real comm2e ch5
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 5
NonverbalCommunication
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• Describe the power of nonverbal communication
• Outline the functions of nonverbal communication
• Describe the set of communication symbols that are nonverbal codes
• Illustrate the influences culture, technology, and situation have on our nonverbal behavior
Chapter Outcomes
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The process of intentionally or unintentionally signaling meaning through behavior other than words
Nonverbal Communication
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• Nonverbal communication is…– Communicative– Often spontaneous and
unintentional– Ambiguous– More believable than verbal communication (channel discrepancy)
The Nature of Nonverbal Communication
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• Reinforcing verbal messages– Repeating or mirroring verbal
messages– Complementing verbal behavior by
matching it– Accenting specific parts
of the verbal behavior
Functions of Nonverbal Communication
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• Substituting verbal messages– Occurs in situations where words are
unavailable, inappropriate, or unintelligible
Functions of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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• Contradicting verbal messages– May be unintentional or intentional
(teasing, joking, sarcasm)
• Regulating or coordinating verbal interactions– Pausing to let another speak– Interrupting to gain control
Functions of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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• Creating immediacy, or closeness, with another– Eye contact, smiling, appropriate
touching, mimicry
• Deceiving others to believe something that is false– Using gestures that normally
signal trustworthiness
Functions of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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Symbols we use to send messages without, or in addition to, words
Nonverbal Codes
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• Gestures and body movements that send nonverbal messages (kinesics)– Emblems have direct verbal
translations within a group or culture.– Illustrators help visually
explain what is being said. – Regulators help manage
our interactions.
Nonverbal Codes (cont.)
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Nonverbal Codes (cont.)
• Kinesics (cont.)
– Adaptors satisfy a physical or psychological need.
– Affect displays convey feelings, moods, and reactions.
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• Facial expressions
Nonverbal Codes (cont.)
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• Eye behavior – Oculesics is the study of the use of the
eyes to communicate.– Accepted norms
differ across cultures.
Nonverbal Codes (cont.)
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• Voice– Paralanguage: vocalized sounds that
accompany words; includes•pitch (variations), tone (modulations),
volume (loudness), pauses, vocal quality, rhythm, rate
– Vocalizations: cues about emotional or physical state•Back-channel cues
include “ah, um, uh”
Nonverbal Codes (cont.)
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• Physical appearance– Attractiveness has advantages– Artifacts (accessories)
matter
Nonverbal Codes (cont.)
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• Space and environment includes:Proxemics: the study of the way we use and communicate with space
• Intimate• Personal• Social• Public
Nonverbal Codes (cont.)
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• Space and environment (cont.)– Territoriality: the claiming of an area
through occupation
– Environment: arranging our surroundings to encourage or discourage interactions
Nonverbal Codes (cont.)
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• Touch (haptics) may include:– Functional-professional touch– Social-polite touch– Friendship-warmth touch– Love-intimacy touch– Sexual-arousal
touch
Nonverbal Codes (cont.)
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• Time orientation– Chronemics: study of how people
perceive the use of time and how they structure time in their relationships
– Sending a message using time may be confusing in certain situations.
Nonverbal Codes (cont.)
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• Culture– Contact vs. noncontact cultures have
different levels of sensitivity to touch.– Sex and gender influence a person’s
degree of touch, eye contact, or how nonverbal communication is interpreted.
Influences on Nonverbal Communication
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• Mediated nonverbal communication– Loss of paralinguistic cues that offer
information– Emoticons and use of font sizes,
punctuation, and capitalization help convey meaning.
Influences on Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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• The situational context determines rules of behavior and roles people must play under different conditions. – Public-private dimension: physical
space affecting nonverbal communication
– Informal-formal dimension: perceptions about personal vs. impersonal situations
Influences on Nonverbal Communication (cont.)