1

References Cited for the Proposed Rule “Removing the Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) from the List of Endangered and Threatened

Wildlife and Maintaining Protections for the Mexican Wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) by Listing It as Endangered”

Adams, L.G., R.O. Stephenson, B.W. Dale, R.T. Ahgook, and D. J. Demma. 2008. Population dynamics and harvest characteristics of wolves in the central Brooks Range, Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 170: 1-25.

Adaptive Management Oversight Committee and Interagency Field Team [AMOC and IFT]. 2005. Mexican wolf Blue Range reintroduction project 5-year review. Unpublished report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 2, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. http://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/mexicanwolf/MWNR_FYRD.shtml

Anschutz, Steve. 2003. E-mail from Anschutz, USFWS Nebraska Field Office Supervisor to Laura Ragan, USFWS Regional Office, Ft. Snelling, MN, dated 04/01/03. Subject: gray wolf shot. 1 p.

Anschutz, Steve. 2006. E-mail from Anschutz, USFWS Nebraska Field Office Supervisor to Ron Refsnider, USFWS Regional Office, Ft. Snelling, MN, dated 10/30/06. Subject: Nebraska wolf from 1995?

Arizona Department of Health Services. 2012. Rabies Statistics and Maps, 2008-2012. www.azdhs.gov/phs/oids/vector/rabies/stats.htm. Accessed on July 23, 2012.

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2007. Predator management in Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Wildlife Conservation. 32pp.

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2011. 2011-2012 Alaska trapping regulations. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 48pp.

Allendorf, F.W. and N. Ryman. 2002. The role of genetics in population viability analysis. Pages 50-85 in Beissinger, S.R., and D.R. McCullough, editors. Population Viability Analysis. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Araiza, M, L. Carrillo, R. List, C. Lopez Gonzalez, E. Martinez Meyer, P. Martinez-Gutillerez, O. Moctezuma, N. Sanchez-Morales, J. Servin. 2012. Consensus on Criteria for Potential Reintroduction in Mexico. Conservation Biology 26(4): 630-637.

Asa, C., P. Miller, M. Agnew, J.A.R. Rebolledo, S.L. Lindsey, M. Callahan, and K. Bauman. 2007. Relationship of inbreeding with sperm quality and reproductive success in Mexican wolves. Animal Conservation 10:326-331.

Atkinson, M.W. 2006. Disease surveillance in gray wolves in Montana: 2003-2006. Unpublished Montana FWP Report. 7 pp. in Bailey, R.G. 1995. Description of the ecoregions of the United States. 2nd Ed. Misc Publ. No. 1391, WA., D.C., USDA Forest Service. 108 pp.

2

Avise, J. C. 2004. Molecular Markers, Natural History, and Evolution, 2nd edition. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer. 528pp.Bailey, V. 1936. The mammals and life-zones of Oregon. North American Fauna 55:1-416.

Bailey, T.N., E.E. Bangs, and R.O. Peterson. 1995. Exposure of wolves to canine parvovirus and distemper on the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, 1976–1988. Pages 441-446 in L.N. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip. 1995. Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Occasional Publication No. 35. Edmonton, Alberta. 642 pp.

Ballard, W.B., L.N. Carbyn, and D.W. Smith. 2003. Wolf interactions with non-prey. Pages 259-271 in Mech L.D., L. Boitani, editors. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Bangs, E.E., J.A. Fontaine, M.D. Jimenez, T.J. Meier, E.H. Bradley, C.C. Niemeyer, D.W. Smith, C.M. Mack, V. Asher, and J.K. Oakleaf. 2005. Managing wolf-human conflict in the northwestern United States. Pages 340–356 in R. Woodroffe, S. Thirgood, and A. Rabinwitz, eds. 2005. People and Wildlife: Conflict or Coexistence? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Bangs, E.E., J.A. Fontaine, M.D. Jimenez, Bangs, E. M. Jimenez, C. Sime, S. Nadeau, and C. Mack. 2009. The Art of Wolf Restoration in the Northwestern United States: Where to Now? Pages 95-114 in Musiani, M., L. Boitani, and P. C. Paquet editors. A New Era for Wolves and People, Wolf Recovery, Human Attitudes, and Policy. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Canada.

Bangs, E., J. Fontaine, T. Meier, C. Niemeyer, M. Jimenez, D. Smith, C. Mack, V. Asher, L. Handegard, M. Collinge, R. Krischke, C. Sime, S. Nadeau, and D. Moody. 2004. Restoration and conflict management of the gray wolf in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and National Resources Conference, Seattle, Washington 69:89–105.

Bangs, E.E., S.H. Fritts, J.A. Fontaine, D.W. Smith, K.M. Murphy, C.M. Mack, and C.C. Niemeyer. 1998. Status of gray wolf restoration in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26:785–798.

Becker, S.A., P.F. Frame, D. Martorello, and E. Krausz. 2013. Washington Gray Wolf Conservation and Management 2012 Annual Report. Pages WA1 to WA 16 in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Rocky mountain Wolf Program 2012 Annual Report. USFWS, Ecological Services, 585 Shepard Way, Helena, Montana, 59601.

Bednarz, J.C. 1988. The Mexican wolf: biology, history, and prospects for reestablishment in New Mexico. Endangered Species Report Number 18. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 2, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.

Boertje, R. D., M. A. Keech, and T. F. Paragi. 2010. Science and values influencing predator control for Alaska moose management. Journal of Wildlife Management 74:917–928.

3

Bogan, M.A. and P. Mehlhop. 1983. Systematic relationships of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in southwestern North America. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Southwestern Biology 1:1-20.

Boitani, L., 2003. Wolf conservation and recovery. Pages 317-340 in Mech, L.D. and L. Boitani, editors. Wolves: Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA. 448 pp.

Boyce, M.S. 1992. Population viability analysis. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:481-506.

Boyd, D. K and D. H. Pletscher. 1999. Characteristics of dispersal in a colonizing wolf population in the central Rocky Mountains. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:1094-1108.

Brainerd, S.M., H. Andren, E.E. Bangs, E. Bradley, J. Fontaine, W. Hall, Y. Illiopoulos, M. Jimenez, E. Jozwiak, O. Liberg, C. Mack, T. Meier, C. Niemeyer, H.C. Pedersen, H. Sand, R. Schultz, D.W. Smith, P. Wabakken, and A. Wydeven. 2008. The effects of breeder loss on wolves. J. of Wildlife Management 72:89–98.

Brand, C.J., M.J. Pybus, W.B. Ballard, and R.O. Peterson. 1995. Infectious and parasitic diseases of the gray wolf and their potential effects on wolf populations in North America. Pages 419–429 in L.N. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip, eds. 1995. Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Occasional Publication No. 35. Edmonton, AB. 642 pp.

Breck, S.W., B.M Kluever, M. Panasci, J. Oakleaf, T. Johnson, W. Ballard, L. Howery, D.L. Bergman. 2011. Domestic calf mortality and producer detection rates in the Mexican wolf recovery area: Implications for livestock management and carnivore compensation schemes. Biological Conservation, in press.

Brewster, W.G. and S.H. Fritts. 1995. Taxonomy and genetics of the gray wolf in Western North America: a review. Pages 353-373 in Carbyn, L.N., S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip. Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Occasional Publication No. 35. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 642 pp.

British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations. 2012. Draft Management Plan for the Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) in British Columbia. 50 pp.

Brown, D.E. 1988. The wolf in the Southwest: the making of an endangered species. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA. Third printing. 208 pp.

Brown, J. 2006. Eco-logical: An ecosystem approach to developing infrastructure Projects. U.S. Dept. of Transportation. Final Report 2002–2006. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia. 96 pp. Carroll, C., M. K. Phillips, N. H. Schumaker, and D. W. Smith. 2003. Impacts of landscape change on wolf restoration success: planning a reintroduction program based on static and dynamic spatial models. Conservation Biology 17:536-548.

Brown, D. G., K. M. Johnson, T. R. Loveland, and D. M. Theobald. 2005. Rural land-use trends in the conterminous United States, 1950-2000. Ecological Applications 15:1851-1863.

4

California Department of Fish and Game, in litt. 2011. Gray Wolves in California: An evaluation of historic information, current conditions, and potential natural recolonization. July 6, 2011 letter from CDFG to the FWS.

Carbyn, L.N. 1982. Incidence of disease and its potential role in the population dynamics of wolves in Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba. Pages 106–116 in F.H. Harrington and P.C. Paquet, eds. Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Noyes Publ., Park Ridge, NJ. 474 pp.

Carbyn, L. N. 2000. Email correspondence between Carbyn, Canadian Wildlife Service, and Ron Refsnider, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Cariappa, C. A., W. Ballard, S. Breck, A.J. Piaggio, M.Newbuam. 2008. Estimating population size of Mexican wolves noninvasively (Arizona). Ecological Restoration 26:1(14-16).

Carroll, C. in litt. 2008. Application of habitat models to wolf recovery planning in Washington. August 21, 2008 letter to Harriet Allen, Endangered and Threatened Section Manager, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA.

Carroll, C., R.F. Noss, N.H. Schumaker, and P.C. Paquet. 2001. Is the return of the wolf, wolverine, and grizzly bear to Oregon and California biologically feasible? Pages 25-47 in Maehr D, Noss RF, Larkin J, Eds. Large Mammal Restoration: Ecological and Sociological Challenges in the 21st Century. Washington (DC): Island Press. 375 pp.

Carroll, C., M.K. Phillips, and C.A. Lopez-Gonzalez. 2005. Spatial analysis of restoration potential and population viability of the wolf (Canis lupus) in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Klamath Center for Conservation Research, Orleans, California, USA. (2 December 2005; www.klamathconservation.org)

Carroll, C., M.K. Phillips, C.A. Lopez-Gonzales, and N.H. Schumaker. 2006. Defining recovery goals and strategies for endangered species using spatially-explicit population models: the wolf as a case study. BioScience 56:25-37.

Caughley, G. 1994. Directions in conservation biology. The Journal of Animal Ecology 63:215-244.

Chambers, S., S. R. Fain, B. Fazio, and M. Amaral. 2012. An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses. North American Fauna. 77: 1-67.

Charlesworth, D., and J. H. Willis. 2009. The genetics of inbreeding depression. Nature Reviews Genetics 10:783-796.

Commission for Environmental Cooperation. 1997. Ecological Regions of North America: Toward a Common Perspective. Commission for Environmental Cooperation: Montreal, Canada. 71pp.

Conard, H.S. 1905. The Olympic Peninsula of Washington. Science 21:392-393.

5

COSEWIC. 2001. Unpublished draft report. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the grey wolf Canis lupus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 63 + viii pp.

Creel, S. and J.J. Rotella. 2010. Meta-analysis of relationships between human offtake, total mortality and population dynamics of gray wolves (Canis lupus). PLoS ONE 5(9):e12918.

Cronise, T.F. 1868. The Natural Wealth of California: Comprising Early History; Geography, Topography, and Scenery; Climate; Agriculture and Commercial Products; Geology, Zoology, and Botany; Mineralogy, Mines, and Mining Processes; Manufactures; Steamship Lines, Railroads, and Commerce; Immigration, Population and Society; Educational Institutions and Literature; Together with a Detailed Description of Each County; Its Topography, Scenery, Cities and Towns, Agricultural Advantages, Mineral Resources, and Varied Productions. H.H. Bancroft & Company: San Francisco.

Dai, A. 2011. Drought under global warming: a review. WIREs Clim Change 2011: 2(45-65). DOI: 10.1002/wcc.81.

Dalquest, W.W. 1948. Mammals of Washington. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History 2:1-444.

Dawson, T.P., S.T. Jackson, J.I. House, I.C. Prentice, G.M. Mace. 2011. Beyond Predictions: Biodiversity Conservation in a Changing Climate. Science: 332: 53-58.

Dixon, J. 1916. The timber wolf in California. California Fish and Game 2(3):125-129.

Dorum, D. 2011. Wallow Fire 2011: Large Scale Event Recovery Rapid Assessment Team Wildlife Report. Apache-Sitgreaves National Forests, Arizona. 18 pp.

Dunn, H.H. 1904. California’s gray wolf. Field and Stream 9:48-50.

Environment Canada. 2008. Non-Detriment Finding for Canada - Grey Wolf. http://www.ec.gc.ca/cites/default.asp?lang=En&n=BB314F25-1 Date Accessed: May 23, 2012.

Fain, S. R., D. J. Straughan, and B. F. Taylor. 2010. Genetic outcomes of wolf recovery in the western Great Lakes states. Conservation Genetics, doi:10.1007/s10592-010-0068-x.

Frame, P.F. and H. L. Allen. 2012. Washington Gray Wolf Conservation and Management Annual Report 2011. Pages WA-1 to WA-11 in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2011 Annual Report. USFWS, Ecological Services, 585 Shepard Way, Helena, Montana, 59601.

Frame, P. and T. J. Meier. 2007. Field-assessed injury to wolves captured in rubber-padded traps. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:2074-2076.

Frame, P. F., H. D. Cluff, D. S. Hik. 2007. Response of wolves to experimental disturbance at homesites. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:316-320.

6

Franklin, I. R. 1980. Evolutionary change in small populations in M. E. Soule, and B. A. Wilcox, editors. Conservation Biology, An Evolutionary–Ecological Perspective. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA. ISBN: 0878938001

Fredrickson, R.J., P. Siminski, M. Woolf, and P.W. Hedrick. 2007. Genetic rescue and inbreeding depression in Mexican wolves. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274: 2365-2371.

Fritts, S.H. and L.N. Carbyn. 1995. Population viability, nature reserves, and the outlook for gray wolf conservation in North America. Restoration Ecology 3:26-28.

Fritts, S.H., R.O. Stephenson, R.D. Hayes, and L. Boitani. 2003. Wolves and humans. Pages 289-316 in Mech, L.D., and L. Boitani, editors. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 466 pp.

Fuller, T.K., L.D. Mech, and J.F. Cochrane. 2003. Wolf population dynamics. Pages 161-191 in L.D. Mech and L. Boitani (eds.). Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. 448 pp.

Garcia-Moreno, J., M.D. Matocq, M.S. Roy, E. Geffen, and R.K. Wayne. 1996. Relationships and genetic purity of the endangered Mexican wolf based on analysis of microsatellite loci. Conservation Biology 10: 376-389.

Gaubert P, Bloch C, Benyacoub S, Abdelhamid A, Pagani P, et al. 2012 Reviving the African Wolf Canis lupus lupaster in North and West Africa: A Mitochondrial Lineage Ranging More than 6,000 km Wide. PLoS ONE 7(8): e42740. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042740

Geffen, E., M.J. Anderson, and R.K. Wayne 2004. Climate and habitat barriers to dispersal in the highly mobile grey wolf. Molecular Ecology 13:2481-2490.

Goldman, E. A. 1944. Part II. Classification of Wolves. In S. P. Young and E. A. Goldman. The Wolves of North America. The American Wildlife Institute, Washington, DC. 636 pp.

Goodman, D. 1987. The demography of chance extinction. Pages 11-31 in Soule, M.E. editor. Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 204 pp.

Government of Alberta. 2011a. 2011 Alberta guide to hunting regulations. Fish and Wildlife Division, Endmonton, Alberta, Canada. 104 pp.

Government of Alberta. 2011b. 2011 Alberta guide to trapping regulations. Fish and Wildlife Division, Endmonton, Alberta, Canada. 20 pp.

Government of Manitoba. 2011a. 2011 Manitoba hunting guide. Manitoba Ministry of Environment. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 60 pp.

Government of Manitoba. 2011b. 2011 – 2012 trapping guide. Manitoba Ministry of Environment. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 24 pp.

Government of Northwest Territories. 2011. Summary of hunting regulations. Northwest Territories Environment and Natural Resources. 36 pp.

7

Government of Saskatchewan. 2011. 2011 Saskatchewan hunters and trappers guide. Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. 24 pp.

Government of Yukon. 2012. Yukon wolf conservation and management plan. Environment Yukon, Whitehorse, Yukon, 24 pp.

Great Lakes Directory. 2003. First wolf confirmed in Illinois since early 1900s. at http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/il/072503_great_lakes.htm. 2 pp.

Grewal, S.K., P.J. Wilson, T.K. Kung, K. Shami, M.T. Theberge, J.B. Theberge, and B.N. White. 2004. A genetic assessment of the eastern wolf (Canis lycaon) in Algonquin Provincial Park. Journal of Mammalogy, 85: 625-632.

Gude, J.A., M.S. Mitchell, R.E. Russell, C.A. Sime, E.E. Bangs, L.D. Mech, and R.R. Ream. 2011. Wolf Population Dynamics in the U.S. Northern Rocky Mountains Are Affected by Recruitment and Human-Caused Mortality. The Journal of Wildlife Management 9999:1–11. Hall, R.H. 1946. Mammals of Nevada. University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.

Hall, E. R. 1946. Mammals of Nevada. University of Nevada Press. Reno, Nevada. 710 pp.

Hall, E.R. 1981. The Mammals of North America. 2 volumes. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.

Hall, E.R., and K.R. Kelson. 1959. The Mammals of North America: Volume II. The Ronald Press Company: New York.

Hampton, B. 1997. The great American wolf. Henry Holt and Co.: New York.320 pp.

Hassett, Scott. 2003. Letter from Hassett, Secretary, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, to Charles Wooley, Asst. Regional Director, FWS, dated 12/22/03. Responses to FWS questions. 1 page with 10-page attachment.

Hatler, D.F., G. Mowat, K.G. Poole, and A.M.M. Beal. 2003. Furbearer management Guidelines. British Columbia.

Hayes, R. D. and J. R. Gunson. 1995. Status and management of wolves in Canada. Pages 21-34 in L. N. Carbyn, S. H. Fritts and D. R. Seip, editors. Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 474 pp.

Hedrick, P. W. 1994. Purging inbreeding depression and the probability of extinction: full-sib mating. Heredity 73:363-372.

Hedrick, P.W., R.N. Lee, and C. Buchanan. 2003. Canine parvovirus enteritis, canine distemper, and Major Histocompatibility Complex genetic variation in Mexican wolves. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(4):909-913.

Hedrick, P.W., P.S. Miller, E. Geffen, and R.K. Wayne. 1997. Genetic evaluation of the three captive Mexican wolf lineages. Zoo Biology 16:47-69.

8

Heffelfinger, unpublished data. Mexican Wolf Prey Biomass Calculations for Science and Planning Subgroup of Mexican Wolf Recovery Team. August, 2011.

Hoffmeister, D. F. 1986. Mammals of Arizona. The University of Arizona Press and Arizona Game and Fish Department, Tucson. 602 pp.

Honeycutt, R.L. 2010. Unraveling the mysteries of dog evolution. BMC Biology. Available online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/8/20.

Houts, M.E. 2003. Using logistic regression to model wolf habitat suitability in the Northern Rocky Mountains. World Wolf Congress, Banff Canada. September 15-28, 2003.

InciWeb Incident Information System. Wallow News Release. www.Inciweb.org/incident/2262. Updated July 11, 2011.

InciWeb Incident Information System. Whitewater Baldy Complex News Release. www.inciweb.org/incident/2870m. Updated October 4, 2012.

Ingles, L.G. 1963. Status of the wolf in California. Journal of Mammalogy 44:109-110.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. Summary for Policymakers. Pp. 1–18 in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor, and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY. 996 pp.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 1996. Mexican wolf population viability analysis draft report. Sponsored by the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minnesota, USA

Jimenez, M.D. 2012. Email correspondence between Jimenez, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and M. Constantino, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Jimenez, M.D. 2013. Email correspondence between Jimenez, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and M. Constantino, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Jimenez, M.D., E.E. Bangs, M. Drew, S. Nadeau, V.J. Asher, and C. Sime. 2010. Dog lice (Trichodectes canis) found on wolves (Canis lupus) in Montana and Idaho. Northwestern Naturalist 91:331–333.

Jimenez, M.D., E.E. Bangs, C. Sime, and V. J. Asher. 2010. Sarcoptic mange found in wolves in the Rocky Mountains in western United States. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46:1120-1125.

Jimenez, M.D., E.E. Bangs, D.W. Smith, D.K. Boyd, C.M. Mack, J. Holyan, S. Nadeau, C.A. Sime, V.J. Asher, E.H. Bradley, K. Laudon, S.A. Becker, D. Ausband, and S. Woodruff. In review. Wolf dispersal in the northern Rocky Mountains in western United States: 1993-2008. Journal of Wildlife Management.

Jobman, Wally. 1995. Inter-Office Transmittal from Jobman, USFWS Grand Island, Nebraska, Field Office, to Helena, MT, USFWS Wolf Coordinator, dated 01/10/95. 1 p.

9

Johnson, M.K. 1995a. The disease ecology of brucellosis and tuberculosis in potential relationship to Yellowstone wolf populations in Varley, J.D. and W.G. Brewster, eds. Wolves for Yellowstone? A report to the United States Congress. Volume IV research and analysis. Yellowstone National Park. (2)

Johnson, M.K. 1995b. Rabies in wolves and its potential role in a Yellowstone wolf population. Pages 431–439 in Carbyn, L.N., S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip. Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Occasional Publication No. 35. Edmonton, AB. 642 pp.

Johnson, M.K, D.K. Boyd, and D.H. Pletscher. 1994. Serologic investigations of canine parvovirus and canine distemper in relation to wolf (Canis lupus) mortalities. Journal of Wildlife Disease 30:270–273.

Johnson, T.B., D.C. Noel, L.Z. Ward. 1992. Summary of information on four potential Mexican wolf reintroduction areas in Arizona. Technical Report 23. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ. 77 pp.

Jolicoeur, H. and M. Henault. 2010. Current status and management of wolves in Quebec. Société de la faune et des Parcs du Québec, Direction de l’aménagement de la région des Laurentides, Direction du développement de la faune. 7 pp.

Jurek, R.M. 1994. The former distribution of gray wolves in California. California Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Division. Nongame Bird and Mammal Section Report 94-19.

Kalinowski, S.T., P.W. Hedrick, and P.S. Miller. 1999. No inbreeding depression observed in Mexican and red wolf captive breeding programs. Conservation Biology 13: 1371-1377.

Keith, L. B. 1983. Population dynamics of wolves. Pages 66-77 in L. N. Carbyn, ed. Wolves in Canada and Alaska: their status, biology, and management. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser.45, Ottawa.

Koblmüller, S., M. Nord, R. K. Wayne, and J. A. Leonard. 2009. Origin and status of the Great Lakes Wolf. Molecular Ecology 18:2313-2326.

Kreeger, T.J. 2003. The internal wolf: physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Pages 192-217 in Mech, L.D. and L. Boitani, editors. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 466 pp.

Kuck, L. (project leader). 1999. Idaho Elk Management Plan. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, USA. 110 pp.

Kyle, C.J., Johnson, A.R., Patterson, B.R., Wilson, P.J., Shami, K., Grewal, S.K., and B.N. White. 2006. Genetic nature of eastern wolves: past, present and future. Conservation Genetics 7:273-287.

Larsen, T., and W.J. Ripple. 2006. Modeling gray wolf (Canis lupus) habitat in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. Journal of Conservation Planning 2:30-61.

10

Laufer, J. R. and P. T. Jenkins. 1989. Historical and present status of the gray wolf in the Cascade Mountains of Washington. Northwest Environmental Journal 5:313-327.

Leonard, J.A., C. Vilà, and R.K. Wayne. 2005. Legacy lost: genetic variability and population size of extirpated US grey wolves (Canis lupus). Molecular Ecology 14:9-17.

Leonard, J. A., and R. K. Wayne. 2008. Native Great Lakes wolves were not restored. Biology Letters 4:95-98.

Leopold, A.S. 1959. Wildlife of Mexico: The Game Birds and Mammals. University of California Press, 2nd Revised Edition. 581 pp.

Liberg O., G. Chapron, P. Wabakken, H.-C. Pedersen., N. T. Hobbs., and H. Sand, 2011. Shoot, shovel and shut up: cryptic illegal killing slows restoration of a large carnivore in Europe. Proc. Roy. Soc. B. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1275

Licht, D.S., and S.H. Fritts. 1994. Gray wolf (Canis lupus) occurrences in the Dakotas. American Midland Naturalist 132:74-81.

Licht, Daniel S. and Louis E. Huffman. 1996. Gray wolf status in North Dakota. Prairie Naturalist 28(4): 169-174.

Linnell J., V. Salvatori & L. Boitani. 2008. Guidelines for population level management plans for large carnivores in Europe. A Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe report prepared for the European Commission (contract 070501/2005/424162/MAR/B2). 85 pp.

Linnell, J.D.C., J.E. Swenson, and R. Andersen. 2001. Predators and people: conservation of large carnivores is possible at high human densities if management policy is favorable. Animal Conservation 4:345–349.

Manitoba. 2012a. 2012 Manitoba Hunting Guide. http://www.gov.mb.ca/conservation/wildlife/hunting/biggame/grwolf_coy/index.html Date Accessed: June 18, 2012.

Manitoba. 2012b. 2010-2011 Trapping Guide. http://digitalcollection.gov.mb.ca/awweb/pdfopener?smd=1&did=17798&md=1 Date Accessed: June 18, 2012.

Mayr, E. 1963. Animal species and evolution. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 812 pp.

McBride, R.T. 1980. The Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi): a historical review and observations on its status and distribution. Endangered Species Report 8: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 2, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.

McCullough, D. R. 1967. The probable affinities of a wolf captured near Woodlake, California. California Fish and Game 53(2):146-153.

Mech, L.D. 1970. The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species. Thirteenth Printing (2007). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN. 384 pp.

11

Mech, L.D. 1974. Current techniques in the study of elusive wilderness carnivores. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Game Biologists. 315-322.

Mech, L. D. 1989. Wolf population survival in an area of high road density. American Midland Naturalist 121: 387-389.

Mech, L.D. 1995. The challenge and opportunity of recovering wolf populations. Conservation Biology 9:270-278.

Mech, L. D. 2000. Email correspondence between Mech, U.S. Geological Survey, and Ron Refsnider, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Mech, L. D. 2001. Managing Minnesota's recovered wolves. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:70–77.

Mech, L.D. 2006. Estimated age structure of wolves in northeastern Minnesota. J. Wildlife Management 70:1481–1483.

Mech, L. D. and L. Boitani. 2003. Wolf social ecology. pages 1–34 in Mech, L.D. and L. Boitani, eds. Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 448 pp.

Mech L.D. and L. Boitani. 2004. 5.2 Gray wolf (Canis lupus) Species Status Account pp 124-129 in Sillero-Zubiri, C., Hoffmann, M. and Macdonald, D. W. (eds). 2004. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 430 pp.

Mech, L. D. and L. Boitani. (IUCN SSC Wolf Specialist Group) 2010. Canis lupus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. <http://www.iucnredlist.org/>. Downloaded on 12 July 2012.

Mech, L.D. and S.M. Goyal. 1993. Canine parvovirus effect on wolf population change and pup survival. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29:330-333.

Mech, L. D., S. M. Goyal, W. J. Paul, and W. E. Newton. 2008. Demographic effects of canine parvovirus on a free-ranging population over 30 years. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44: 824-836.

Mech, L. D. and H. J. Kurtz. 1999. First record of coccidiosis in wolves, Canis lupus. Canadian Field Naturalist 113:305-306.

Mech, L.D. and M.E. Nelson. 1989. Polygyny in a wild wolf pack. Journal of Mammology 70:675-676.

Mech, L.D. and R.O. Peterson. 2003. Wolf-prey relations. In L.D. Mech, and L. Boitani, editors. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago, IL. 448 pp.

Mech, L.D., R.P. Thiel, S.H. Fritts, and W.E. Berg. 1985. Presence and effects of the dog louse Trichodectes canis (Mallophaga, Trichdectidae) on wolves and coyotes from Minnesota and Wisconsin. Am. Midland Naturalist 114:404–405.

12

Mengel, R.M. 1971. A study of dog-coyote hybrids and implications concerning hybridization in Canis. Museum of Natural History and Department of Systematics and Ecology. The University of Kansas, Lawrence.

Merkle, J.A., P.R. Krausman, D.W. Stark, J.K. Oakleaf, W.B. Ballard. 2009. Summer Diet of the Mexican Gray Wolf (Canis lupus baileyi). The Southwestern Naturalist 54(4):480-524.

Mills, L.C. 2007. Conservation of wildlife populations: demography, genetics, and management. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts, USA. 424 pp.

Mladenoff, D. J., T. A. Sickley, R. G. Haught, and A. P. Wydeven. 1995. A Regional Landscape Analysis and Prediction of Favorable Gray Wolf Habitat in the Northern Great Lakes Region. Conservation Biology 9: 279-294.

Mladenoff, D. J., T. A. Sickley, and A. D. Wydeven. 1999. Predicting gray wolf landscape recolonization: logistic regression models vs. new field data. Ecological Applications 9:37-44.

Morgan, R. 2011. Oregon wolf conservation and Management plan: 2011 annual report. Oregon Fish and Wildlife Department, La Grande, Oregon. 32 pp.

Morrison R.B. 1964. Lake Lahontan: Geology of Southern Carson Desert, Nevada. Geological Survey Professional Paper 401. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Muñoz-Fuentes, V., C. T. Darimont, R. K. Wayne, P. C. Paquet, and J. A. Leonard. 2009. Ecological factors drive differentiation in wolves from British Columbia. Journal of Biogeography 36:1516-1531.

Murray, D.L., D.W. Smith, E.E. Bangs, C. Mack, J.K. Oakleaf, J. Fontaine, D. Boyd, M. Jimenez, C. Niemeyer, T.J. Meier, D. Stahler, J. Holyan, and V.J. Asher. 2010. Death from anthropogenic causes is partially compensatory in recovering wolf populations. Biological Conservation 143:2514-2524.

National Research Council. 1997. Wolves, bears, and their prey in Alaska: Biological and social challenges in wildlife management, Executive Summary. Committee on Management of Wolf and Bear Populations in Alaska, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. 15 pp.

National Research Council. 1997.Wolves, Bears, and Their Prey in Alaska: Biological and Social Challenges in Wildlife Management. National Academy Press. 224 pp.

Nei M, Maruyama T, and Chakraborty R, 1975. The bottleneck effect and genetic variability in populations. Evolution 29:1–10

Nelson, E.W., and E.A. Goldman. 1929. A new wolf from Mexico. Journal of Mammology 10(2): 165-166.

New Mexico Department of Health. 2011. Rabies Health Data, 2009-2011. http://nmhealth.org/ERD/HealthData/rabies.shtml. Accessed July 23, 2012.

13

North Cascades National Park. 2004. Wolves in the North Cascades: Questions and Answers. North Cascades National Park Interpretive Staff. http://www.nps.gov/noca/naturescience/wolves.htm Accessed December 17, 2012.

Nowak, R.M. 1979. North American Quaternary Canis. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History (University of Kansas) 6:1-154.

Nowak, R.M. 1995. Another look at wolf taxonomy. Pages 375-397 in Carbyn L.N., S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip (eds.). Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta, Canada. 620 pp.

Nowak, R. M. 2000. The original status of wolves in eastern North America. Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service report. 50 pp. plus 10 figures.

Nowak, R. M. 2002. The original status of wolves in eastern North America. Southeastern Naturalist. 1:95-130.

Nowak, R.M. 2003. Wolf evolution and taxonomy. Pages 239-258 in Mech, L.D. and L. Boitani (eds.). Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. 620 pp.

Nowak, R.M. 2009. Taxonomy, morphology, and genetics of wolves in the Great Lakes region. Pp. 233-in A.P. Wydeven, T.R. Van Deelen, and E.J. Heske (eds.), Recovery of grey wolves in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Springer Publishing, New York.

Nunavut. 2012. Summary of the Nunavut Hunting Regulations. http://www.gov.nu.ca/files/Nunavut%20Hunting%20Regulations%20Summary_eng.pdf Date Accessed: July 23, 2012.

Oakleaf, J.K., D.L. Murray, J.R. Oakleaf, E.E. Bangs, C.M. Mack, D.W. Smith, J.A. Fontaine, M.D. Jimenez, T.J. Meier, and C.C. Niemeyer. 2006. Habitat selection by recolonizing wolves in the northwestern United States. J. Wildlife Management 70:554–563.

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 2005. Backgrounder on Wolf Conservation in Ontario. 52 pp.

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) 2010. Oregon wolf conservation and management plan. Updated 2010. Available Online: http://www.dfw.state.or.us/Wolves/docs/Oregon_Wolf_Conservation_and_Management_Plan_2010.pdf

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) 2011. Oregon Wolf Conservation and Management Plan: 2011 Annual Report. Available Online: http://www.dfw.state.or.us/wolves/docs/oregon_wolf_program/2011_Wolf_Conservation_Management_Plan_Annual_Report.pdf

Orians, G. H., P. A. Cochran, J. W. Duffield, T. K. Fuller, R. J. Guiterrez, W. M. Hanemann, F. C. James, P. Kareiva, S. R. Kellert, D. Klein, B. N. McLellan, P. D. Olson, and G. Yaska. 1997. Wolves, bears, and their prey in Alaska: Biological and social challenges in wildlife management. National Academy Press. 224pp.

14

Packard, J.M. 2003. Wolf behavior: reproduction, social, and intelligent. Pages 35–65 in Mech, L.D. and L. Boitani, eds. Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago. 448 pp.

Parsons, D. 1996. Case study: the Mexican wolf. Pages 101-123 in Herrera, E.A. and L.F. Huenneke, editors. New Mexico’s natural heritage: biological diversity in the Land of Enchantment. New Mexico Journal of Science 36.

Parsons, D.R., and J.E. Nicholopoulos. 1995. Status of the Mexican wolf recovery program in the United States. Pages 141-146 in Carbyn, L.N., S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip, editors. Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. Occasional Publication No. 35. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 620 pp.

Patten, M. A., and P. Unitt. 2002. Diagnosability versus mean differences of sage sparrow subspecies. The Auk 119(1):26-35.

Paul, William. 2005. Fax from Paul, USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services, to Ron Refsnider, USFWS Regional Office, Ft. Snelling, MN, dated 11/23/05. Subject: Disease data for your wolves? 5 pp.

Peterson, R.O. and P. Ciucci. 2003. The wolf as a carnivore. Pages 104-130 in Mech, L.D. and L. Boitani, editors. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 466 pp.

Peterson, R.O., Thomas, N.J., Thurber, J.M., Vucetich, J.A., Waite, T.A., 1998. Population limitation and the wolves of Isle Royale. Journal of Mammalogy 79, 828–841.

Peterson, R.O., J. D. Woolington, and T.N. Bailey. 1984. Wolves of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 88. 52 pp.

Pimm, S. L., H. L. Jones, and J. Diamond. 1988. On the risk of extinction. The American Naturalist 132:757–785.

Pollinger J., D. Greenfield, B. vonHoldt and R. Wayne (University of California, Los Angeles). in litt. 2008. DNA forensic analysis of tissue samples from captured and radiocollared male and female wolves, Lookout Ridge, Washington. August 28, 2008 letter to Harriet Allen, Endangered and Threatened Section Manager, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA.

Price, W.W. 1894. Notes on a collection of mammals from the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Zoe 4:315-332.

Putnam, R. (with transcript and notes by S. Hargreaves). 1928. The letters of Roselle Putnam. Oregon Historical Quarterly 29:242-264.

Ratti, J.T., J.M. Scott, P.A. Wiseman, A. Gillesberg, C.A. Miller, M.M. Szepanski, L.K. Svancara. 2004. Feasibility of wolf reintroduction to Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Northwest Science 78: (special issue): 1–76.

15

Reed, J.E., W.B. Ballard, P.S. Gipson, B.T. Kelly, P.R. Krausman, M.C. Wallace, and D. B. Wester. 2006. Diets of free-ranging Mexican gray wolves in Arizona and New Mexico. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(4):1127-1133.

Research and Polling, Incorporated. 2008a. Wolf recovery survey: Arizona and New Mexico. Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. http://www.rpinc.com/wb/pages/rpi.php.

Research and Polling, Incorporated. 2008b. Wolf recovery survey: New Mexico. Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. http://www.rpinc.com/wb/pages/rpi.php.

Richardson J. 1829. Fauna Boreali-Americana, Part 1. London: John Murray

Rinkevich, S.A. An assessment of abundance, diet, and cultural significance of Mexican gray wolves in Arizona. 2012. PhD Dissertation, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona. 239 pp.

Robinson, J., J. Pollinger, and R. Wayne. in litt. 2011. DNA forensic analysis of canid sample WA012F from the Cascade Mountains and three canids from the Diamond Pack, Pend Orielle County. July 28, 2011 letter to Harriet Allen, Endangered and Threatened Section Manager, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA.

Rowe, R. A. 1941. The receding range of the timber wolf in western Oregon. Murrelet 22:52–54.

Rueness, E.K., Asmyhr, M.G., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Macdonald, D.W., Bekele, A., et al. 2011. The Cryptic African Wolf: Canis aureus lupaster Is Not a Golden Jackal and Is Not Endemic to Egypt. PLoS ONE 6(1): e16385. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016385

Russell, D. 2010. A review of wolf management programs in Alaska, Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta and Northwest Territories. Yukon Wolf Conservation and Management Plan Review Committee. 47 pp.

Rutledge, L.Y., C.J. Garroway, K.M. Loveless, and B.R. Patterson. 2010a. Genetic differentiation of eastern wolves in Algonquin Park despite bridging gene flow between coyotes and gray wolves. Heredity 105:520-531.

Rutledge, L.Y., B.R. Patterson, K.J. Mills, K.M. Loveless, D.L. Murray, B.N. White. 2010b. Protection from harvesting restores the natural social structure of eastern wolf packs. Biological Conservation 143: 332 – 339.

Rutledge, L.Y., P. Wilson, C. Klutsch, B. Patterson, and B. White. 2012. Conservation genomics in perspective: A holistic approach to understanding Canis evolution in North America. Biological Conservation 155: 186-192.

Sage, R.B. 1846. Scenes in the Rocky Mountains, and in Oregon, California, New Mexico, Texas, and the Great Prairies; or Notes by the Way, During an Excursion of Three Years, with a Description of the Countries Passed Through, Including Their Geography, Geology, Resources, Present Condition, and the Different Nations Inhabiting Them. By a New Englander. Cary & Hart: Philadelphia. 314 pp.

16

Say, T. 1823. Pages 167–199 in Long SH. Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains performed in the years 1819 and 1820. Volume I. Philadelphia: Carey and Lea. Schmidt, R.H. 1991. Gray wolves in California: their presence and absence. California Fish and Game 77:79-85.

Schwartz, R.H., R. Stephenson, and N. Wilson. 1983. Trichodectes canis on the gray wolf and coyote on Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. J. Wildl. Dis. 19:372–73.

Seal, U.S. 1990. Mexican wolf population viability assessment: Review draft report of workshop. 22-24 October 1990. Sponsored by International Union for Conservation of Nature, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group. Fossil Rim Wildlife Center, Glen Rose, Texas, USA.

Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca [SEMARNAP]. 2000. Proyecto de recuperación del lobo mexicano (Canis lupus baileyi). Instituto Nacional de Ecología. Tlacopac, San Ángel, México, D.F.

Shaffer, M.L. 1987. Minimum viable populations: coping with uncertainty. Pages 69-86 in Soule, M.E. editor. Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA. 204 pp.

Shelton, S.L. and F.W. Weckerly. 2007. Inconsistencies in historical geographic range maps: the gray wolf as example. California Fish and Game 93:224-227.

Siminski, D.P. and E.M. Spevak. 2012. Population Analysis and Breeding and Transfer Plan. Mexican Wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) AZA Species Survival Plan: Yellow Program. 81 pp.

Singleton, P.H., W.L. Gaines, and J.F. Lehmkuhl. 2002. Landscape permeability for large carnivores in Washington: a geographic information system weighted-distance and least-cost corridor assessment. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-549. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 89 pp.

Smith, D.W. and E Almberg. 2007. Wolf diseases in Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone Science 15:17–19.

Smith, D. W., K. M. Murphy, and D. S. Guernsey. 2001. Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 2002. National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. 14 pp.

Sparkman, A. M., L. P. Waits, and D. L. Murray. 2011. Social and demographic effects of anthropogenic mortality: a test of the compensatory mortality hypothesis in the red wolf. PLoS ONE vol. 6, issue 6, p. e20868.

Stephens, F. 1906. California Mammals. West Coast Publishing Co.: San Diego, CA.

Suckley, G. 1859. Report upon the mammals collected on the survey, Chapter II. Pages 89-106 in Cooper and Suckley (ed.). The Natural History of Washington Territory. Bailliere Brothers: New York.

17

Suckley, G. and G. Gibbs. 1859 Report upon the mammals collected on the survey, Chapter III. Pages 107-139 in Cooper and Suckley (ed.). The Natural History of Washington Territory. Bailliere Brothers: New York.

Sumner, L. and J.S. Dixon. 1953. Birds and Mammals of the Sierra Nevada. University of California Press: Berkeley, CA. 484 pp.

Thiel, R.P. 1985. Relationship between road densities and wolf habitat suitability in Wisconsin. American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 113(2): 404-407.

Thiel, R.P., W. Hall Jr., E. Heilhecker, and A. P. Wydeven. 2009. A Disjunct Gray Wolf Population in Central Wisconsin. Pages 107-117 in Wydeven, A.P., T. R. VanDeelen, and E.J. Heske, editors. Recovery of Gray Wolves in the Great Lakes Region of the United States. Springer Science and Business Media, LLC, New York, New York. USA.

Thiel, R.P., and A.P. Wydeven. 2012. Eastern wolf (Canis lycaon) status assessment report: Covering east-central North America. Report prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Midwest Region, Bloomington, MN. 87 pp.

Thomas, Nancy. 1998. Letter from Thomas, Endangered Species Disease Specialist, USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, to Ron Refsnider, USFWS Regional Office, Ft. Snelling, MN, dated 11/06/98. Necropsy and parasite data on Great lakes wolves. 3 pp. plus 2 single-page data tables.

Thomas, Nancy. 2000. Letter from Thomas, Endangered Species Disease Specialist, USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, to T.J. Miller, USFWS Regional Office, Ft. Snelling, MN, dated 11/09/00. Peer reviewer comments on Gray Wolf Reclassification and Delisting Proposal of 07/13/00. 2 pp.

Thomas, Nancy. 2006. Letter from Thomas, Endangered Species Disease Specialist, USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, to WGL Wolf Delisting Comment Analysis Team, dated 06/16/06. Peer Reviewer comments on Proposed Rule to Delist Western Great Lakes Population of Gray Wolves. 3 pp. plus 80-page attachment.

Titus, K. 2007. Intensive management of wolves and ungulates in Alaska. Transactions of the 72nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. Pp. 366-377.

Treves, A., K.A. Martin, J.E. Wiedenhoeft, and A.P. Wydeven. 2009. Dispersal of gray wolves in the Great Lakes region. pp. 191-204 in A.P. Wydeven, T. R. Van Deelen, and E.J. Heske, eds. Recovery of Wolves in the Great Lakes Region of the United States: An Endangered Species Success Story. Springer, New York, NY, USA. 350 pp.

Turnbull, T. 1913. T. Turnbull’s travels from the United States Across the Plains to California. Pages 151-225 in Paxon FL (ed.). Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin for 1913.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2010a. Draft environmental impact statement for public motorized travel management plan. Apache-Sitgreaves National Forests. Forest Service, Southwestern Region. 231 pp.

18

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2010b. Draft environmental impact statement for travel management on the Gila National Forest. Forest Service, Southwestern Region. 308 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1978. Recovery plan for the eastern timber wolf. Washington, D.C. 79 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan. Denver, Colorado. 67 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1982. Mexican wolf recovery plan. Region 2, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1987. Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan. Denver, Colorado. 119 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992. Recovery plan for the eastern timber wolf. Twin Cities, MN. 73 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994. The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho. Final Environmental Impact Statement. Denver, CO. 608 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996. Reintroduction of the Mexican wolf within its historic range in the southwestern United States: Final Environmental Impact Statement. Region 2, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001. Mexican wolf recovery program: Mexican wolf reintroduction progress report 4. Technical Report. Region 2, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002. Mexican wolf recovery program: progress report 5. Technical Report. Region 2, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005. Mexican wolf recovery program: progress report 8. Technical Report. Region 2, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2007. Red Wolf (Canis rufus) 5-Year Status Review: Summary and Evaluation. Southeast Region, Red Wolf Recovery Program Office, Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, Manteo, North Carolina.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010. Mexican Wolf Conservation Assessment. Region 2, Albuqerque, New Mexico. 130 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2011. Current Events in the Blue Range Wolf Reintroduction Area.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2012. Lower 48-State and Mexico Gray wolf (Canis lupus) listing, as revised. 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Washington Office, Arlington, Virginia, USA.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service, and USDA Wildlife Services. 1989–2005. Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Interagency Annual Reports 1989–2005.

19

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, 100 N. Park, Suite 320, Helena, MT. http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/wolf/ Accessed December 17, 2012.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service, and USDA Wildlife Services. 1989–2011. Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Interagency Annual Reports 1989–2011. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, 100 N. Park, Suite 320, Helena, Montana.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service, Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, Idaho Fish and Game, and USDA Wildlife Services. 2006. Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2005 Annual Report. C.A. Sime and E. E. Bangs, eds. USFWS, Ecological Services, 585 Shepard Way, Helena, Montana. 59601. 130pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service, Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, Blackfeet Nation, Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, Idaho Fish and Game, and USDA Wildlife Services. 2009. Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2008 Interagency Annual Report. C.A. Sime and E. E. Bangs, eds. USFWS, Ecological Services, 585 Shepard Way, Helena, Montana. 59601. http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/wolf/annualrpt08/index.html Accessed December 17, 2012.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service, Blackfeet Nation, Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, Wind River Tribes, Washington Department of Wildlife, Oregon Department of Wildlife, Utah Department of Natural Resources, and USDA Wildlife Services. 2011. Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2010 Interagency Annual Report. C.A. Sime and E. E. Bangs, eds. USFWS, Ecological Services, 585 Shepard Way, Helena, Montana. 59601.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Idaho Department of Fish & Game, Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service, Blackfeet Nation, Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, Wind River Tribes, Washington Department of Wildlife, Oregon Department of Wildlife, Utah Department of Natural Resources, and USDA Wildlife Services. 2012. Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2011 Interagency Annual Report. M.D. Jimenez and S.A. Becker, eds.. USFWS, Ecological Services, 585 Shepard Way, Helena, Montana. 59601.

Verts, B.J. and L.N. Carraway. 1998. Land Mammals of Oregon. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. 668 pp.

Vila, C. and Wayne, R.K. 1999. Hybridization between wolves and dogs. Conservation Biology: 13(1): 195-198.

vonHoldt, B.M., J.P. Pollinger, D.A. Earl, J.C. Knowles, A.R. Boyko, H. Parker, E. Geffen, M. Pilot, W. Jedrzejewski, B. Jedrzejewska, V. Sidorovich, C. Greco, E. Randi, M. Musiani, R. Kays, C.D. Bustamante, E.A. Ostrander, J. Novembre, and R.K. Wayne. 2011. A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids. Genome-Research [available online early at: http://www.genome.org/cgi/doi/10..1101/gr.116301.110].

Vucetich, J.A., and C. Carroll. In Review. Influence of anthropogenic mortality on wolf population dynamics with special reference to Creel and Rotella (2010) and Gude et al. (2011). Wayne, R.K., and C. Vilá. 2003. Molecular genetic studies of wolves. Pages 218-238

20

in Mech, L.D., and L. Boitani, editors. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 466 pp.

Weaver, J. 1978. The wolves of Yellowstone. Natural Resources Report No. 14. U.S. National Park Service, Washington, DC. 38 pp.

Weckworth, B.V., N.G. Dawson, S.L. Talbot, M.J. Flamme, and J.A. Cook. 2011. Going Coastal: Shared Evolutionary History between Coastal British Columbia and Southeast Alaska Wolves (Canis lupus). PLoS One 6(5):1-8

Weckworth, B.V., S.L. Talbot, and J.A. Cook. 2010. Phylogeography of wolves (Canis lupus) in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Mammalogy 9:363-375.

Weckworth, B.V., S.L. Talbot, G.K. Sage, D.K. Person, and J.A. Cook. 2005. A signal for independent coastal and continental histories among North American wolves. Molecular Ecology 14:917-931.

Wheeldon, T., B. Patterson, and B. N. White. 2010. Sympatric wolf and coyote populations of the western Great Lakes region are reproductively isolated. Molecular Ecology, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04818.x.

Wheeldon, T. and B. N. White. 2009. Genetic analysis of historical western Great Lakes region wolf samples reveals early Canis lupus/lycaon hybridization. Biology Letters 5:101-104.

Whitlock, M. C., P. K. Ingvarsson, and T. Hatfield. 2000. Local drift load and the heterosis of interconnected populations. Heredity 84:452-457.

Wiles, G. J., H. L. Allen, and G. E. Hayes. 2011. Wolf conservation and management plan for Washington. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. 297 pp.

Wilson, P. J., S. Grewal, I. D. Lawford, J. N. M. Heal, A. G. Granacki, D. Pennock, J. B. Theberge, M. T. Theberge, D. R. Voigt, W. Waddell, R. E. Chambers, P. C. Paquet, G. Goulet, D. Cluff, and B. N. White. 2000. DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:2156-2166.

Wilson, P.J., S.K. Grewal, F.F. Mallory, B.N. White. 2009. Genetic characterization of hybrid wolves across Ontario. Journal of Heredity, 100, S80–S89.

Wilson, P. J., S. Grewal, T. McFadden, R. C. Chambers, and B. N. White. 2003. Mitrochondrial DNA extracted from eastern North American wolves killed in the 1800s is not of gray wolf origin. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:936-940.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 1999. Wisconsin wolf management plan - October 27, 1999. Madison, WI 74 pp.

Woodroffe R, S. Thirgood, and A. Rabinowit. 2005. The impact of human–wildlife conflict on natural systems. In: Woodroffe R., S. Thirgood, and A. Rabinowitz, editors. People and wildlife. Conflict or coexistence? 454 pp.

21

Wydeven, A. P., R. N Schultz, and R. P. Thiel. 1995. Monitoring of a gray wolf population in Wisconsin, 1979-1991. Pages 147-156 in Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing world, eds. L. N. Carbyn, S. H. Fritts, and D. R. Seip. Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute. 620 pp.

Wydeven, A. P, and P. J. E. Wiedenhoeft. 2003. Status of the timber wolf in Wisconsin. Wisconsin Endangered Resources, Performance report #127: 1 July 2002 through 30 June 2003. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Park Falls, USA.

Wydeven, A. P, and P. J. E. Wiedenhoeft. 2004. Status of the timber wolf in Wisconsin. Wisconsin Endangered Resources, Performance report 1 July 2003 through 30 June 2004. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Park Falls, USA.

Wydeven A. P., J. E. Wiedenhoeft, R. N. Schultz, R. P. Thiel, R. L. Jurewicz, B. E. Kohn, and T. R. Van Deelen. 2009. History, population growth and management of wolves in Wisconsin. Pages 87–106 in Wydeven, A. P., T. R. Van Deelen, E. J. Heske, eds. Recovery of Gray Wolves in the Great Lakes Region of the United States: An Endangered Species Success Story. Springer. 350 pp.

Wydeven, A. P., J. E. Wiedenhoeft, R. N. Schultz, J. Bruner, and S. Boles. 2012. Wisconsin Endangered Resources Report 143. Status of the Timber Wolf in Wisconsin. Performance Report 1 July 2011 through 30 June 2012.

Young, S. P. and E. A. Goldman. 1944. The wolves of North America. American Wildlife Institute,Washington, D.C.

Zink, R.M. 2004. The role of subspecies in obscuring avian biological diversity and misleading conservation policy. Proceedings of the Royal Society. 271:561-564.