Recommended methodologies for the

measurement of Diesel Exhaust Emissions

(DEE) and Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM)

Presented on behalf of:

CJ Pretorius, B Henzing, PBC Forbes, G Schoonraad, S Brink, M Wattrus, B

Mkwakwinga, PC Schutte, J du Toit, S van Tonder

MMPA Conference

27 October 2018

Sun City, Rustenburg, South Africa

Julize van Niekerk – MHSC Research Delivery Specialist

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Contents

▪ Objectives

▪ Relevance of project

▪ Research methodology

▪ Outcomes

▪ Recommendations

▪ Project Team

▪ Acknowledgements

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Relevance of project

▪ Diesel engine exhaust is a Class 1 Human Carcinogen

▪ Diesel particulate matter (DPM): ultrafine particulate

matter in DEE

▪ Lack of standardised methodologies

▪ Insufficient monitoring and control of employee exposure

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Project Objectives

▪ Methodologies to measure diesel exhaust emissions

(DEE) and diesel particulate matter (DPM)

▪ Effective monitoring and control of employee exposure to

carcinogens from diesel emissions

▪ Standardised practices in the industry

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Methodology

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Outcomes

➢ Literature Review

▪ Leading practices and technology available

▪ Commercially available methodologies

➢ National survey through questionnaire

▪ Needs and requirements of the mining industry

▪ Small number of responses; however representative of

industry

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Outcomes continued…

➢ Questionnaire responses

▪ Some mines are monitoring against limit values

▪ Preferred familiar methodologies (gravimetric and gas)

▪ Small, portable methodologies

▪ Short waiting time for results

▪ Aligned with legislation

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Outcomes continued…

➢ Database with fleet information

▪ Responses were not comprehensive; however,

representative of industry

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Outcomes continued…

➢ Controlled testing

▪ Sasol Fuels Application Centre

▪ Evaluate methodologies under

controlled conditions

▪ Raw exhaust, dilute exhaust and

atmospheric

▪ Same speed, different engine loads

▪ Test modes: idle, high idle, 25%, 50%

and 100% load

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Outcomes continued…

➢ Mine testing

▪ At one of the AngloCoal Collieries

▪ Evaluate implementation and

end-user impressions

▪ Mine testing confirmed some

concerns around the health and

safety of technicians

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Outcomes: Guidance Note

▪ Guidance on measurement

within the specific context of

the mining operation

▪ Frequency of testing

▪ Context informs the choice of

the methodology

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Recommended DEE and DPM methodologies

▪ Not one comprehensive methodology for one diesel exhaust

component (i.e. gases or particles)

▪ Not one comprehensive methodology per mine or per

commodity

▪ Robust methodologies => trends

➢ Use one or more methodologies to test DEE and DPM in

raw exhaust, environmental conditions and personal

exposure

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Recommended DEE and DPM methodologies

NIOSH 5040: DPM sampling and lab analysis

Airtec Real-time DPM and with lab analysis

Sub-micron particle mass concentration (PMC) analysis: rawexhaust DPM

Electrochemical gas sensors: raw exhaust gases

Denuder tubes: environmental gas and DPM sampling with lab analysis

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Outcomes: Methodologies Not Recommended

➢ Has potential but cannot be implemented yet as it

requires further development: CSIR patented semi-

conductor sensors for gases and ultra-fine PM

➢ Not recommended methodology: Personal gas

detection system

▪ Warning system; not designed for monitoring

▪ Assess technician exposure during measurement

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Outcomes: Standard Operating Procedure

▪ Execution of recommended methodologies

▪ Practical tips and considerations

▪ Practical implementation of one or more methodologies

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Recommendations

▪ The development of a comprehensive and integrated methodology

▪ DMR promulgate national OELs for DPM

▪ End-users are trained in the implementation of the SIM 150601

Guidance Note and Standard Operating Procedure

▪ Certain ISO standards are adopted by SABS for the measurement of

airborne pollutants in workplace

▪ The outcomes of SIM 150601 are integrated with the outcomes of

project CoE 150602 on DPM

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Project Team

▪ CSIR: Cecilia Pretorius, JJ Lottering, Dr. Bonex Mwakikunga,

Vusi Mahlangu, Jonas Shai, Gideon Ferreira, Stefan Brink

▪ TNO: Bas Hensing, Anjoeka Pronk, Yvette Christopher-de Vries

▪ Sasol: Mark Wattrus

▪ University of Pretoria: Dr. Patricia Forbes and Genna-Leigh

Schoonraad

▪ Schu Schutte

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Acknowledgements

▪ Funding: Mine Health and Safety Council

▪ Collaboration: University of Pretoria

▪ Collaboration: TNO (Netherlands)

▪ Controlled testing: Sasol Fuels Application Centre

▪ Mine testing: AngloCoal Greenside Collieries

▪ Instruments: CSIR Air and Dust Laboratory, Dräger, Disprotech,

South Deep Gold Mine, AMS Haden and the University of

Pretoria

MHSC Project SIM 150601

For project queries, please contact the

Mine Health and Safety Council:

Tel: 011 070 4200 info@mhsc.org.za http://mhsc.org.za