recuwatt conference - heidelore fiedler lecture
DESCRIPTION
SECTION II: CLIMATE CHANGE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT “The new Industrial Emissions Directive and waste-to-energy” by Ms. Heidelore Fiedler, Scientific Officer of the Chemicals Branch at DTIE (Division of Technology, Industry and Economics), United Nations Environment Programme, SwitzerlandTRANSCRIPT
31 March, 2011 1
Stockholm Convention – Dioxin Inventories
Dr. Heidelore FiedlerUNEP/DTIE Chemicals Branch11-13, chemin des AnémonesCH-1219 Châtelaine (GE), SwitzerlandE-mail: [email protected]
Stockholm Convention on Persistent OrganicPollutants(POPs)Entered into force on 17 May 2004Today, has 170 parties
www.pops.int
Dioxin inventories (SC)
Development and maintenance of inventories of releases of unintentional POPs (= polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, PCDD/PCDF) a requirement for parties (n=172 = legally binding obligation);National action plan to be updated every five years;Guidance developed and COP-endorsed through Expert Group on review and updating of the ToolkitHarmonized reporting format developed;Expert Group recommends to include BAT/EP process into Toolkit process.
Dioxin Inventories: 1995 vs. 2007
1995 emissions:15 developed countries = ca. 10,500 g TEQ per yearEmissions to air predominantly
2005/2009 releases:ca. 20 developed countries - 800 million population
ca. 14,700 g TEQ per year to airca. 16,500 g TEQ per year in total
62 (most) developing countries - 2.6 billion populationca. 22,700 g TEQ per year to airca. 48,500 g TEQ per year in total
AUT, BEL, BGR, CDN, CYP, CZE, DEN, FIN, FRA, GER, HUN, IRE, JAP, LVA, NLD, NZL, NOR,
SLK, SVN, SWE, CHE, TWA,GBR, USA
ALB, ARG, ARM, AUS, AZE, BLR, BEN, BRN, BFA, BDI, KHM, CHL, CHN, HKG, CIV, HRV, CUB, DJI, ECU, ETH, FJI, GAB,
GMB, GHA, IDN, IRN, JOR, KEN, LAO, LBN, LBR, LTU, MKD, MDG, MLI, MUS, MDA, MAR, NPL, NZL, NIC, NGA, NIU, PAN,
PRY, PER, PHL, ROM, WSM, SYC, SVN, LKA, SDN, SYR, TJK, TZA, THA, TGO, TUN, URY, VNM, ZMB
Source Distribution per Country
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
A
AU
S B
CH
CAN D
DK F
HGK
HU
N
JPN NL
NZ S
SK UK
USA
Ot hersMineral Prod.Road TransportWast e Incin.Small Comb. UnitsInd. Comb. Plant sPower PlantsNon-ferr. MetalsIron&St eel
PCDD/PCDF (TEQ), Reference year around 1995; mainly developed countries
Methodology to establish complete, comparable PCDD/PCDF Inventories
(250 pages + EXCEL file)
Updating and review process mandated by Conference of the Parties, started in 2006
some new emission factors proposed for COP-5 (April 2011)
http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/pcdd_activities/default.htm
Recommendations of Toolkit experts
Process for Toolkit review and updating is adequate, should continue.New information shared through the Stockholm Convention clearing-house mechanism and the UNEP Chemicals website. Parties be aware that formation of PCDD/PCDF is accompanied by releases of other unintentional POPs, and their minimization or elimination can be achieved by the same measures. Assessment activities at the country level should thus focus on PCDD and PCDF as “indicative for unintentional persistent organic pollutants” as a basis for identifying and prioritizing sources of all unintentional persistent organic pollutants.Parties should be encouraged to use the Toolkit (according to the source categories listed in Annex C to the Convention, grouped into the source groups specified in the Toolkit).
COP.5/11
Category 2f - Lead
COP.5/11
Household cooking/heating–fossil fuels
COP.5/11
Summary (n=62) – Actual Status
Air Water Land Product Residue
22,688 1,129 5,855 4,879 13,927
47% 2% 10% 12% 29%
Grand total 48,478
g TEQ per year, n=62• Most dioxins go to air ⇒ LRT• Least dioxins go to water (directly)
Air Emissions per capita and year
Annual Release to Air (ug TEQ per capita)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
107 ug, Niue
Emissions to air – Toolkit
Release to air (%)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Cat 8Cat 7Cat 6Cat 5Cat 4Cat 3Cat 2Cat 1
Total releases of PCDD/PCDF (TEQ) according to vector and country.
Releases to air and in residues are dominating(exception = Moldova)
Release per vector (%)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
ALB
ARM
AZE
BEN
BFA
KHM
CHN
CI V
CUB
ECU
FJ I
GM B
I DN
JOR
LAO
LBR
M KD
M L I
M DA
NPL
NI C
NI U
PRY
PHL
WSM
SVN
SDN
T JK
T HA
T UN
VNM
Av e
Air Water Land Product Residue
Annual releases from all source groups
LBRGMB
NGABDI
ZMBARG
GHA
NICMDA
IDNA US
SY R
TUNALB
TGOBFA
MKDJOR
SDN
KHM
ETHAZE
MA RMDG
LKAPA N
NIUBEN
LBN
PRY
LTUGA B
CUBCHL
LAO
KEN
NZLCIV
TZA
THAECU
PER
MUS
SY CDJI
FJIBRN
NPL
URY
ROMCHN
TJKBLR
VNM
IRN
WSM
PHL
HRVHKG
SV NMLI
0 150503
Dendrogram: percentage of source group to air release inventory
Countries cluster according to source categories
Category 6 has largest influence on classification
Cat10
Cat9
Cat7
Cat8
Cat4
Cat5
Cat3
Cat2
Cat1
Cat6
0 329386
Toolkit Source Group 6 = Open Burning
Category 6 of the UNEP Dioxin Toolkit addresses
Open burning of biomass (forest fires, sugarcane burning, etc.)Open burning of municipal waste
Often >60% in national release inventories in developing countries (← high activities or relatively high emission factors in the Toolkit)
Open burning - % in air inventory
n = 61
PCDD/PCDF as TEQ
Split 6a(biomass) and 6b(waste)
42 countries8 report 0
Cat 6Country Country Air Land Total 6a Air Land Total 6b Total 6Argentina ARG 203 162 365 353 706 1,059 1,424Belarus BLR 0.12 1.06 1.18 0.04 0.04 0.08 1.26Bolivia BOL 399 133 532 0 0 0 532Cameroon CAM 943 0 943 0 0 0 943Chile CHL 13.5 15.8 29.3 4.4 4.37 8.77 38.1China CHN 16.7 953 970 0 0 0 970Costa Rica CRI 58.1 19.6 77.7 93 91 184 262Cote D'Ivoire CDO 7.50 6.00 13.5 220 0 220 234Croatia HRO 2.20 1.70 3.90 0 0 0 3.90Cuba CUB 8.67 3.7 12.4 39.7 24.1 63.8 76.2Dominican Republic DOM 64.5 21.5 86.0 0.34 0.62 0.96 87.0Guatemala GUA 0 0 0 327 196 523 523Haiti HTI 43.5 14.5 58.0 0.04 0.04 0.08 58.1Honduras HON 21.2 12.5 33.7 140 246 386 420Iran IRN 95.3 31.8 127 706 0 706 833Jordan JOR 0.18 0.07 0.25 51 1.88 52.9 53.1Liberia LIB 22.5 7.50 30.0 160 120 280 310Lithuania LIT 0.86 0.3 1.16 12.9 13 25.9 27.1Malaysia MAL 0 0 0 1.28 1.18 2.46 2.46Mauritius MAU 0.09 0.33 0.42 1.98 3.06 5.04 5.46Mongolia MON 0 0.04 0.04 17.4 34.9 52.3 52.3Montenegro MTG 0.12 0.09 0.21 0.12 0.09 0.21 0.42Morocco MOR 0.28 0.22 0.50 135 30 165 166Nicaragua NIC 6.42 3.10 9.52 166 300 466 476Nigeria MIG 152 121 273 2,600 2,400 5,000 5,273Pakistan PAK 0 0 0 313 626 939 939Paraguay PGY 22.4 8.5 30.9 38.7 76.2 115 146Peru PER 115 61.5 177 3.58 3.44 7.02 184Russia RUS 171 137 308 1,050 630 1,680 1,988Rwanda RWA 1.13 1.85 2.98 45.7 12.7 58.4 61Serbia SEB 0.15 0.17 0.32 84.1 94.0 178 178Seychelles SEY 0.006 0.003 0.009 0.38 0.74 1.12 1.129Syria SYR 0.002 0.002 0.004 339 208 547 547Taj ikistan TAJ 0 0 0 3.97 7.42 11.4 11.4Tanzania TNZ 227 181 408 124 48.1 172 580Thailand THA 19.9 6.64 26.5 124 236 360 387Tonga TON 0 0.03 0.03 0 3.16 3.16 3.19Uganda UGA 0 1.97 1.97 0 492 492 494Ukraine UKR 0.23 0.18 0.41 0 0 0 0.41Uruguay URU 4.28 1.79 6.07 3.37 6.1 9.47 15.5Venezuela Venezuela 54.1 37.6 91.7 307 0 307 399Vietnam Vietnam 13.2 5.33 18.5 10.6 9.16 19.7 38.2Grand Total Grand Total 2,686 1,953 4,640 7,478 6,626 14,102 18,741
6A 6B
Source Group 6 (g TEQ per year n=42)
Source Group 6a and 6b Releases
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
Total 6aTotal 6b
Release vector and source category
Source group 6
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
B-Air B-Land W-Air W-Land
%
Open burning of biomass
COP.5/11
xxx
Rural waste in China
Urban waste in Mexico
China, high ash content
New sampler developed for sampling fumes from open burn events:
High-volume sampler with sampling head downwards; filter and PUF cartridge
Mexico Rural waste; poor combustion
Mexico urban industrial, very good combustion
Open burning of waste
COP.5/11
Muchas gracias
Further informationStockholm Convention WebPage:www.pops.intUNEP Chemicals:www.chem.unep.ch