Reconstruction

• 4 Million slaves now free• President Johnson – southerner• South passes strict laws against African

Americans• “Radical” Reconstruction begins in 1867.– Republicans force the south to allow African

Americans the right to vote.

The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan• 1866 - Social Club• Ex-Confederate Officers• Ritualistic• Oppose Reconstruction

efforts• Terrorize blacks and black

sympathizers• Power declines over

1870s

• Trailer

Modernizing IllinoisIllinois History

Morrill Act of 1862• Every loyal state

receives 30,000 acres of public land for each Congressman they have

• Illinois – 480,000 acres• Sell land to fund

university• University of Illinois

[1885]Justin Smith Morrill, Senator - Vermont

New State Capitol• 1865 – Chicago, Peoria, Decatur, and Jacksonville

put in bids to become the new state capitol.• Springfield offers tax money to build a new

capitol building.• Capitol stays in Springfield.

New Constitution

• Hold a convention• More Republicans• More delegates with northern backgrounds• More attorneys than farmers

• Ratified in 1870– Denies suffrage to women

Republican Control

• “waving the bloody shirt”• Controlled the Assembly for last quarter of the

19th century• Every governor from 1865-1892• Only 1 Democrat senator from 1865-1912

Illinois and the “Gilded Age”

• Corrupt politicians and lobbyists• Experiencing significant industrial growth• By 1890, only 1/3 of workforce in agriculture

• Date: October 9th, 1871• Catalysts: Chicago being mainly wood, recent

drought, lack of firemen• Result: – Watertower only building to survive– 300 dead– 100,000 homeless– Chicago rebuilds

The Great Chicago Fire

New Chicago Rises• Lumber yards, railroads,

and stockyards survive fire.

• First modern skyscraper– Home Insurance Building

[1884]– Cast-iron frame

• Many more to follow• Chicago’s population

nearly doubles in 1870s– More than St. Louis by

1880

Stockyards – “Packingtown”

• 100 acres of land – 2,300 pens– 21,000 cattle, 22,000 sheep, 200 horses• All at once.

• Nelson Morris – German immigrant who supplies beef to U.S. Army during the Civil War

• Gustavus F. Swift• Phillip D. Armour– “Everything but the squeal”

Recap

• McCormick’s reapers pioneer the use of advertising and credit

• Takes hold of lumber market• Hub of railroads and grain production

Department Stores

• Potter Palmer, Marshall Field, Sears and Roebuck establish huge department stores.

• Mail order catalog originates in Chicago– Montgomery Ward– Huge catalogs (1,000 pages)

Other Industrial Growth

• Areas around Chicago also develop industry• Metro East St. Louis develops significant iron

and steel industries– Granite City– East St. Louis– Belleville– Alton

• 1900 – ¼ of liquor comes from Peoria• Leads to a population boom

• Nation’s first coal miners union organizes in West Belleville, Ill.

• Unions push for shorter work day, better pay, limitation of child labor, equal pay for both sexes

Organizing Labor

– Anarchists meet in the square to demand better conditions.– Police attempt to disperse crowd– Bomb explodes, police open fire on the crowd– 7 policemen dead, 4 others.– 4 hanged at trial although no connection was made between

them and bomber

Haymarket Square [1886]

Haymarket Square Memorial

Forest Park, Ill.

Frank Lloyd Wright• B. June 8th, 1867– D. April 9th, 1959

• Architect• Prairie Style Architecture• Wanted to build structures

in harmony with nature and their surroundings

Fallingwater [1935]

Oak Park, Illinois

Oak Park, Illinois