reconstruction 1865-1877 · johnson vs. the radical republicans •1866 – congress passed 2 bills...
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Reconstruction
1865-1877
Radical Republicans & Lincoln
• Angered by
Lincoln’s plan
because it did not
give full equality to
freed slaves
• Thought Lincoln’s
plan was too easy
on the South
The Wade-Davis Bill
• Majority of adult Southern white men
would have to swear allegiance to America
• State Constitutional Conventions would
have to:
– abolish slavery
– Reject Confederate war debt
– Deny the vote and office holding to former
CSA officers
• Lincoln killed the bill by pocket veto
John Wilkes
Booth
shot Lincoln
on April 14,
1865
Johnson’s Reconstruction
• Blamed wealthy plantation
owners for the war
• His plan for the Southern
states:
– New constitutions
– Elect a new
governments
– Repeal secession
– Cancel Confederate
debts
– Ratify the 13th
Amendment
Black Codes • Laws passed by
Southern legislatures
that limited the rights
of African Americans
in the South
• African Americans
were required to sign
yearly labor contracts
Johnson vs. the Radical
Republicans • 1866 – Congress passed 2 bills
– Freedmen’s Bureau Bill – provided food,
clothing, medical care, and education for war
refugees
– Civil Rights Act – nullified the Black Codes by
declaring freedmen full citizens with equal
rights
• Johnson vetoed both bills
• In April, Congress overrode Johnson’s
veto
Fourteenth
Amendment
• Granted citizenship to
all people born in the
U.S.
• No citizen could be
denied the rights
promised in the
Constitution
Military
Reconstruction
Act of 1867 • South was put under
military rule
• Southern states had to hold
new elections
• All male voters can vote
• Barred confederacy
supporters from voting
• Southern states should
guarantee equal rights
• Ratification of the 14th
amendment (1868)
Former Confederate soldiers founded the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
after the American Civil War (1861-1865). The KKK used
violence and intimidation to prevent blacks from voting and
holding office, and to keep them segregated.
Anti Klan Laws
Enforcement Act of 1870 passed to
prevent any Ku Klux Klan activity
from preventing anyone from voting
that had the right to do so.
Johnson’s Impeachment
• Congress passed 2 laws to make sure that
President Johnson would not ignore their
laws
– Command of the Army Act – President’s order
must go through General Grant
– Tenure of Office Act – Congress must
approve the removal of any cabinet member
The
Showdown • Johnson challenged
Congress & fired
Edwin Stanton
• House of
Representatives
voted to impeach
the President
• The Senate failed to
remove Andrew
Johnson
Blacks
Gained the
Right to
Vote 15th
Amendment
*Became law
March 1870
Why Did People Grow Tired of the
Reconstruction?
• Put heavy taxes on the people
• Came to symbolize corruption & greed
• When the military withdrew from the south,
gov’ts. were taken over by white southerners
→ blocked Reconstruction policies
• North voters really did not support racial
equality
• Economic downturn in 1873 drew people’s
attention elsewhere
• Democrats gave the election to Hayes
• He removed troops from the South & gave money to southern RRs
Solid
South
Reconstruction Successes
1. Republicans carried
out 2 main goals
2. Stimulated economy
3. 14th/15th Amendments
4. Freedmen’s Bureau
5. Tax-supported,
mandatory education
Failures
1. Southerners remained
in poverty
2. State gov’ts. & KKK
denied blacks the vote
3. Racist attitudes
continued.
4. Southern economy
cont’d. to emphasize
agriculture
5. Did not address needs
of other groups:
farmers, workers,
suffragettes