REFERENCE: The Blue Planet An Introduction to Earth System Science. Brian J. Skinner and Barbara W. Murck (2011) Third Edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc.

Early whalers - By the 1800s,activities like whaling (shownnear the coast of NewEngland in this woodcut fromthe nineteenth century) hadalready begun to produceimpacts on ocean ecosystems.

• HUMANS have developed many technologies that affect the global environment.

• The use of technology and the impacts of our lifestyle are multiplied by the sheer number of people on the planet.

• Humans, as a collective, have altered the Earth system to a greater extent than any other organism throughout Earth history, aside from cyanobacteria.

The IPAT equation is one way to quantify the human impact on Earth systems and to explore interactions among population, lifestyle, technology, and the environment.

ActualTimes

0

TechnologicalRevolution

Human population has grown in exponential surges after each of the great "revolutions": the Neolithic Revolution (start of toolmaking), the Agricultural Revolution (origin of agriculture) and the modern Industrial (manufacture and medical) Revolution. And now the Technological revolution!

According to the Population Reference Bureau, the total population of the World is

http://www.prb.org/

Dec. 4, 2014

World population shownas total numbers (at thetop) and growth perdecade (at the bottom),by development status,1800-2100. For example,during the decade from1980 to 1990, on average82 million people wereadded each year, for atotal addition of 820million people.

Overgrazing during years of drought killed much of the vegetation in this part of the Sahel in Senegal. Without vegetation, topsoil is eroded and the land becomes infertile.

Ref: http://www.koshland-science-museum.org/exhibitgcc/causes02.jsp

Based on 2008 estimates.

It is a measure of the resources required to support a particular person or community, rendered in terms of land area.

Ecological footprints are measured in hectares (Ha)

1 hectare is an area of 100 m x 100 m

This is roughly two football pitches side-by-side

Changes in the Ecological Footprint per person in high-, middle- and low-income countries between 1961 and 2010. China (a middle-income country) is shown separately. The green line represents world biocapacity per person. Biocapacity per person has been declining because the world population has grown more quickly than biocapacity productivity (Global Footprint Network, 2014 NFA edition).

From Global Footprint Network data

Changes in the per person Ecological Footprint and biocapacitybetween 1961 and 2010 in the United States. The United States has been running a biocapacity deficit the entire time period (Global Footprint Network, 2014 NFA edition).

Changes in the per person Ecological Footprint, by component, between 1961 and 2010 in the United States. The carbon Footprint is the largest component of the average American’s Ecological Footprint (Global Footprint Network, 2014 NFA edition).

Changes in China’s per person Ecological Footprint and biocapacity between 1961 and 2010 (Global Footprint Network, 2014 NFA edition).

Changes in China’s per person Ecological Footprint, by component, between 1961 and 2010 (Global Footprint Network, 2014 NFA edition).

World Footprint

DESPARRAME URBANO• 9,000 millas de carreteras• 10,000 núcleos urbanos• Necesidad de vivienda: 20,000 residencias/año

(50% vivienda social -$90,000) Expansión Urbana al 2000

Datos provistos por Ing. Carl-Axel Soderberg, Pasado Director EPA-Caribe

NIVEL DE POBREZA• Hogares en “nivel de pobreza” (<$10,000 annual)

– Puerto Rico: 29.2%– Mississippi: 11.4%– EU: 7.1%

INGRESO PER CAPITA

• Puerto Rico ~$19,122• Estados Unidos ~$52,762• ~1/3 del promedio de los E.U.

Source: 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

http://factfinder2.census.gov

PUERTO RICO CUMPLE CON LAS NORMAS FEDERALES DE CALIDAD DE

AIRE PARA LOS SIGUIENTES PARAMETROS:

• bióxido de azufre• materia particulada• óxidos de nitrógeno• plomo• ozono• monóxido de carbono

Datos provistos por Ing. Carl-Axel Soderberg, Pasado Director EPA-Caribe

FUENTES MOVILES EN PR• Vehículos de motor 3.0 millones• Vehículos de motor por milla de carretera ~200• Vehículos de motor per cápita 0.822*• Vehículos de motor en 2020 (estimado de CAS) 4.4 millones

CAS=Carl-Axel Soderberg, Pasado Director EPA-Caribe

CAMBIOS EN EL TIEMPO

Fuente: Departamento de Transportación y Obras Públicas

Datos provistos por Ing. Carl-Axel Soderberg, Pasado Director EPA-Caribe

1990-2000 2000-2010

Población +8% -2.2%

Vehículos registrados +38% -6.3%

CONSUMO DE GASOLINA• 976,055,246 galones/año

• Más de toda la gasolinaconsumida por los sietepaíses centroamericanos.

Fuente: www.estadisticas.gobierno.pr

DEMANDA DE ELECTRICIDAD

• Año 1996 2,741 megavatios

• Año 1997 2,894 megavatios(5.58% de aumento)

• Año 2000 3,133 megavatios(8.26% de aumento)

AEE Aguirre

Datos provistos por Ing. Carl-Axel Soderberg, Pasado Director EPA-Caribe

EMISIONES DE GASES QUE CAUSAN ELEFECTO DE INVERNADERO

30.93 33.79

44.46

0

20

40

60

Emisi

ón (m

illon

es

tone

lada

s/año

)

1990 1994 2010

Año

Datos provistos por Ing. Carl-Axel Soderberg, Pasado Director EPA-Caribe

CAPACIDAD ASIMILATIVA DE LA VEGETACION DE PUERTO RICO

0

10

20

30

40

1994

Año

Em

isió

n (m

illon

es to

nela

das/

año)

Emisiones 1994:33.79 millones tons/año

Capacidad Asimilativa:4.6 millones tons/año

Datos provistos por Ing. Carl-Axel Soderberg, Pasado Director EPA-Caribe

DESPERDICIOS SOLIDOS• Generación per cápita - ~5.0 lbs. al día• Generación Total - ~11,000 toneladas al día• Tasa de reciclaje - 8-10%• Rellenos Sanitarios - 31 (ADS-Agosto 2006)• Rellenos sanitarios que tienen que cerrar en o antes del 2010 - 9

Composición de los Residuos Sólidos en Puerto Rico

Datos provistos por Ing. Carl-Axel Soderberg, Pasado Director EPA-Caribe

Bosques y Reservas

• 1987 - 1992 72,000 ACRES• 1992 - 1997 114,000 ACRES

PERDIDA DE CAPA VEGETATIVA

Expansión Urbana

Datos provistos por Ing. Carl-Axel Soderberg, Pasado Director EPA-Caribe

BOSQUES

% Cubierta Forestal

1940 6%

2004 37%

Datos provistos por Ing. Carl-Axel Soderberg, Pasado Director EPA-Caribe

2 VECES LA EXTENSION TERRITORIAL DE CUBA

Datos provistos por Ing. Carl-Axel Soderberg, Pasado Director EPA-Caribe

Cantidad de territorio necesario para sostener la población Puertorriqueña

En nuestra Isla el mal manejo de los recursos naturales se refleja en múltiples área tales como:

1- la degradación de los ecosistemas costeros (arrecifes coralinos, bosques de mangle, estuarios, dunas de arena…),

2- la deforestación de las cuencas hidrográficas, 3- construcción en la zona marítimo terrestre, 4- perdida de tierras agrícolas y desparrame urbano entre otros.

Por: Prof. Giovannie Soto-Torres, UPRM-Colegio de Ciencias Agrícolas, junio 07

MUNICIPIO% DE CAMBIO POBLACIONAL

% DE CAMBIO VIVIENDAS

San Juan -8.99 9.78

Bayamón -7.11 8.28

Carolina -5.01 11.91

Ponce -10.80 4.75

Caguas 1.70 19.39

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Humans and other organisms depend fundamentally on the continued functioningand integrity of interacting Earth systems. This composite, cloud-free satelliteimage gives a unique perspective on Earth’s land, ice caps, and vast oceans.