used to show the vertical relationships of all structural materials cut by the cutting plane.© Cengage Learning 2013

Full Sections

A full section refers to a section that cuts through the entire building, as shown in Figure 11.2 and Figure 11.3. For a simple structure, only one section might be needed to fully explain the types of construction to be used. A structure can have several full sections, depending on the different types of construction materials and techniques used.

Full sections are meant to give an overall view of a specific area of the structure and may be either longitudinal or trans-verse. No matter the type of section, you should be able to find the following information in a building section:

• Roof, ceilings, partitions, and floor members that are cut by the cutting plane.

• Vertical relationship of major structural members including:


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Chapter 11 Reading Sections and Details 323

1/2" CDX PLYWOOD1/2" CDX PLYWOOD

2 X 4 STUDS @ 16" O.C.2 X 4 STUDS @ 16" O.C.2 2 X 4 STUDS @ 16" O.C. 4 STUDS @ 16" O.C.

4 4 X 8 GIRDER 8 GIRDER@ 48" O.C.@ 48" O.C.

BUILDING SECTION “B”BUILDING SECTION “B”1/4" = 1'1/4" = 1'–0–0"

2 2 X 6 STUDS @ 16" O.C. 6 STUDS @ 16" O.C.

1/2" CDX PLYWOOD1/2" CDX PLYWOODSTUDYSTUDY BATHBATH UTILITYUTILITY KITCHENKITCHEN

2 X 6 T2 X 6 T G DECKINGG DECKING

MONO TRUSSESMONO TRUSSES@ 24@ 24" O.C. O.C.

FIGURE 11.2 A longitudinal section is produced when the cutting plane is parallel to the long axis of the structure section. The cutting plane is typically perpendicular to most major members such as trusses, joists, or rafters.

ROOF TRUSSESROOF TRUSSES@ 24@ 24" O.C. O.C.

1/21/2" CDX PLYWOOD CDX PLYWOOD

1/21/2" CDX PLYWOOD CDX PLYWOOD

2 X 4 STUDS @ 162 X 4 STUDS @ 16" O.C. O.C.

MONO TRUSSESMONO TRUSSES@ 24@ 24" O.C. O.C.

2 X 8 FASCIA2 X 8 FASCIA4 X 12 HDR4 X 12 HDR

4 X 8 GIRDER4 X 8 GIRDER

2 X 6 STUDS @ 162 X 6 STUDS @ 16" O.C. O.C.2 X 6 T2 X 6 T G DECKINGG DECKING

2–2 X 6 PLATE2–2 X 6 PLATE

2 X 12 JOISTS @ 2 X 12 JOISTS @ 1616" O.C. O.C.

DBL JOISTDBL JOIST

2 X 4 STUDS @ 2 X 4 STUDS @ 1616" O.C. O.C.

BATHBATH

DININGDINING

HALLHALL

HALLHALL HALLHALL BATHBATHCLO.CLO.

BUILDING SECTION “A”BUILDING SECTION “A”1/4" = 1'1/4" = 1'–0–0"

FIGURE 11.3 A transverse section is produced when the cutting plane is parallel to the short axis of the structure. The cutting plane is typically parallel to most major members such as trusses, joists, or rafters.

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• Floor-to-floor dimensions

• Floor-to-ceiling dimensions

• Floor-to-header dimensions

• Footing sizes and depth into grade

• Other building section references that intersect the building section.

• Room names and numbers of the areas cut by the cutting plane.

• Major materials, symbols, and lists of abbreviations.

Partial Sections

A partial section, a section that does not go completely through the structure, is used to show only a specific area of the struc-ture. The partial section can be used to show atypical construc-tion methods, such as variations of the roof or foundation that were presented in other sections, as well as construction materi-als that are not seen in other sections. When a partial section is used to show one specific wall, it is also referred to as a wall section. Wall sections, which can be referenced to the floor plan or to other sections, are usually plotted at a larger scale than a full section and provide better clarity of specific areas. Figure 11.4 shows an example of a partial section.

Detailed Sections

Detailed sections, also known as details, are provided to clarify small areas such as the intersection of the floor system to a wall. Sections, wall sections, and details can be thought of as different stages of the zoom lens of a camera. With each zoom, a smaller area is seen, but each material in the display increases in size. When details are drawn, a section is often plotted with very little information placed on it. This section serves as a reference map to indicate how the details relate to each other. An example of this type of section can be seen in Figure 11.5, with a portion of the related details seen in Figure 11.6.

By combining the information on the framing plans and the sections, the contractor should be able to make accurate estimates regarding the amount of material required and the cost of completing the project. To help make the sections

easier to read, sections have become somewhat standardized in several areas. These include the areas of scales and alignment.

Scale

The scale used to create the section will dictate the amount of information you can expect to get from the drawing. Sec-tions are typically plotted at a scale of 3/8" � 1'–0". At this scale, general information can be seen, but the clarity of most small items will be difficult to find. Scales of 1/8" or 1/4" may be used for supplemental sections requiring little detail. At these scales, the relationship of major components can be found, but information about exact intersections will not be present. A scale of 3/4" � 1'–0" or larger is often used to present most construction details. Although you will not be scaling the section, understanding the scale that was used to create the section will help form your expectations of what will be found in the section.

READING SECTIONSBefore trying to gain information from the sections, study the floor, foundation, and framing plans and elevations to gain a general understanding of the structure. Look for gen-eral information such as how many floors will be con-structed and the roof framing method. For each level in the sections, a floor or framing plan should be available to pro-vide sizes and layout. Determine the main material used to construct walls. The use of wood or metal studs and brick or concrete blocks will affect what you should be expecting to find as you enter the sections.

As you study the sections, determine how many have been drawn, and make sure you can find a cutting plane on the floor or framing plan. Once you feel comfortable with the basic layout of the structure, examine the main section and look for basic materials used to construct the floor, walls, and roof assemblies. Next, compare the main section to the other sections and try to determine why the other sections were drawn. The sections may only show shape variation from one area of the building to another or additional sec-tions may be provided to show a variety of building materi-als. After determining some general knowledge of the structure relating to its shape and basic materials, you can search the sections for specific information.


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TYP. WALL SECTION

1'-0"3/8"

2 X 6 D.F.P.T W/1/2" DIA. X 10"A.B.

HORIZ. SIDING OVER1/2" WAFERBOARD& TYVEK

2 X 4 KEY

1/2" STD. GRADE 32/16 PLY. ROOFSHTG, LAID PERP. TO TRUSSES.

SOLID BLK. OMIT EA. 3RD. FORSCREENED VENTS.

2X6 FASCIA

1/2" 'CCX' EXT PLY @ALL EXP. EAVES.

TRUSS CLIPS @ EA.TAIL TO PLATE.

2-2X6 TOP PLTS.LAP 48" MIN.

2 X 6 SILL

12

6

PLYWOOD BAFFLESAT EAVE VENTS.

R-38 BATTS MIN.PAPER FACE @HEATED SIDE.

6" BATTS, R-21 MIN.PAPER FACE @HEATED SIDE.

1'-0"

6"

.006 BLACKVAPOR BARRIER

6" BATTS, R-25 MIN.

1/2" GYP. BD.WALLS AND CEIL.

ROOFING MAT'L. SEE ELEVATIONS.

STD. TRUSSES @24" O.C. SEE DWG. BY MANUF.

2 X 6 STUDS@ 16" O.C.

W/ GUTTER.

CONC. PIERSSEE FND. PLAN

4 X GIRDERS SEE FND. PLAN.

3/8" HARDBOARDOVER 2-4-1T&G PLY. SHEATH.

TYP.

8'-1

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MIN

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12" M

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2'-0"

18

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6"

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FIGURE 11.4 A partial section shows the construction methods for a specific area of a structure to supplement a full section. Generally, the materials or construction methods represented in a partial section are atypical of the materials shown in the full section.

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FIGURE 11.6 Details provide an enlarged view of construction methods. These are some of the details referenced to the section shown in Figure 11.5.

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1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17. 19. 21. 23. 25.

2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24.

1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17. 19. 21. 23. 25.

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CHAPTER 11 TEST

Place the name of the framing member in the space provided on the drawings on this page. Do not give specific sizes, such as 1/2" plywood, but answer in general terms, such as “roof sheathing.”

CHAPTER REVIEW MATERIALS


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Chapter 11 Problems

3. What size post will support the deck? .

4. What detail will explain how a wood floor beam will attach to support posts? .

5. What detail will explain how a steel floor beam will attach to support columns? .

6. What detail will explain how a steel column will attach to support pilings? .

7. What detail will explain how a wood post will attach to concrete support pilings? .

8. Fasteners such as 3/4" tie rods and turnbuckles are used to provide lateral support to the lower levels of this home. How do the tie rods and turnbuckles attach to the columns? .

9. How will the steel columns attach to the concrete footings? .

10. Give the size of the steel braces placed between the steel pilings parallel to the ground. .

11. Give the size of the top plate in Detail 3/13 and explain how the top plate will be attached to the column. .

12. How will the base plate for the steel column be attached to the steel piling? .

13. What size vertical rebar is required for the concrete footing shown in Detail 2/13? .

14. What size steel columns are used to support the lower floor? .

15. Explain what will attach the floor joists to the steel support beams. .

16. What type of welds will attach the steel beam to the base plate and support column? .

17. According to Detail 1/13, how will the 3/4" tie rods be attached to the side plates? .

18. How will the CCO-66 column cap be attached to the steel column? .

CHAPTER 11 READING SECTIONS AND DETAILS

Follow these instructions to access the Chapter 11 Print Reading Test and Extended Print Reading Problems:

1. Go to http://cengagebrain.com 2. Enter the email address and password you used to

register for the site (see Preface for full instructions). 3. Select the website from the My Course & Materials

area of your home page. Select the chapter you want from the pull-down menu at the top of the page. Choose the resources for that chapter from the menu on the left.

PROBLEM 11.1 Use Figure 11.2 on page 323 to answer the following questions:

1. What type of trusses will be used? .

2. What type of floor system will be used? .

3. What is the required depth of exterior footing? .

4. What size girders are used? .

5. What is the pitch of the bottom chord that forms the vaulted ceiling?

. 6. Will the foundation be created using a mono pour?

. 7. What will keep ground moisture from building up in

the residence? . 8. List the different values required for batt insulation.

. 9. What is the required spacing for anchor bolts?

. 10. What will the siding be placed over?

.

PROBLEM 11.2 Use Figure 11.5 and Figure 11.6 to answer the following questions:

1. What size floor joists will be used? .

2. What are the ceiling heights? .

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19. Give the size of the steel piling, and explain how much of it must be visible. .

20. Describe the placement of the steel in the concrete piers in Detail 2/13. .

PROBLEM 11.3 Use Section AA, shown on page 333, to provide answers to the following questions:

1. How many types of floors will be constructed for this structure? .

2. What size are the rafters for the main roof? .

3. What size rafters are used for the porch roof? .

4. What size and type of roof insulation will be used? .

5. What is the plate height for each level? .

6. What size footing will be used at the interior load-bearing wall? .

7. How deep are the exterior footings to be set? .

8. What will the concrete slab be built over? .

9. Give the nail size and spacing for the floor sheathing. .

10. Give the nail size and spacing for the roof sheathing. .

11. How will the foundation be insulated? .

12. What will be the lap of the top plates? .

13. What sizes of fascias will be used? .

14. What is the roof pitch? .

15. If the roof is 30' wide, how high above the top plate will the roof be at the ridge? .

16. How far below the top plate will the bottom of the trusses extend? .

17. What will prevent uplift of the front porch? .

18. What will keep the brick from falling away from the stud wall? .

19. Why would the 26-ga. at the front porch flashing be specified? .

20. The kitchen will have a lowered ceiling. How will this ceiling be supported? .

PROBLEM 11.4 Use Section BB, shown on page 334, to answer the follow-ing questions:

1. What type of roofing will be used? .

2. What will the siding be installed over? .

3. What will be the underlayment for the brick? .

4. What size floor joists will be used on the upper floor? .

5. What size floor joists will be used on the lower floor? .

6. What will the crawl space be covered with? .

7. How wide will the stem walls be? .

8. What size post will be used to support the front porch? .

9. If the window headers are set at 6'–8", will they be OK? .

10. What thickness of floor sheathing will be used on the upper floor? .

11. What thickness of floor sheathing will be used on the lower floor? .

12. List the R-values for the following members of this house: Roof .Upper floor .Lower floor .Walls .

13. What size girders are to be used? .

14. Will 15# felt be suitable underlayment for the walls? Explain your answer. .

15. What size and spacing of anchor bolts will be used? .


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PROBLEM 11.5 Use Section CC, shown on page 335, to answer the follow-ing questions:

1. What type of floor system will be used on the lower floor? .

2. What type of roof system will be used? .

3. What spacing is used on the roof trusses? .

4. What size of studs will be used? .

5. List the size of the subfloor. .

6. What will support the main girder? .

7. How will the wallboard be supported by the 4" headers? .

8. The sill is DFPT. What do these letters stand for? .

9. What size and spacing are the rafters over the porch? .

10. What will be used to control airflow through the 4" headers? .

11. What will the exterior siding be placed over? .

12. How will the upper ceiling be finished? .

13. What will provide ventilation to the upper rafters? .

14. What is the height of the kitchen ceiling? .

15. What is the exposure of the finished roofing? .

16. How will the cantilever be protected? .

17. What is the spacing of the upper floor joists under the area with the flat ceiling? .

18. Explain why the upper floor joists on the left side are required to have different spacing than those on the right side. .

19. Will solid blocking or a rim joist be used? .

20. What will hold the upper end of the porch rafters? .

PROBLEM 11.6Use Section DD, shown on page 336, to answer the follow-ing questions:

1. A circle is drawn in the lower left-hand corner. What do the numbers in the circle mean? .

2. How will the retaining walls be reinforced? .

3. What grade of concrete blocks will be used to build the basement wall? .

4. Can the 2 � 4 stud wall in the basement be built right next to the concrete block wall? .

5. How will the CMU containing rebar be treated? .

6. This house is being built in an area of the country that gets 36" of rain a year. Is the basement pre-pared? Explain your answer. .

7. What size studs will be used in the basement bearing walls? .

8. The lower floor is to be blocked. What are the speci-fications for the blocking? .

9. Two braces are shown in the attic without any men-tion of what angle to build them. What is the maxi-mum angle for such braces? .

10. How will exposed eaves be protected from the weather? .

11. What size purlin will be used? . 12. How will the rim joists be connected to the

mudsill? .

13. What will support the ceiling joists on the right side of the roof? .

14. Determine the size and spacing of the collar ties. .

15. If the residence is 38' long, how many collar ties will be needed? .

16. If the residence is 38' long, how many sheets of plywood will be needed to cover the floor cantilever? .

17. How will the load-bearing walls in the basement be attached to the floor? .


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9. What type of drawing is Section C? .

10. What type of trusses will be used over bedroom 1? .

11. What is the height from the finished floor to the top of the top plate in bedroom 1? .

12. What is the R-value of the insulation required for the flat ceilings? .

13. What size overhang must be provided? .

14. What is the required R-value for the walls? .

15. Describe how water will be taken away from the foun-dation. .

16. How high is the stem wall to extend above the finish grade? .

17. What size post is to be used at the edge of the braced wall panel? .

18. What is the exterior siding to be installed over? .

19. What is the roof pitch of this home? .

20. What is the minimum width allowed for the lower floor braced wall panel? .

18. What size pier will support the porch roof? .

19. What type of lumber will be used to frame this struc-ture? .

20. What will be used to keep the lower floor from cracking? .

PROBLEM 11.7 Use the sections shown in Figure 11.2 and Figure 11.3, as well as the sections, details, and general notes shown on pages 337 through 338, to answer the following questions:

1. What is the ceiling height of the lower floor? .

2. What size studs are used to frame the exterior bath-room wall? .

3. What framing method is used to frame the lower floor? .

4. What size studs are used to frame the interior bath-room wall? .

5. What type of roof framing members are shown over the kitchen? .

6. What is the girder spacing? .

7. What type of roof decking will support the finished roofing? .

8. What size floor joists will be used to support the floor at bedroom 2? .


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