Reducing Air Pollution

Challenges and Opportunities

Iljas Iljazi

February 28, 2010 Tetovo

Air Pollution:

The Dirty Truth

i.iljazi@seeu.edu.mk

Introduction

We could live about a month without food. We could even live for several days without water. But without

air, we cannot live more than a few minutes.

We might foul the air so badly in some places that it could become unfit to breath. In some areas, the air is

so bad that people become sick from breathing it, and

some even die because of it.

The World Health Organization estimates that a billion people live in places where the air is substandard and

that air pollution kills 8,000 people a day worldwide.

About 90% of the deaths occur in developing

countries.

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3Challenges

Atmosphere as a Resource

How can air pollution be prevented?

By modifying human activity to burn a smaller quantity of fossil fuels.

What is something you could do to reduce air pollution?

Using less power, using cars less frequently.

- Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

- Local controls

Atmosphere as a Resource

Atmospheric Composition

- Nitrogen 78.08%

- Oxygen 20.95%

- Argon 0.93%

- Carbon dioxide 0.04%

Ecosystem services

- Blocks UV radiation

- Moderates the climate

- Redistributes water in the hydrologic cycle

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Air Pollution

What is it?

Any visible or invisible

particle or gas found in the

air that is not part of the

original, normal

composition.

Natural: forest fires,

pollen, dust storm.

Unnatural: man-made;

coal, wood and other fuels

used in cars, homes, and

factories for energy or

technology processes. 5

5 Major Pollutants:

Carbon Monoxide

Sulfur Dioxide SO2 Nitrogen Dioxide - NO2 Particulate Matter

PM10 (PM 2.5)

Ground Level Ozone

These 5 together form.....

SMOG

Particulate Matter:

- Particles of different sizes and

structures that are released into the

atmosphere

- Present in many sources including

fossil fuels, dust, smoke, fog, etc.

- Can build up in respiratory system

- Aggravates heart and lung disease;

increases risk of respiratory infection

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Types and Sources of Air Pollution

Two categories:

Primary Air Pollutant

Harmful substance that is

emitted directly into the

atmosphere.

Secondary Air Pollutant

Harmful substance formed in

the atmosphere when a

primary air pollutant reacts

with substances normally

found in the atmosphere or

with other air pollutants.

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Seasonal inversion result

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9So Where Does Our Air Pollution Come From?

Local emissions in Cities

Reducing local emissions is very important.

Distinct types of transport

We must continue to adopt aggressive local

control measures to reduce the local

contribution.

- Automobile exhaust

- Industrial emissions

- Natural Pollution

Wildfires

Windblown dust

Volcanic eruptions

- Burning of fossil fuels

Explanation - Burning of Coal

The coal has a high sulfur content, and emission controls are often inadequate. As a result of burning

of coal, levels of sulfur dioxide and particulate

matter exceeds regular levels more than 10 times.

As China strives to become an industrial power, its people are paying a heavy price in pollution. Coal

burning supplies about of Chinas commercial energy needs.

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Burning used motor oil

Waste-derived liquid fuels, or waste oils, are defined as any petroleum-based or synthetic oil that, through use or handling,

has become unsuitable for its original purpose due to the

presence of impurities or loss of original properties. Used

motor oil is an example of waste oil.

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It is illegal to burn waste oil!

Burning waste oil that contains hazardous

heavy metals or other pollutants.

If you are one of the many people who change their own

motor oil, you too need to know how to properly dispose of

the used oil. Did you know that the used oil from one oil

change can contaminate 4 million liters of fresh water, a

years' supply for 50 people!

Environmental Recycling

Burning used car tires

Tire fires exist in two forms: as fast-burning events, leading to almost immediate loss of control, and as slow-burning

pyrolysis which can continue for over a decade.

Such fires produce much smoke, which often carries toxic chemicals from the breakdown of rubber compounds while

burning.

The fire releases a dark, thick smoke that contains carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and products of butadiene and

styrene.

Scrap Tire Fuel Use by Industry.

Environmental Recycling vs Fuel Burning

12It is illegal to burn Scrap Tires!

Burning scrap tires contains hazardous heavy metals or other

pollutants and caused significant environmental damage.

Causes of Air Pollution

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Effects of Air Pollution

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Air pollution can cause health problems

including burning eyes and nose, itchy

irritated throat, and breathing problems.

Some chemicals found in polluted air can

cause cancer, birth defects, brain and nerve

damage, and long-term injury to the lungs

and breathing passages in certain

circumstances. Above certain concentrations

and durations, certain air pollutants are

extremely dangerous and can cause severe

injury or death.

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Effects

Air pollution can also damage the environment and property. Trees, lakes, and animals have been harmed by air pollution. Air pollution has thinned the protective ozone layer above the Earth.

Air pollution can damage buildings, monuments, statues, and other structures.

So, What can We do?

Controlling Air Pollution Smokestacks with

electrostatic precipitator

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Without

Electrostatic

precipitator

So, What can We do?

Controlling Air Pollution Smokestacks with

electrostatic precipitator

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With

Electrostatic

precipitator

Our big problem: Ferro Silicon Industry

"Jugohrom Ferroalloys" LTD JegunovceThe history of "Jugohrom Ferroalloys" LTD - Jegunovce dates back in June, 1952. The Government of the

Republic of Macedonia made a decision to build a company under the name "Factory for chromium

products and ferroalloys" in Jegunovce. In 1953 began the first phase with the building of the plant for

production of chromium compounds. In the following 1954 began the construction of the ferroalloys plant

the production for the market started 1957.

In 2003 the ferrosilicon production was restarted under the name "Silmak, in the beginning of 2012 it withdrew the assets to the company "Metalinvest EFT". In July 2012 in the company "Metalinvest EFT" as a

dominant investor entered in "Camelot Group, brought back the old name in its legal commerce and its market functions as "Jugohrom Ferroalloys".

19Source: http://jugohrom.mk

Ferrosilicon

Ferrosilicon is a ferroalloy, an alloy of iron and silicon with an

average silicon content between 15 and 90 weight percent.

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Ferrosilicon's with higher silicon

content are made in electric arc

furnaces. This electro-metallurgical

process involves the reduction of

quartz with coke. The usual

formulations on the market are

ferrosilicon's with 15%, 45%, 75%, and

90% silicon. The remainder is iron.

- Ferro-silicon: silicon content of less than 96 %

- Si-metal: silicon content of above 96 %

Ferrosilicon is used as a source of silicon to reduce metals from

their oxides and to deoxidize steel and other ferrous alloys.

Ferroalloy Production

The raw materials that are commonly used for the production

of ferro-silicon and silicon metal:

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Limestone - gur glqeror

Ferroalloy Production

Consumption of raw material and energy by producing one

metric tone ferro-silicon:

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Reducing agent, in this region is mainly coal (Lignite - brown coal)

approximately 7.8 kWh/kg coal, Sulfur 0.5-3%

Ferroalloy Production

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Ferro-alloy production flow diagram showing potential points of air emissions

Emissions from Ferroalloy Production

Ferroalloys are most commonly produced by electric

submerged arc furnaces with graphite electrodes or

consumable Sderberg electrodes.

Typical reducing agents consumption producing FeSi 75%,

and calculation of CO2 emission factor:

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Source: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ferroalloy Production,

T. Lindstad, S.E. Olsen, G. Tranell, T. Frden and J. Lubetsky (NTU and SFT)

Emissions to air when producing FeSi alloy

Dioxins (PCDD-F) are a group of polychlorobenzodioxins (PCDDs) and

polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs).

PAHs - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A number of PAHs have caused tumors in

laboratory animals that were exposed to PAHs them.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids.

VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and long-term adverse

health effects.Source: 226 Nordic Report 2008

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Emission factors are expressed as kg of pollutant/metric tone alloy produced:

Emissions to air when producing FeSi alloy

The main environmental impacts of storage and handling of these

materials are diffuse dust emissions and the contamination of surface

water and soil caused by wash out from rainwater.

Particulate is generated from several activities during ferroalloy production, including raw material handling, smelting, tapping, and

product handling. Organic materials are generated almost exclusively

from the smelting operation. The furnaces are the largest potential

sources of particulate and organic emissions.

Emission factors are expressed as kg of pollutant/metric tone alloy

produced:

Product : FeSi (75%) (SCC 3-03-006-02)

Furnace Type:

Open 158 kg of pollutant/metric tone alloy produced

Covered 103 kg of pollutant/metric tone alloy produced

26Source: Level I Environmental Assessment Of Electric Submerged Arc Furnaces Producing Ferroalloys, EPA-600/2-81-038

Emissions to air when producing FeSi alloy

Installed power of Jugohrom is 120MWh, for 70MWh (60% of capacity)

electricity demand of electric arc furnaces, we can calculate approximately:

- Daily electricity consumption is arrond 1,500MWh

- Production of FeSi alloy 160mt

- Consumption of quartz (SiO2) 290mt

- Coke - 190mt

- Particulate is generated during this amount of ferroalloy production

25mt daily

- Organic materials are generated almost exclusively from the smelting

operation.

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Source:

- A Nordic contribution concerning of the IPPC Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Non Ferrous Metals

Industries, IVL report B1916, 2008

- Level I Environmental Assessment Of Electric Submerged Arc Furnaces Producing Ferroalloys, EPA-600/2-81-038

Production of ferrosilicon in Polog

"Jugohrom Ferroalloys" LTD Jegunovce

The main products of the company are ferroalloys that contain silicon:

ferrosilicon FeSi 65, FeSi 75, Si metal.

Estimated production of ferrosilicon increased by 422%.Source 2010 Minerals Yearbook U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey MACEDONIA

28Source: http://jugohrom.mk

Source 2010, 2012 Minerals Yearbook U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey MACEDONIA

A map of the European ferrosilicon industry

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Europe now only represents 12% of world FeSi

consumption and 8% of production

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Producing FeSi alloy with filters

A baghouse (BH, B/H) or fabric filter (FF) is an air pollution control device that

removes particulates out of air or gas released from commercial processes or

combustion for electricity generation.

Melting point (C) 1320

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Particulate matter (also

referred to as soot or fly ash)

can capture as much as 99%

of the particulates.

About 80 to 90 percent of fly

ash, bottom ash and boiler slag

is non-radioactive minerals,

typically silicon, aluminum, iron

and calcium.

Source: A Nordic contribution concerning of the IPPC

Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the

Non Ferrous Metals Industries, IVL report B1916, 2008

Producing FeSi alloy with new plant

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Producing FeSi alloy with new plant

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Capacity: 80mt/day, annual 29,000mt

- Consist of two electric-arc furnaces, which have a designed power

of a total of 48 MVA (2 X 24 MVA) and associated infrastructure

- facility would have an area of 2250 m2 720,000- The electric reduction furnace 48 MW 4,600,000- facility for crushing, grading 1,740,000- Gas filtering system 2.750.000- Works on the installation of furnace 325,000- Project supervision 200,000Total investment value:10,335,000Number of employees 100

Income Statement

Success Balance

Sheet

Amount [Euros]

(KM)

1.Total Revenue 40.000.000

2.Total Expendirute 22.000.000

3.PROFIT 18.000.000

Ferrosilicon price 2015/02 75%

1,180Euro/mt

Silicon metal price 2015/02 98%

2,000Euro/mt

Producing FeSi alloy with new plant

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Landscape of

factory

Soon?.Laboratory for Air Quality.....

Air Quality (AirQ), environmental, Lab (will be established soon?) and will offer a

wide range of advanced laboratory platforms to meet the most challenging

environmental missions with stacionar and mobile modular units that are easily

deployed to every site.

The AirQ Laboratory will be a part of the Institute for Environment and Health, at

the SEE University located in Tetovo.

The three main aspects of AirQ Lab activities will be:

Comprehensive characterisation of outdoor air, including emission sources;

Integrated health and environmental risk assessments; and

Strategies for controlling and managing air pollutants.

Founding Staff:

- Acad. Alajdin Abazi

- Professor Murtezan Ismaili

- Iljas Iljazi Dipl. Ing

Will be based on Competitive Grants (Granted and Applied)

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Laboratory for Air Quality.....

Collaboration with WHO (World Health Organization)

Target of activities in start:

- Urban Air Pollution: trends and challenges

- Spatial variation of air pollutants

- Particle Emissions from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels,

biofuel, and biomass - Looking beyond Black Carbon Emissions.

Monitoring of the stationary source emissions is essential for a number

of industries to meet resource consent obligations and evaluate the

efficiency of exhaust stream clean up processes.

Will be based on Competitive Grants (Granted and Applied)

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Deaths from air pollution

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Urban air pollution deaths/1 million population

We only have one world.....

Do you want it like this?

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or this?

.......

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