redox reactions reduction electrons gained h atoms added from o > c oxygen removed energy stored...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 6: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
REDOX REACTIONS
Reduction
• Electrons gained
• H atoms added
• from O > C
• Oxygen removed
• Energy Stored
• Anabolic
• Simple > complex
• Endergonic
• Photosynthesis
Oxidation
• Electrons lost
• H atoms lost
• From C to O
• Oxygen gained
• Energy released
• Catabolic
• Complex > simple
• Exergonic
• Cellular Respiration
![Page 7: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
REDOX REACTIONS∆G = ∆H - T∆S
Reduction
• Nonspontaneous
• ∆ G (+)
• >H , <S, >G
Oxidation
• Spontaneous
• ∆ G (-)
• <H , >S, <G
![Page 8: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
• Photosynthesis:
6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2
reduction
oxidation
Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy
reduction
oxidation
![Page 9: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Figure 9.4 NAD+ as an electron shuttle
![Page 12: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
LE 9-5a
1/2 O2H2 +
H2O
Explosiverelease of
heat and lightenergy
Uncontrolled reaction
Fre
e en
erg
y, G
![Page 13: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
LE 9-5b
2 H+ + 2 e–
2 H
(from food via NADH)
Controlledrelease ofenergy for
synthesis ofATP ATP
ATP
ATP
2 H+
2 e–
H2O
+ 1/2 O2
1/2 O2
Cellular respiration
Fre
e en
erg
y, G
Electro
n tran
spo
rt chain
![Page 14: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
LE 9-5
2 H+ + 2 e–
2 H
(from food via NADH)
Controlledrelease ofenergy for
synthesis ofATP ATP
ATP
ATP
2 H+
2 e–
H2O
+ 1/2 O21/2 O2H2 +
1/2 O2
H2O
Explosiverelease of
heat and lightenergy
Cellular respirationUncontrolled reaction
Fre
e en
erg
y, G
Fre
e en
erg
y, G
Electro
n tran
spo
rt chain
![Page 15: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3 Types of phosphorylation: ADPATP• Photophosphorylation - in Noncyclic Photosynthesis in
ETC between PSII & PSI;
• using the energy of sunlight to create a high-energy electron donor and a lower-energy electron acceptor.
• Substrate phosphorylation -in glycolysis and Krebs cycle;
• Direct transfer of Pi to ADP by an enzyme- A KINASE
• In both aerobic and anaerobic respiration – no O2 needed
• Oxidative phosphorylation- at ATP synthase; result of proton gradient; electrons from NADH or FADH2 transferred to O2
![Page 16: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration (Layer 1)
![Page 17: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Figure 9.7 Substrate-level phosphorylation
![Page 18: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration (Layer 2)
![Page 19: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration (Layer 3)
Chemiosmosis
![Page 20: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Glycolysis
• Glycolysis Animation option I (simple)
• Glycolysis Animation option II (intermediate)
• Glycolysis Animation option III (advanced)
![Page 22: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
LE 9-9a_1
Glucose
ATP
ADP
Hexokinase
ATP ATP ATP
Glycolysis Oxidationphosphorylation
Citricacidcycle
Glucose-6-phosphate
![Page 23: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
LE 9-9a_2
Glucose
ATP
ADP
Hexokinase
ATP ATP ATP
Glycolysis Oxidationphosphorylation
Citricacidcycle
Glucose-6-phosphate
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Phosphofructokinase
Fructose-6-phosphate
ATP
ADP
Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
Isomerase
Dihydroxyacetonephosphate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
![Page 24: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
LE 9-9b_1
2 NAD+
Triose phosphatedehydrogenase
+ 2 H+
NADH2
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP
2 ATPPhosphoglycerokinase
Phosphoglyceromutase
2-Phosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
![Page 25: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
LE 9-9b_2
2 NAD+
Triose phosphatedehydrogenase
+ 2 H+
NADH2
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP
2 ATPPhosphoglycerokinase
Phosphoglyceromutase
2-Phosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2 ADP
2 ATPPyruvate kinase
2 H2OEnolase
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate
![Page 26: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
GLUCOSEC-C-C-C-C-C
PGAL C-C-C PGAL C-C-C
PYRUVATEC-C-C
PYRUVATEC-C-C
ATP
ATP
NAD+ NAD+
NADH2 NADH2
GLYCOLYSIS
•Prepartory Steps•Energy Investment Phase
•Energy Payout Phase•Oxidation of NAD+•Substrate level phosphorylation of
ATP
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION (WITH OR WITH OUT O2)
IN CYTOSOL
NADOX = NAD+
NADre = NADH
NET GAIN
2 ATP
2 NADH
![Page 29: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Coupled Reactions -
A chemical reaction having a common intermediate in which energy is transfered from one side of the reaction to the other.
Examples:
1. The formation of ATP is endergonic and is coupled to the creation of a proton gradient.
2. The energy of an exergonic reaction can be used to drive an endergonic reaction
EX: Step 3 of glycolysis yields +3.0 kcal/mol of free energy; Step 4 has a free energy of -9.0. Together = -6.0, so together they are strongly exergonic – energy is released - passed to ATP!
![Page 30: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
END OF GLYCOLYSIS….
2 ATP’S USED -------- 4 ATP’S 2 net gain
+ 2 NAD+---- 2 NADH and 2 H+
1 GLUCOSE ------ 2 C3H4O3 (PYRUVIC ACID)
![Page 31: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Prepartory Conversion Step
Prior to Krebs Citric Acid Cycle
![Page 33: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Figure 9.10 Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the junction between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
MATRIX
![Page 34: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
NADH
PYRUVATEC-C-C
MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE
Acetyl CoA
CO2
CoA
CoA
MATRIXNAD+
KREB’S CITRIC ACID CYCLE
![Page 35: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Figure 9.11 A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 1)
GLYCOLYSISMOVIE
Conversion Thru Krebs
Summary
![Page 36: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Figure 9.11 A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 2)
![Page 37: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Figure 9.11 A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 3)
![Page 38: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Figure 9.11 A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 4)
![Page 39: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Figure 9.12 A summary of the Krebs cycle
NET GAIN PER PYRUVATE?
4 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP
X 2 TURNS ( 1 PER PYRUVATE)
8 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATPNET GAIN PER GLUCOSE? - so far….
10 NADH
2 FADH2
4 ATP
WHERE IS THE BIGGEST PART OF THE ENERGY
NOW?
![Page 40: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
ELECTRONTRANSPORT
SYSTEM
![Page 42: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Figure 9.13 Free-energy change during electron transport
![Page 43: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Figure 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis
ETS ETS w/ electrons
Proton/ElectronAccounting
![Page 44: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Figure 9.14 ATP synthase, a molecular mill
ATP SYNTHASE
WHAT’S HAPPENING?
The Details of ATPSyntase
![Page 45: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
COMPLETE CATABOLISM OF GLUCOSE REQUIRES 5 STEPS:•GLYCOLYSIS-----GLUCOSE CONVERTED TO PYRUVIC ACID•OXIDATION OF PYRUVIC ACID TO ACETYL CoA•KREB’S CYCLE -CITRIC ACID CYCLE•ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN•CHEMIOSMOSIS
Chemiosmosis-
the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP occurring when protons that are following a concentration gradient
contact ATP synthase.
Oxidative Phosphorylation-
Refers to the coupling of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis via the proton gradient and ATP
synthase. This occurs primarily in the presence of oxygen.
![Page 46: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
From glycolysis Protons pumped ATP
2 NADH 8-12* 4-6*
2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)
2
From bridge stage
2 NADH 12 6
From citric acid cycle
6 NADH 36 18
2 FADH2 8 4
2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)
2
TOTAL 36-38
* The NADH that comes from glycolysis has to
enter the mitochondrion in order to hand its
electrons over to the electron transport
system. There is usually a loss of energy involved in
doing this.
![Page 47: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Figure 9.16 Review: how each molecule of glucose yields many ATP molecules during cellular respiration
![Page 48: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
FERMENTATION
![Page 49: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Figure 9.x2 Fermentation
![Page 50: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Figure 9.17a Fermentation
IN MOST
PLANTS AND
MANY
MICROBES
![Page 51: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Figure 9.17b Fermentation
IN ANIMALS
(MUSCLE)
AND
SOME
MICROBES
![Page 52: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
• LACTIC ACID AND ALCOHOL ARE STILL RELATIVELY HIGH IN ENERGY.... AND CAN EVENTUALLY UNDERGO AEROBIC RESPIRATION TO RELEASE THIS ENERGY AND CONVERT THEM TO CO2 AND H20.
• THE NET ENERGY YIELD FROM THE ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION OF ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE IS 2 ATP MOLECULES.
![Page 54: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Figure 9.18 Pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism
![Page 55: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Figure 9.19 The catabolism of various food molecules
![Page 56: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Figure 9.20 The control of cellular respiration
![Page 57: REDOX REACTIONS Reduction Electrons gained H atoms added from O > C Oxygen removed Energy Stored Anabolic Simple > complex Endergonic Photosynthesis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f0e5503460f94c2271a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)