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Appendix A

ABBREVIATIONS

BBMB : Bhakra Beas Management BoardBIS : Bureau of Indian StandardsCAZRI : Central Arid Zone Research InstituteCDO : Central Design OrganizationCGWB : Central Ground Water BoardCPCB : Central Pollution Control BoardCWC : Central Water CommissionCWPRS : Central Water and Power Research StationDVC : Damodar Valley CorporationET : EvapotranspirationGD or G & D : Gauge & DischargeGOI : Government of IndiaHP : HydropowerIAH : Indian Association of HydrologistsICAR : Indian Council of Agriculture ResearchICID : International Commission on Irrigation and DrainageIITM : Indian Institute of Tropical MeteorologyIMD : India Meteorological DepartmentINCOH : Indian National Committee on HydrologyIIT : Indian Institute of TechnologyIRI : Irrigation Research InstituteIRS : Indian Remote Sensing SatelliteISO : International Standards OrganizationIWRS : Indian Water Resources SocietyNBA : Narmada Bachao AandolanNCA : Narmada Control AuthorityNIT : National Institute of TechnologyNTPC : National Thermal Power CorporationNHPC : National Hydroelectric Power CorporationNIC : National Informatics centreNIH : National Institute of HydrologyNWDA : National Water Development AgencyMOEF : Ministry of Environment & Forest

1215

1216 Appendix A

MOWR : Ministry of Water ResourcesMOA : Ministry of AgriculturePMF : Probable Maximum FloodSPF : Standard Project FloodTERI : The Energy and Resources InstituteUH : Unit HydrographUT : Union TerritoryWALMI : Water & Land Management InstituteWRD : Water Resources DevelopmentWQ : Water Quality

Appendix B

CONVERSION FACTORS

Conversion factors – length

cm m km inch foot mile

cm 1 0.01 1×10−5 0.3937 0.032808 6�2137×10−6

m 100 1 0.001 39.37 3.2808 6�2137×10−4

km 105 1,000 1 39,370 3,280.8 0.62137inch 2.54 0.0254 2�54×10−5 1 0.083333 1�5783×10−5

foot 30.48 0.3048 3�048×10−4 12 1 1�8939×10−4

mile 1�6093×105 1,609.3 1.6093 63,360 5,280 1

Example to use this table: 1 mile = 1�6093 km.

Conversion factors – area

square meter hectare square km square foot acre square mile

square meter 1 10−4 10−6 10.764 2�4711×10−4 3�861×10−7

hectare 104 1 0.01 107,639 2.4711 0.003861squarekilometer

106 100 1�0764×107 247.11 247.11 0.38610

square foot 0.092903 9�2903×10−6 9�2903×10−4 1 2�2957×10−5 3�5870×10−8

acre 4,046.9 0.40469 0.0040469 43.560 1 0.0015625square mile 2�590×106 259.0 2.59 2�7878×107 640 1

1217

1218 Appendix B

Conversion factors – volume

Liter m3 ha-m ft3 acre-ft Thousandmillioncu ft(TMC)

liter 1 0.001 10−7 0.035315 8�1071×10−7 3�531×10−7

m3 1,000 1 10−4 35.315 8�11071×10−4 3�531×10−10

hectare meter 107 104 1 353,147 8.1071 3�531×10−4

ft3 28.317 0.028317 2�8317×10−6 1 2�2957×10−5 1×10−9

acre-foot 1,233.5×103 1,233.5 0.12335 43,560 1 4�356×10−5

Thousandmillion cu ft

28�317×109 28�317×106 2,831.7 1×109 4�356×10−5 1

Indian UnitsThe units that are popularly used in India and their equivalents are described herein.1 BCM = 1∗109 m3

1 crore = 10 million = 100 lakh = 10�000�0001 cumec�m3/s� = 35�315 cusec�ft3/s�1 lakh or lac = 100,000 = 0.1 million1 million = 10 lakh1 MAF = 123�35 million m3

1 MCM = 1∗106 m3

1 TMC = 28�317 million m3

Other Units1 pound �lb� = 453�6 gm1 ton (tonne) = 1,000 kg1 horsepower = 745.7 watt1 nautical mile = 1.151 miles = 1.852 km

Appendix C

NATIONAL WATER POLICY

NEED FOR A NATIONAL WATER POLICY

1.1 Water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious nationalasset. Planning, development and management of water resources need to begoverned by national perspectives.

1.2 As per the latest assessment (1993), out of the total precipitation, includingsnowfall, of around 4,000 billion cubic metre in the country, the availability fromsurface water and replenishable ground water is put at 1,869 billion cubic metre.Because of topographical and other constraints, about 60% of this i.e. 690 billioncubic metre from surface water and 432 billion cubic metre from ground water,can be put to beneficial use. Availability of water is highly uneven in both spaceand time. Precipitation is confined to only about three or four months in a yearand varies from 100 mm in the western parts of Rajasthan to over 10,000 mm atCherrapunji in Meghalaya. Rivers and under ground aquifers often cut across stateboundaries. Water, as a resource is one and indivisible: rainfall, river waters, surfaceponds and lakes and ground water are all part of one system.

1.3 Water is part of a larger ecological system. Realising the importance andscarcity attached to the fresh water, it has to be treated as an essential environmentfor sustaining all life forms.

1.4 Water is a scarce and precious national resource to be planned, developed,conserved and managed as such, and on an integrated and environmentally soundbasis, keeping in view the socio-economic aspects and needs of the States. It is oneof the most crucial elements in developmental planning. As the country has enteredthe 21st century, efforts to develop, conserve, utilise and manage this importantresource in a sustainable manner, have to be guided by the national perspective.

1.5 Floods and droughts affect vast areas of the country, transcending stateboundaries. One-sixth area of the country is drought-prone. Out of 40 millionhectare of the flood prone area in the country, on an average, floods affect an areaof around 7.5 million hectare per year. Approach to management of droughts andfloods has to be co-ordinated and guided at the national level.

1.6 Planning and implementation of water resources projects involve a number ofsocioeconomic aspects and issues such as environmental sustainability, appropriateresettlement and rehabilitation of project-affected people and livestock, public health

1219

1220 Appendix C

concerns of water impoundment, dam safety etc. Common approaches and guide-lines are necessary on these matters. Moreover, certain problems and weaknesses haveaffected a large number of water resources projects all over the country. There havebeen substantial time and cost overruns on projects. Problems of water logging andsoil salinity have emerged in some irrigation commands, leading to the degradationof agricultural land. Complex issues of equity and social justice in regard to waterdistribution are required to be addressed. The development and overexploitation ofgroundwater resources in certain parts of the country have raised the concern and needfor judicious and scientific resource management and conservation. All these concernsneed to be addressed on the basis of common policies and strategies.

1.7 Growth process and the expansion of economic activities inevitably lead toincreasing demands for water for diverse purposes: domestic, industrial, agricultural,hydropower, thermal power, navigation, recreation, etc. So far, the major consumptiveuse of water has been for irrigation. While the gross irrigation potential is estimatedto have increased from 19.5 million hectare at the time of independence to about 95million hectare by the end of the Year 1999–2000, further development of a substantialorder is necessary if the food and fiber needs of our growing population are to be metwith. The country’s population which is over 1,027 million (2001 AD) at present isexpected to reach a level of around 1,390 million by 2025 AD.

1.8 Production of food grains has increased from around 50 million tonnes inthe fifties to about 208 million tonnes in the Year 1999–2000. This will have to beraised to around 350 million tonnes by the year 2025 AD. The drinking water needsof people and livestock have also to be met. Domestic and industrial water needshave largely been concentrated in or near major cities. However, the demand inrural areas is expected to increase sharply as the development programmes improveeconomic conditions of the rural masses. Demand for water for hydro and thermalpower generation and for other industrial uses is also increasing substantially. Asa result, water, which is already a scarce resource, will become even scarcer infuture. This underscores the need for the utmost efficiency in water utilisation anda public awareness of the importance of its conservation.

1.9 Another important aspect is water quality. Improvements in existingstrategies, innovation of new techniques resting on a strong science and technologybase are needed to eliminate the pollution of surface and ground water resources, toimprove water quality. Science and technology and training have to play importantroles in water resources development and management in general.

1.10 National Water Policy was adopted in September, 1987. Since then, anumber of issues and challenges have emerged in the development and managementof the water resources. Therefore, the National Water Policy (1987) has beenreviewed and updated.

INFORMATION SYSTEM

2.1 A well-developed information system, for water related data in its entirety, atthe national/state level, is a prime requisite for resource planning. A standardisednational information system should be established with a network of data banks

Appendix C 1221

and data bases, integrating and strengthening the existing Central and State levelagencies and improving the quality of data and the processing capabilities.

2.2 Standards for coding, classification, processing of data and methods/procedures for its collection should be adopted. Advances in information technologymust be introduced to create a modern information system promoting free exchangeof data among various agencies. Special efforts should be made to develop andcontinuously upgrade technological capability to collect, process and disseminatereliable data in the desired time frame.

2.3 Apart from the data regarding water availability and actual water use,the system should also include comprehensive and reliable projections of futuredemands of water for diverse purposes.

WATER RESOURCES PLANNING

3.1 Water resources available to the country should be brought within the categoryof utilisable resources to the maximum possible extent.

3.2 Non-conventional methods for utilisation of water such as through inter-basintransfers, artificial recharge of ground water and desalination of brackish or seawater as well as traditional water conservation practices like rainwater harvesting,including roof-top rainwater harvesting, need to be practiced to further increase theutilisable water resources. Promotion of frontier research and development, in afocused manner, for these techniques is necessary.

3.3 Water resources development and management will have to be plannedfor a hydrological unit such as drainage basin as a whole or for a sub-basin,multi-sectorally, taking into account surface and ground water for sustainable useincorporating quantity and quality aspects as well as environmental considerations.All individual developmental projects and proposals should be formulated andconsidered within the framework of such an overall plan keeping in view the existingagreements/awards for a basin or a subbasin so that the best possible combinationof options can be selected and sustained.

3.4 Watershed management through extensive soil conservation, catchment-areatreatment, preservation of forests and increasing the forest cover and the constructionof check-dams should be promoted. Efforts shall be to conserve the water in thecatchment.

3.5 Water should be made available to water short areas by transfer from otherareas including transfers from one river basin to another, based on a nationalperspective, after taking into account the requirements of the areas / basins.

INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM

4.1 With a view to give effect to the planning, development and managementof the water resources on a hydrological unit basis, along with a multi-sectoral,multi-disciplinary and participatory approach as well as integrating quality, quantityand the environmental aspects, the existing institutions at various levels under thewater resources sector will have to be appropriately reoriented/reorganised and even

1222 Appendix C

created, wherever necessary. As maintenance of water resource schemes is undernon-plan budget, it is generally being neglected. The institutional arrangementsshould be such that this vital aspect is given importance equal or even more thanthat of new constructions.

4.2 Appropriate river basin organisations should be established for the planneddevelopment and management of a river basin as a whole or sub-basins, wherevernecessary. Special multidisciplinary units should be set up to prepare comprehensiveplans taking into account not only the needs of irrigation but also harmonisingvarious other water uses, so that the available water resources are determined andput to optimum use having regard to existing agreements or awards of Tribunalsunder the relevant laws. The scope and powers of the river basin organisations shallbe decided by the basin states themselves.

WATER ALLOCATION PRIORITIES

5 In the planning and operation of systems, water allocation priorities should bebroadly as follows:• Drinking water• Irrigation• Hydropower• Ecology• Agro-industries and non-agricultural industries• Navigation and other uses.However, the priorities could be modified or added if warranted by the area / regionspecific considerations.

PROJECT PLANNING

6.1 Water resource development projects should as far as possible be plannedand developed as multipurpose projects. Provision for drinking water should be aprimary consideration.

6.2 The study of the likely impact of a project during construction and lateron human lives, settlements, occupations, socio-economic, environment and otheraspects shall form an essential component of project planning.

6.3 In the planning, implementation and operation of a project, the preservationof the quality of environment and the ecological balance should be a primaryconsideration. The adverse impact on the environment, if any, should be minimisedand should be offset by adequate compensatory measures. The project should,nevertheless, be sustainable.

6.4 There should be an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to the planning,formulation, clearance and implementation of projects, including catchment areatreatment and management, environmental and ecological aspects, the rehabilitationof affected people and command area development. The planning of projects in hillyareas should take into account the need to provide assured drinking water, possibilities

Appendix C 1223

of hydro-power development and the proper approach to irrigation in such areas, inthe context of physical features and constraints of the basin such as steep slopes, rapidrun-off and the incidence of soil erosion. The economic evaluation of projects in suchareas should also take these factors into account.

6.5 Special efforts should be made to investigate and formulate projects either in,or for the benefit of, areas inhabited by tribal or other specially disadvantaged groupssuch as socially weak, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. In other areas also,project planning should pay special attention to the needs of scheduled castes andscheduled tribes and other weaker sections of the society. The economic evaluationof projects benefiting such disadvantaged sections should also take these factorsinto account.

6.6 The drainage system should form an integral part of any irrigation projectright from the planning stage.

6.7 Time and cost overruns and deficient realisation of benefits characterising mostwater related projects should be overcome by upgrading the quality of project prepa-ration and management. The inadequate funding of projects should be obviated by anoptimal allocation of resources on the basis of prioritisation, having regard to the earlycompletion of on-going projects as well as the need to reduce regional imbalances.

6.8 The involvement and participation of beneficiaries and other stakeholdersshould be encouraged right from the project planning stage itself.

GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT

7.1 There should be a periodical reassessment of the ground water potential ona scientific basis, taking into consideration the quality of the water available andeconomic viability of its extraction.

7.2 Exploitation of ground water resources should be so regulated as not toexceed the recharging possibilities, as also to ensure social equity. The detrimentalenvironmental consequences of overexploitation of ground water need to be effec-tively prevented by the Central and State Governments. Ground water rechargeprojects should be developed and implemented for improving both the quality andavailability of ground water resource.

7.3 Integrated and coordinated development of surface water and ground waterresources and their conjunctive use, should be envisaged right from the projectplanning stage and should form an integral part of the project implementation.

7.4 Over exploitation of ground water should be avoided especially near thecoast to prevent ingress of seawater into sweet water aquifers.

DRINKING WATER

8.1 Adequate safe drinking water facilities should be provided to the entirepopulation both in urban and in rural areas. Irrigation and multipurpose projectsshould invariably include a drinking water component, wherever there is no

1224 Appendix C

alternative source of drinking water. Drinking water needs of human beings andanimals should be the first charge on any available water.

IRRIGATION

9.1 Irrigation planning either in an individual project or in a basin as a wholeshould take into account the irrigability of land, cost-effective irrigation optionspossible from all available sources of water and appropriate irrigation techniquesfor optimising water use efficiency. Irrigation intensity should be such as to extendthe benefits of irrigation to as large a number of farm families as possible, keepingin view the need to maximise production.

9.2 There should be a close integration of water-use and land-use policies.9.3 Water allocation in an irrigation system should be done with due regard

to equity and social justice. Disparities in the availability of water between head-reach and tail-end farms and between large and small farms should be obviatedby adoption of a rotational water distribution system and supply of water on avolumetric basis subject to certain ceilings and rational pricing.

9.4 Concerted efforts should be made to ensure that the irrigation potentialcreated is fully utilised. For this purpose, the command area development approachshould be adopted in all irrigation projects.

9.5 Irrigation being the largest consumer of fresh water, the aim should be to getoptimal productivity per unit of water. Scientific water management, farm practicesand sprinkler and drip system of irrigation should be adopted wherever feasible.

9.6 Reclamation of water logged / saline affected land by scientific and cost-effective methods should form a part of command area development programme.

RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION

10.1 Optimal use of water resources necessitates construction of storages and theconsequent resettlement and rehabilitation of population. A skeletal national policyin this regard needs to be formulated so that the project affected persons share thebenefits through proper rehabilitation. States should accordingly evolve their owndetailed resettlement and rehabilitation policies for the sector, taking into accountthe local conditions. Careful planning is necessary to ensure that the constructionand rehabilitation activities proceed simultaneously and smoothly.

FINANCIAL AND PHYSICAL SUSTAINABILITY

11.1 Besides creating additional water resources facilities for various uses,adequate emphasis needs to be given to the physical and financial sustainability ofexisting facilities. There is, therefore, a need to ensure that the water charges forvarious uses should be fixed in such a way that they cover at least the operationand maintenance charges of providing the service initially and a part of the capitalcosts subsequently. These rates should be linked directly to the quality of service

Appendix C 1225

provided. The subsidy on water rates to the disadvantaged and poorer sections ofthe society should be well targeted and transparent.

PARTICIPATORY APPROACH TO WATER RESOURCESMANAGEMENT

12.1 Management of the water resources for diverse uses should incorporate aparticipatory approach; by involving not only the various governmental agenciesbut also the users and other stakeholders, in an effective and decisive manner, invarious aspects of planning, design, development and management of the waterresources schemes. Necessary legal and institutional changes should be made atvarious levels for the purpose, duly ensuring appropriate role for women. WaterUsers’ Associations and the local bodies such as municipalities and gram panchayatsshould particularly be involved in the operation, maintenance and management ofwater infrastructures / facilities at appropriate levels progressively, with a view toeventually transfer the management of such facilities to the user groups / localbodies.

PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION

13.1 Private sector participation should be encouraged in planning, developmentand management of water resources projects for diverse uses, wherever feasible.Private sector participation may help in introducing innovative ideas, generatingfinancial resources and introducing corporate management and improving serviceefficiency and accountability to users. Depending upon the specific situations,various combinations of private sector participation, in building, owning, operating,leasing and transferring of water resources facilities, may be considered.

WATER QUALITY

14.1 Both surface water and ground water should be regularly monitored forquality. A phased programme should be undertaken for improvements in waterquality.

14.2 Effluents should be treated to acceptable levels and standards beforedischarging them into natural streams.

14.3 Minimum flow should be ensured in the perennial streams for maintainingecology and social considerations.

14.4 Principle of ‘polluter pays’ should be followed in management of pollutedwater.

14.5 Necessary legislation is to be made for preservation of existing water bodiesby preventing encroachment and deterioration of water quality.

1226 Appendix C

WATER ZONING

15.1 Economic development and activities including agricultural, industrial andurban development, should be planned with due regard to the constraints imposedby the configuration of water availability. There should be a water zoning of thecountry and the economic activities should be guided and regulated in accordancewith such zoning.

CONSERVATION OF WATER

16.1 Efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses of water should be optimisedand an awareness of water as a scarce resource should be fostered. Conservationconsciousness should be promoted through education, regulation, incentives anddisincentives.

16.2 The resources should be conserved and the availability augmented bymaximising retention, eliminating pollution and minimising losses. For this,measures like selective linings in the conveyance system, modernisation and rehabil-itation of existing systems including tanks, recycling and re-use of treated effluentsand adoption of traditional techniques like mulching or pitcher irrigation and newtechniques like drip and sprinkler may be promoted, wherever feasible.

FLOOD CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT

17.1 There should be a master plan for flood control and management for eachflood prone basin.

17.2 Adequate flood-cushion should be provided in water storage projects,wherever feasible, to facilitate better flood management. In highly flood proneareas, flood control should be given overriding consideration in reservoir regulationpolicy even at the cost of sacrificing some irrigation/power benefits. (Ministry ofWater Resources 7 April 1, 2002)

17.3 While physical flood protection works like embankments and dykes willcontinue to be necessary, increased emphasis should be laid on non-structural mea-sures such as flood forecasting and warning, flood plain zoning and flood proofingfor the minimisation of losses and to reduce the recurring expenditure on flood relief.

17.4 There should be strict regulation of settlements and economic activity inthe flood plain zones along with flood proofing, to minimise the loss of life andproperty on account of floods.

17.5 The flood forecasting activities should be modernised, value added andextended to other uncovered areas. Inflow forecasting to reservoirs should be insti-tuted for their effective regulation.

LAND EROSION BY SEA OR RIVER

18.1 The erosion of land, whether by the sea in coastal areas or by riverwaters inland, should be minimised by suitable cost-effective measures. The Statesand Union Territories should also undertake all requisite steps to ensure that

Appendix C 1227

indiscriminate occupation and exploitation of coastal strips of land are discouragedand that the location of economic activities in areas adjacent to the sea is regulated.

18.2 Each coastal State should prepare a comprehensive coastal landmanagement plan, keeping in view the environmental and ecological impacts, andregulate the developmental activities accordingly.

DROUGHT-PRONE AREA DEVELOPMENT

19.1 Drought-prone areas should be made less vulnerable to drought-associatedproblems through soil moisture conservation measures, water harvesting practices,minimisation of evaporation losses, development of the ground water potentialincluding recharging and the transfer of surface water from surplus areas wherefeasible and appropriate. Pastures, forestry or other modes of development whichare relatively less water demanding should be encouraged. In planning waterresource development projects, the needs of drought-prone areas should be givenpriority.

19.2 Relief works undertaken for providing employment to drought-strickenpopulation should preferably be for drought proofing.

MONITORING OF PROJECTS

20.1 A close monitoring of projects to identify bottlenecks and to adopt timelymeasures to obviate time and cost overrun should form part of project planning andexecution.

20.2 There should be a system to monitor and evaluate the performance andsocio-economic impact of the project.

WATER SHARING/DISTRIBUTION AMONGST THE STATES

21.1 The water sharing/distribution amongst the states should be guided by anational perspective with due regard to water resources availability and needs withinthe river basin. Necessary guidelines, including for water short states even outsidethe basin, need to be evolved for facilitating future agreements amongst the basinstates.

21.2 The Inter-State Water Disputes Act of 1956 may be suitably reviewed andamended for timely adjudication of water disputes referred to the Tribunal.

PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT

22.1 There is an urgent need of paradigm shift in the emphasis in the managementof water resources sector. From the present emphasis on the creation and expansionof water resources infrastructures for diverse uses, there is now a need to give greateremphasis on the improvement of the performance of the existing water resourcesfacilities. Therefore, allocation of funds under the water resources sector should

1228 Appendix C

be re-prioritised to ensure that the needs for development as well as operation andmaintenance of the facilities are met.

MAINTENANCE AND MODERNISATION

23.1 Structures and systems created through massive investments should beproperly maintained in good health. Appropriate annual provisions should be madefor this purpose in the budgets.

23.2 There should be a regular monitoring of structures and systems andnecessary rehabilitation and modernisation programmes should be undertaken.

23.3 Formation of Water Users’ Association with authority and responsibilityshould be encouraged to facilitate the management including maintenance ofirrigation system in a time bound manner.

SAFETY OF STRUCTURES

24.1 There should be proper organisational arrangements at the national and statelevels for ensuring the safety of storage dams and other water-related structuresconsisting of specialists in investigation, design, construction, hydrology, geology,etc. A dam safety legislation may be enacted to ensure proper inspection, mainte-nance and surveillance of existing dams and also to ensure proper planning, inves-tigation, design and construction for safety of new dams. The Guidelines on thesubject should be periodically updated and reformulated. There should be a systemof continuous surveillance and regular visits by experts.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

25.1 For effective and economical management of our water resources, the frontiersof knowledge need to be pushed forward in several directions by intensifyingresearch efforts in various areas, including the following:• Hydrometeorology;• Snow and lake hydrology;• Surface and ground water hydrology;• River morphology and hydraulics;• Assessment of water resources;• Water harvesting and ground water recharge;• Water quality;• Water conservation;• Evaporation and seepage losses;• Recycling and re-use;• Better water management practices and improvements in operational technology;• Crops and cropping systems;• Soils and material research;

Appendix C 1229

• New construction materials and technology (with particular reference to rollercompacted concrete, fiber reinforced concrete, new methodologies in tunnelingtechnologies, instrumentation, advanced numerical analysis in structures and backanalysis);

• Seismology and seismic design of structures;• The safety and longevity of water-related structures;• Economical designs for water resource projects;• Risk analysis and disaster management;• Use of remote sensing techniques in development and management;• Use of static ground water resource as a crisis management measure;• Sedimentation of reservoirs;• Use of sea water resources;• Prevention of salinity ingress;• Prevention of water logging and soil salinity;• Reclamation of water logged and saline lands;• Environmental impact;• Regional equity.

TRAINING

26.1 A perspective plan for standardised training should be an integral part of waterresource development. It should cover training in information systems, sectoralplanning, project planning and formulation, project management, operation ofprojects and their physical structures and systems and the management of the waterdistribution systems. The training should extend to all the categories of personnelinvolved in these activities as also the farmers.

CONCLUSION

27.1 In view of the vital importance of water for human and animal life, formaintaining ecological balance and for economic and developmental activities ofall kinds, and considering its increasing scarcity, the planning and management ofthis resource and its optimal, economical and equitable use has become a matter ofthe utmost urgency. Concerns of the community need to be taken into account forwater resources development and management. The success of the National WaterPolicy will depend entirely on evolving and maintaining a national consensus andcommitment to its underlying principles and objectives. To achieve the desiredobjectives, State Water Policy backed with an operational action plan shall beformulated in a time bound manner say in two years. National Water Policy maybe revised periodically as and when need arises.

Source: Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, 2002.

Appendix D

INDIAN STANDARDS RELATED TO HYDROLOGYAND WATER RESOURCES

Identifier TITLE

HYDROMETRY

IS 1191:2003 Hydrometric determination – Vocabulary and SymbolsIS 1192:1981 Velocity area Methods for measurement of flow of water in open channels (first

revision)IS 1194:1960 Forms for recording measurement of flow of water in open channelsIS 2912:1998 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Slope-area methodIS 2951:1965 Recommendation for estimation of flow of liquids in closed conduits

Part 1: Head loss in straight pipes due to friction resistancePart 2: Head loss in valves and fittings

IS 3910:1992 Requirements for rotating element current meters (cup type) for water flowmeasurement (first revision)

IS 3911:1994 Surface floats – Functional requirements (First Revision)IS 3912:1993 Sounding rods – Functional requirements (first revision)IS 3913:2005 Specification for suspended sediment load samplers (first revision)IS 3917:1966 Specification for scoop type bed material samplersIS 3918:1966 Code of practice for use of current meter (cup type) for water flow measurementIS 4073:1967 Specification for fish weightsIS 4080:1994 Vertical staff gauges – Functional requirements (First Revision)IS 4477:1975 Methods of measurement of fluid flow by means of venturi meters

Part 2 Compressible fluidsIS 4858:1968 Specification for velocity rodsIS 4890:1968 Methods for measurement of suspended sediment in open channelsIS 4986:2002 Code of practice for installation of rain-gauge (non-recording type) and

measurement of rain (second revision)IS 4987:1994 Recommendations for establishing net work of raingauge stationsIS 5542:2003 Guide for storm analysis (first revision)IS 6062:1971 Method of measurement of flow of water in open channels using standing wave

flume-fall

(Continued)

1231

1232 Appendix D

Appendix D (Continued)

Identifier TITLE

IS 6063:1971 Method of measurement of flow of water in open channels using standing waveflume

IS 6064:1971 Specification for sounding and suspension equipmentIS 6330:1971 Recommendation for liquid flow measurement in open channels by weirs and

flumes-end depth method for estimation of flow in rectangular channels with a freeoverfall (approximate method)

IS 6339:1971 Methods of analysis of concentration, particle size distribution and specific gravityof sediment in streams and canals

IS 8389:2003 Code of practice for installation and use of raingauges, recording (second revision)IS 9108:1979 Liquid flow measurement in open channels using thin plate weirsIS 9115:2002 Method for estimation of incompressible fluid flow in closed conduits by bend

meters (first revision)IS 9116:2002 Specification for water stage recorder (float type) (first revision)IS 9118:1979 Method for measurement of pressure by means of manometerIS 9119:1979 Method for flow estimation by jet characteristics (approximate method)IS 9163:1979 Dilution methods of measurement of steady flow

Part 1: constant rate injection methodIS 9922:1981 Guide for selection of method for measuring flow in open channelsIS 12752:1989 Guidelines for the selection of flow gauging structuresIS 13083:1991 Liquid flow measurement in open channels- flat-V weirsIS 13084:1991 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – round nose horizontal crest weirsIS 13371:1992 Code of Practice for calibration (rating) of rotating element current meters in straight

open tankIS 14359:1996 Echo sounders for water depth measurementsIS 14371:1996 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Parshall and SANIIRI flumesIS 14573:1998 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Velocity area methods – collection and

processing of data for determination of errors in measurementIS 14574:1998 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels by weirs and flumes- end depth

method for estimation of flow in non rectangular channels with a free overfall(approximate method)

IS 14615:1999 Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devicesPart 1: Orifice plates, nozzles and venturi tubes inserted in circular cross-sectionconduits running full.

IS 14673:1999 Liquid flow measurement in open channels by weirs and flumes – Triangular profileweirs

IS 14869:2000 Liquid flow measurement in open channels Rectangular, trapezoidal and U-shapeflumes

IS 14973:2001 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits Velocity area method using PilotStatic Tubes

IS 14974:2001 Liquid flow measurement in open channels by weirs and flumes – Rectangularbroad-crested weirs

IS 14975:2001 Measurement of fluid flow in open channels – Stream lined triangular profile weirsIS 15117:2002 Hydrometric determination- Cable way system for stream gaugingIS 15118:2002 Measurement of liquid flow in open channel – Water level measuring devicesIS 15119:2002 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels

Part 1: Establishment and operation of a gauging station (superseding IS 2914:1964)Part 2: Determination of the stage-discharge relation (superseding IS 2914:1964)

IS 15122:2002 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels under tidal condition (superseding IS2913:1964)

Appendix D 1233

IS 15123:2002 Hydrometric determination – Flow measurement in open channels usingstructures-Trapezoidal broad crested weirs (superseding IS 4362:1992)

IS 15124:2002 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Sampling and analysis ofgravel-bed-material

IS 15352:2003 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Position fixing equipment forhydrometric boats

IS 15353:2003 Liquid flow measurement in open channels by weirs and flumes – V- shaped broadcrested weirs

IS 15358:2003 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Flow measurement under ice conditionsIS 15359:2003 Liquid flow measurement in open channels Measurement of suspended sediment

transport in tidal channelsIS 15360:2003 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Bed material samplingIS 15362:2002 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Flow measurements in open channels

using structures-:compound gauging structureIS 15454:2004 Liquid flow measurement in open channels – Velocity area method using a restricted

number of verticalsIS 15527:2004 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels Measurement in meandering rivers and

in streams with unstable boundaries

TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS

IS 4410:1991 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projectsPart 1: Irrigation practice

IS 4410:1967 Part 2: Project planningIS 4410:1988 Part 3: River and river trainingIS 4410:1982 Part 4: Drawings

Part 5: CanalsIS 4410:1983 Part 6: ReservoirsIS 4410:1982 Part 7: Engineering geologyIS 4410:1992 Part 8: Dams and dam sectionIS 4410:1982 Part 9: Spillways and syphonsIS 4410:1988 Part 10: Hydro-electric Power station including water conductor systemIS 4410:1972 Part 11: Hydrology Section

Section 1 General termsPart 11/Section 2 Precipitation and run-off

IS 4410:1973 Part 11/Section 3 Infiltration and water lossesIS 4410:1973 Part 11/Section 4 HydrographsIS 4410:1977 Part 11/Section 5 FloodsIS 4410:1994 Part 11/Section 6 Ground waterIS 4410:1984 Part 11/Section 7 Quality of waterIS 4410:1993 Part 12 Diversion worksIS 4410:1985 Part 13 Operation, maintenance and repairs of river valley projectsIS 4410:1977 Part 14 Soil conservation and reclamation

Section 1 Soil conservationPart 14/Section 2 Reclamation

IS 4410:1973 Canal structuresPart 15/Section 1 General termsPart 15/Section 2 TransitionsPart 15/Section 3 FlumesPart 15/Section 4 Regulating works

IS 4410:1992 Part 15/Section 5 Cross drainage works

(Continued)

1234 Appendix D

Appendix D (Continued)

Identifier TITLE

IS 4410:1999 Part 16 Gates and valvesSection 1 Gates

IS 4410:1981 Part 16/Section 2 ValvesIS 4410:1977 Part 17 Water requirements of cropsIS 4410:1983 Part 18 Energy dissipator devices – Stilling basinsIS 4410:1996 Part 19 GroutingIS 4410:1983 Part 20 TunnelsIS 4410:1987 Part 21 Flood controlIS 4410:1994 Part 22 Barrages and weirsIS 4410:1999 Part 23 Hoists, cranes and other related terms

GROUND WATER RELATED INVESTIGATIONS

IS 13969:1994 Guidelines for sampling of groundwaterIS 14476:1998 Test pumping of water wells – Code of practice

Part 1 GeneralPart 2 Hydro-geological considerationsPart 3 Pre-test planningSec 1 General aspectsPart 3 Sec 2 Test designPart 3 Sec 3 Observation wellsPart 3 Sec 4 Test wellsPart 4 Pre-test observationsPart 5 Pumping testPart 6 Special testsPart 7 Post test observations and presentation of dataPart 8 Water level and discharge measuring devicesPart 9 Well development

WATER RESOURCES PLANNING, MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION

IS 4008:1985 Guide for presentation of project report for river valley projects (first revision)IS 4186:1985 Guide for preparation of project report for river valley projects (first revision)IS 4877:1968 Guide for preparation of estimate for river valley projectsIS 5510:1969 Guide for soil surveys for river valley projectsIS 6748:1973 Recommendations for watershed management relating to soil conservation

Part 1 Agronomic aspectsIS 7560:1974 Guidelines for allocation of cost among different purposes of river valley projectsIS 10336:1983 Guidelines for preparation of completion reports of multi-purpose river valley

projectsIS 13028:1991 Guidelines for overall planning of river basinIS 13142:1991 Proforma for reporting progress of benefits created by river valley projectsIS 13218:1992 Proforma for reporting progress during construction for river valley projects

Part 1 Irrigation worksIS 13218:1991 Part 2 Hydel worksIS 13218:1992 Part 3 Flood ControlIS 13668:1993 Guidelines for fixing intensity of irrigationIS 13739:1993 Guidelines for estimation of flood damagesIS 14519:1998 Guidelines for fixing rates for irrigation waterIS 15087:2001 Guidelines for planning and design of drainage in irrigation projects

Appendix D 1235

DAMS AND SPILLWAYS

SP 55:1993 Design aid for anchorages for spillway piers, training walls and divide walls.IS 4997:1968 Criteria for design of hydraulic jump type stilling basins with horizontal and sloping

apronIS 5186:1994 Design of chute and side channel spillways – Criteria (first revision)IS 6512:1984 Criteria for design of solid gravity dams (first revision)IS 6934:1998 Recommendations for hydraulic design of high ogee over-flow spillways (first

revision)IS 7365:1985 Criteria for hydraulic design of bucket type energy dissipators (first revision)IS 7894:1975 Code of practice for stability analysis of earth damsIS 8605:1977 Code of practice for construction of masonry in damsIS 8826:1978 Guidelines for design of large earth and rock fill damsIS 9296:2001 Guidelines for inspection and maintenance of dam and appurtenant structures (first

revision)IS 9297:1979 Recommendations for lighting, ventilation and other facilities inside the damIS 9429:1999 Code of practice for drainage system for earth and rockfill dams(first revision)IS 10135:1985 Code of practice for drainage system for gravity dams, their foundations and

abutments (first revision)IS 10137:1982 Guidelines for selection of spillways and energy dissipatorsIS 10635:1993 Freeboard requirements in embankment dams Guidelines (first revision)IS 11155:1994 Construction of spillways and similar overflow structures – Code of practice (First

Revision)IS 11216:1985 Code of practice for permeability test for: masonry (during and after construction)IS 11223:1985 Guidelines for fixing spillway capacityIS 11485:1985 Criteria for hydraulic design of sluices in concrete and masonry damsIS 11527:1985 Criteria for structural design of energy dissipators for spillwaysIS 11772:1986 Guidelines for design of drainage arrangements of energy dissipators and training

walls of spillwaysIS 12169:1987 Criteria for design of small embankment damsIS 12200:2001 Code of practice for provision of water stops at transverse contraction joints in

masonry and concrete dams (first revision)IS 12720:1993 Criteria for structural design of spillway training walls and divide walls (second

revision)IS 12731:1989 Hydraulic design of impact type energy dissipators: RecommendationsIS 12804:1989 Criteria for estimation of aeration demand for spillways and outlet structuresIS 12966:1992 Code of practice for galleries and other openings in dams

Part 1 General requirementsIS 12966:1990 Part 2 Structural designIS 13048:1991 Recommendations for hydraulic design of duck bill spillwaysIS 13144:1991 Recommendations for provision of facilities outside damsIS 13195:1991 Preliminary design, operation and maintenance of protection works downstream of

spillways – GuidelinesIS 13551:1992 Criteria for structural design of spillway pier and crestIS 13645:1993 Guidelines for grouting the upstream face of masonry damsIS 14591:1998 Guidelines for temperature control of mass concrete for damsIS 14690:1999 Quality control during construction of earth and rockfill dams – RecommendationsIS 14954:2001 Distress and remedial measures in earth and rockfill dams-GuidelinesIS 15058:2002 Specification for PVC waterstops at transverse contraction joints in masonry and

concrete dams

(Continued)

1236 Appendix D

Appendix D (Continued)

Identifier TITLE

LAKES AND RESERVOIRS

IS 5477:1999 Methods for fixing the capacities of reservoirsPart 1 General requirements

IS 5477:1994 Part 2 Dead storage (first revision)IS 5477:2002 Part 3 Live storage (first revision)IS 5477:1971 Part 4 Flood storageIS 6518:1992 Code of practice for control of sediment in reservoirs (first revision)IS 6939:1992 Methods for determination of evaporation from reservoirs (first revision)IS 7323:1994 Operation of reservoirs – Guidelines (first revision)IS 8237:1985 Code of practice for protection of slope for reservoir embankments (first revision)IS 12182:1987 Guidelines for determination of effects of sedimentation in planning and

performance of reservoirsIS 13665:1993 Sedimentation in reservoirs – Method of measurementIS 14654:1999 Minimizing evaporation losses from reservoirs GuidelinesIS 15472:2004 Guidelines for planning and design of low level outlets for evacuating storage

reservoirs

HYDRAULIC GATES AND VALVES

IS 4622:2003 Recommendations for structural design of fixed wheel gates (third revision)IS 4623:2000 Recommendations for structural design of radial gates (second revision)IS 5620:1985 Recommendations for structural design criteria for low head slide gates (second

revision)IS 6938:1989 Code of practice for design of rope drum and chain hoists for hydraulic gates (first

revision)IS 7326:1992 Penstock and turbine inlet butterfly valves for hydropower stations and systems

Part 1 Criteria for structural and hydraulic design (first revision)IS 7326:1992 Part 2 Guidelines for design and selection of control equipment (first revision)IS 7326:1976 Part 3 Recommendations for operations and maintenanceIS 7332:1991 Spherical valves for hydropower stations and systems

Part 1 Criteria for structural and hydraulic design (first revision)IS 7332:1993 Part 2 Guidelines for design and selection of control equipment (first revision)IS 7332:1994 Part 3 Recommendations for operation and maintenance of spherical valves (first

revision)IS 7718:1991 Recommendations for inspection, testing and maintenance of fixed wheel and slide

gates (first revision)IS 9349:1986 Recommendations for structural design of medium and high head slide gates (first

revision)IS 10021:2000 Guidelines for de-icing systems for hydraulic installations (first revision)IS 10096:1983 Recommendations for inspection, testing and maintenance of radial gates and their

hoistsPart 1: Inspection, testing and assembly at the manufacturing stage Section 1 Gates

IS 10096:1986 Part 1 Section 2 Rope Drum HoistsIS 10096:1983 Part 2 Inspection, testing and assembly at the time of erectionIS 10096:2002 Part 3 After erection (first revision)IS 10210:1993 Criteria for design of hydraulic hoistsIS 11228:1985 Recommendations for design of screw hoists for hydraulic gatesIS 11793:1986 Guidelines for design of float-driven hoisting mechanism for automatic gated controlIS 11855:2004 General requirements for rubber seals for hydraulic gates (first revision)

Appendix D 1237

IS 13041:1991 Recommendation for inspection, testing and maintenance of hydraulic hoist (Aftererection)

IS 13591:1992 Criteria for design of lifting beamsIS 13623:1993 Criteria for choice of gates and hoistsIS 14177:1994 Guidelines for painting system for hydraulic gates and hoistsIS 15466:2004 Specification for rubber seals for hydraulic gates

CANALS AND CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

IS 3872:2002 Code of practice for lining of canals with burnt clay tiles (first revision)IS 3873:1993 Laying cement concrete/stone slab lining on canals code of practice (second revision)IS 4515:2003 Stone pitched lining for canals – Code of practice (second revision)IS 4558:1995 Code of practice for under-drainage of lined canals (second revision)IS 4701:1982 Code of practice for earthwork on canalsIS 4839:1992 Maintenance of canals – Code of practice

Part 1 Unlined canals (second revision)Part 2 Lined canals (second revision)Part 3 Canal structures, drains, jungle clearance, plantation and regulation (secondrevision)

IS 5256:1992 Code of practice for sealing expansion joints in concrete lining on canals (firstrevision)

IS 5690:1982 Guide for laying combination lining for existing unlined canals (first revision)IS 5968:1987 Guide for planning and layout of canal system for irrigation (first revision)IS 6004:1980 Criteria for hydraulic design of sediment ejector for irrigation and power canals (first

revision)IS 6522:1972 Criteria for design of silt vanes for sediment control in off taking canalsIS 6936:1992 Guide for location, selection and hydraulic design of canal escapes (first revision)IS 7112:2003 Criteria for design of cross section for unlined canals in alluvial soil (first revision)IS 7113:2003 Code of practice for soil-cement lining for canals (first revision)IS 7114:1973 Criteria for hydraulic design of cross regulators for canalsIS 7331:1981 Code of practice for inspection and maintenance of cross-drainage works (first

revision)IS 7495:1974 Criteria for hydraulic design of silt selective head regulator for sediment control in

off taking canalsIS 7784:1993 Code of practice for design of cross drainage works

Part 1 General features (first revision)IS 7784:1995 Part 2 Specific requirement

Section 1 AqueductsIS 7784:2000 Part 2/Section 2 Super passages (first revision)IS 7784:1996 Part 2/Section 3 Canal siphonsIS 7784:1999 Part 2/Section 4 Level crossingsIS 7784:2000 Part 2/Section 5 Syphon aqueducts (first revision)IS 7871:1975 Criteria for hydraulic design of groyne walls (curved wing) for sediment distribution

at off take points in a canalIS 7873:1975 Code of practice for lime concrete lining for canalsIS 7880:1975 Criteria for hydraulic design of skimming platform for sediment control in off taking

canalIS 7986:1976 Code of practice for canal outletsIS 8835:1978 Guidelines for planning and design of surface drainsIS 9097:1979 Guide for laying lining of canals with hot bitumen or bituminous feltsIS 9447:1980 Guidelines for assessment of seepage losses from canals by analytical method

(Continued)

1238 Appendix D

Appendix D (Continued)

Identifier TITLE

IS 9451:1994 Guidelines for lining of canals in expansive soils (second revision)IS 9452:1993 Code of practice for measurement of seepage losses from canals

Part 1 Ponding method (first revision)IS 9452:1980 Part 2 Inflow Outflow methodIS 9452:1988 Part 3 By seepage meter methodIS 9698:1995 Lining of canals with polyethylene film – Code of practice (first revision)IS 9913:2000 Code of practice for construction of cross drainage works (first revision)IS 10430:2000 Criteria for design of lined canals and guidelines for selection of type of lining (first

revision)IS 10646:1991 Canal linings – Cement concrete tiles – Specification (first revision)IS 11809:1994 Lining for canals by stone masonry – Code of practice (first revision)IS 12331:1988 General requirements for canal outletsIS 12379:1988 Code of practice for lining water courses and field channelsIS 13143:1991 Joints in concrete lining of canals – sealing compound specification

RIVER TRAINING AND DIVERSION WORKS

IS 6966:1989 Guidelines for hydraulic design of barrages and weirsPart 1 Alluvial Reaches (first revision)

IS 7349:1989 Guidelines for operation and maintenance of barrages and weirs (first revision)IS 7720:1991 Criteria for investigation, planning and layout of barrages and weirs (first revision)IS 8408:1994 Planning and design of groynes in alluvial river guidelines (first revision)IS 9461:1980 Guidelines for data required for design of temporary river diversion worksIS 9795:1981 Guidelines for the choice of type of diversion works

Part 1 Coffer damsIS 10084:1982 Design of diversion works – criteria

Part 1 Coffer damsIS 10084:1994 Part 2 Diversion channels and open cut or conduit in the body of damIS 10751:1994 Planning and design of guide banks for alluvial river Guidelines (first revision)IS 10788:1984 Code of practice for construction of diversion works

Part 1 Cellular coffer damsIS 11130:1984 Criteria for structural design of barrages and weirsIS 11150:1993 Construction of concrete barrages – Code of practice (first revision)IS 11532:1995 Construction and maintenance of river embankments (levees) Guidelines (first

revision)IS 12094:2000 Guidelines for planning and design of river embankment (levees) (first revision)IS 12892:1989 Guidelines for the safety of barrage and weir structuresIS 12926:1995 Construction and maintenance of guide banks in alluvial rivers – Guidelines (first

revision)IS 13877:1993 Planning and design of fish pass- GuidelinesIS 13912:1993 Closure of diversion channel and open cut or conduit in the body of dam- Code of

practiceIS 14262:1995 Planning and design of revetments – GuidelinesIS 14592:1998 Guidelines for planning and design of river powerhouses integrated with barrages

Part 1 Investigation, planning and layoutIS 14815:2000 Design flood for river studies of barrages and weirs GuidelinesIS 14955:2001 Hydraulic model studies of barrages and weirs Guidelines

These standards can be obtained from the Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhawan, Bahadur ShahZafar Marg, New Delhi, or their regional offices.

INDEX

Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme, 833Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme,

1117Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers, 1160Actual Vapor Pressure, 179, 180Aeolian Sand Tract, 247Agricultural, 3, 9, 41, 47, 804, 1009

Development Projects, 34Economy, 43

All India Soil and Land Use Survey, 1178Angami System, 825Aqueduct

Kohina Nala, 375Mawapura, 375Solani, 365

Arabian Sea, 3, 7, 9, 15, 18, 580, 743Aravalli System, 238Area Underlain By

Saline Ground Water, 277Semi-Consolidated Sediments, 248

Artesian Flow, 285Asian Countries, 3, 334Atmospheric

Humidity, 180Monitoring Networks, 1127Pressure, 156, 188Water Balance, 71, 72Water Vapor, 188

Bahuguna, Sunderlal, 380Baitarani, 624, 625, 634, 635

Projects, 636, 638Water Quality, 639

BarrageAliyabad, 778Beehar, 390Cheyyaru, 728, 773, 778Cotton (Dowleswaram), 608, 674, 684

Durgapur, 361Ellis Choultry, 779Farakka, 338, 397, 1139Galudih, 616Girijapuri, 356Gola, 385Grand, 701, 709, 718Guddu, 473Hati, 689Hipparagi, 662, 665Ithai, 463Katapathar, 381Kharkai, 616Kota, 387Mahananda, 360, 464Nangal, 490, 491Narora, 339, 1143Nedungal, 778Nellore, 737Okhla, 346, 1139Pashulok, 384Prakasam, 641, 670Sangam, 737Shah Nahar, 500Tanakpur, 385Tirukkoilur, 778Tunga, 642, 643Upper Sarda, 376, 765, 767Uttiramerur, 778Wazirabad, 345Wular, 1059

Baseflow, 231Basin

Achencoil, 751Agniaru, 779Amaravathi, 701, 703, 708Arkavathi, 701, 703, 706Baira Nalla, 483, 499Barak, 299, 333.334, 419, 428, 429, 461, 878

1239

1240 Index

Basin (Continued)Barna, 355, 358, 516, 517, 534, 551Burhabalang, 612, 614Chhota Tawa, 518Coleroon, 709Damodar, 360, 960Ganjal, 517, 518, 534Gundlakamma, 770Jamtara, 518, 520, 550Noyil, 701, 703, 708Palar, 770, 773Pambaru, 780Ponnaiyar (Pennayaru), 701, 709, 773,

775, 777Ravi, 6, 473, 481, 483Rushikulya, 765, 766Satpura, 238Sher, 521, 522, 534Shimsha, 701, 703, 706Sonar, 354Subarnarekha, 612, 616Suddegedda, 768Suvarnavathi, 701, 703, 707Tawi, 480Tirumanimuttar, 701, 709, 780Tondiaru, 777Vamsadhara, 765Vellar, 773, 775, 779Wangath, 501

Bay of Bengal, 7, 9, 15, 16, 18, 333, 334, 701Beach

Mandvi, 789Betwa River Board, 1141Bhabar, 7, 244, 285, 500Bhagirathi River, 25, 299, 305, 306, 336,

376, 377Bhakra Beas Management Board, 1140Bhakra-Beas System, 490, 492, 494, 495, 837Bhangar, 7Bharai, 817Bhutan-India Collaboration, 1062Biosphere Reserve, 50, 469Black River, 303Blaney-Criddle Method, 161Blue Water, 999Bokh Feeder, 587Brackish Water, 297Brahma Sarovar, 977Brahmani, 300, 621, 622, 624, 625, 626, 633, 636

Arable Land & Irrigated Land, 630Ground Water Availability, 627Irrigation & Water Need, 634Projects, 636, 638

Water Demand & Waste Water, 632Water Withdrawals and Uses, 628, 631

Brahmaputra, 6, 12, 70, 299, 304, 333, 335, 338,419, 421, 422, 423, 425, 427, 445, 460

Annual Weather Phenomenon, 434, 435Board, 1137Completed Projects, 463Discharge, 340, 450, 451, 452Electrical Conductivity (EC), 437Estimated Hydro Potential, 462Flood Control Commission, 453Floods, 451, 454, 455, 456, 457, 878Gauge Hydrographs, 456Ground Water Potential, 442Ground Water Quality, 441Hydrometeorology, 429, 446, 447Irrigation Potential, 461Sediment, 456, 458, 459Soils, 436, 437Surface Water Resources, 461

Brahmigiri Hills, 702Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 1130

Calamity Relief Fund (CRF), 899Cambay Region, 285Canal

Agra, 346, 367Betwa, 374Bist Doab, 485, 493Chambal, 390Dhasan, 374Ganga Systems, 365, 366, 367, 369, 1143Garland, 1076Ghagar, 375Ghataprabha Left and Right Bank, 290Grand Anicut, 937Indira Gandhi, 291, 490, 496, 497, 498, 510,

1078, 1079Irrigation, 800K.C., 739Kattalai Scheme, 710Ken, 375Khari Cut, 586Kurnool-Cudappah, 1078Lakhoti Branch, 292, 366Lower Bhavani Project, 708Mahi – Kadana, 292Maliya Branch, 545Narmada, 545Orissa, 607Pattamundai, 607Perimbikulam Main, 708

Index 1241

Rajasthan, 496, 1077Ranbir, 479Rohilkhand, 376Sarda, 376Satluj Yamuna Link, 345Shedhi Limbhasi, 545Sirhind, 804Upper Bari Doab, 501, 804Visweswaraiah, 716Yamuna, 293, 345, 346, 370, 371, 374

Cardamom Hills, 7Cautley, Proby Thomas, 794Cauvery, 7, 300, 301, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705,

706, 937Climate and Geology, 710Delta, 710Ground Water Potential, 714Projects, 715, 725Surface Water Resources, 711Water Dispute Tribunal, 1053, 1080Water Quality Levels, 726

CenterArid Zone Research Institute, 1133Design Organizations, 1142Electricity Authority, 1134Ganga Authority, 1171Ground Water Authority, 1037Groundwater Board, 1157Highlands, 7Pollution Control Board, 938, 1131, 1171For Science and Environment, 1147Tract, 244For Water Resources, 1145

Central Training Institutes, 1162Central Water and Power Research Station,

1124, 1157Central Water Commission, 1121, 1156, 1157Chakbandi, 816Chandra-Bhaga Waters, 490Chaturvedi Formula, 252Cherrapunji, 9, 12, 113, 143, 335, 431Climate

Tropical, 18, 371, 430Climate and Precipitation, 348Climate Change

Impacts, 929, 1179, 1181Cloud Bursts, 883Coastal

Areas, 7, 18, 245, 302, 435Cold Weather Season, 20Colour Coding, 999Command Area Development Programme, 828Common Ground Water Contaminants, 1015

Conjunctive Use, 286, 287, 1173Consolidated and Fissured Formations, 259Constitution of India, 1035, 1036, 1100Constitutional Provisions Regarding Water, 1035Constraints in Rainfed Areas, 813Construction of New Reservoirs, 924, 955Consumptive Use, 74, 160Contamination of Ground Water, 1013Continent-Wise Percentage of Developed

Hydropower Potential, 842Conventional Flood Forecasting Systems, 1165Cotton, Arthur, 684, 793Craig Formula, 218Cretaceous System, 240Critical and Over-Exploited Areas, 278, 329Crop Area and Production in J & K, 475Cuddapah System, 237, 238, 248Cyclonic Storms, 119, 188

Dalton’s Law, 156Daman and Diu, 789Dambreak Studies, 216Damodar Valley Corporation, 392, 1137Dams, 214, 939, 954, 960Dams in India, 940, 948Danish Hydraulic Institute, 534Darcy’s Law, 260Dastur, 1076Data Storage and Dissemination, 1162Deccan Traps, 237, 250Decision Support Systems, 1166Declining Water Table, 1173Defining Surplus and Deficit River Basins, 1101Delft Hydraulics of The Netherlands, 1161Delta

Thanjavur, 718Department of Drinking Water Supply, 1117Department of Land Resources, 1117Department of Science and Technology, 1118Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,

1118Department of Space, 1118Depressions and Cyclonic Storms, 119Depth-Area-Duration

Analysis, 129, 134, 136, 148Depth-Duration-Frequency, 145Desert

Thar, 7Design Flood, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 218,

222, 225, 962Design Storm, 130, 131Designated Best Uses of Water, 999

1242 Index

Dicken Formula, 218Disaggregation of Daily Data, 100Diversion from River Sources, 74Diversion Project

Giri, 384, 565, 570, 952Diversion Weir

Singapore, 576Doab, 6Domestic Sources of Pollution, 1003Domestic Waste

Unsewered, 1006Domestic Water Needs, 801Dravindian, 239Drinking Water, 913, 998, 1001, 1019Drought, 892, 893, 895, 900

Actions to Minimize Impacts, 903Agricultural, 893Occurrences (Historical), 895Past Centuries, 896Prediction and Mitigation, 902Prone Area Programme (DPAP), 1117Prone States, 1172Proofing, 327

East Coast, 7, 15, 16East Flowing Rivers, 764, 770, 771, 772, 773,

779, 783, 784, 785Eastern Ghats, 4, 5, 7, 701Ecological Balance, 997Economic Development Through Irrigation, 837Effective Rainfall

Calculation, 225Effective Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity, 263Effluent Seepage, 76Effluents, Wash-Over From Cattle-Farms, 1012El Niño, 17, 873, 1180Electrical

Formulae, 219Logging, 255Method, 218Relationship For Ganga Plains, 252

Environment Protection Act 1986, 997Environmental

Appraisal Committee, 380Concerns, Resettlement and Rehabilitation, 1101Degradation, 997Flows (EF), 1171, 1172Information System (Envis), 1115and Other Aspects, 467

Eradi Tribunal, 1056Estimation of Mean Areal Precipitation, 101Estimation of Missing Data, 99

Eutrophication, 976Evaporation, 65, 67, 75, 155, 156, 157, 164, 166,

167, 168Evaporimeters, 162Evapotranspiration, 9, 73, 74, 75, 76, 159,

160, 184

FAO-56 Penman-Monteith Method, 162Field Application Efficiency, 74Float Method, 199Flood, 874, 880, 882, 961

Control Projects, 213, 217, 959Damage Assessment of Assam, 453Forecasting, 234Frequency Analysis, 218, 231Management Measures, 884Prone Area of Bihar, 879

Flow Measuring Structures, 202Flow of Data Between HIS and Users, 1162Fluoride

High Concentrations, 1018Food Demand, 47Food Grain, 83, 800Food Security of India, 47Foot of Lower Shivaliks, 476Forest

Conservation Act, 40, 1980Forest Areas

Submergence, 927Forest Survey of India, 35Forests

Classification, 34, 37, 38Forests of Assam, 467Formation Characteristic, 264Formation of Cyclones, 21Framji, K.K., 794Frequency Methods, 213Frequency of Maximum Rainfall of Different

Durations, 138Freshwater Resources, 316Friction Slope, 203Fringe Belt Adjoining the Shield, 244

G. B. Pant Institute For HimalayanEnvironment & Development, 1135

Gambharia Nalla, 638Ganga, 4, 6, 70, 299, 305, 333, 336, 337,

341, 343Action Plan, 412Annual Discharge, 340, 342Areas, 335, 339Average Annual Rainfall, 340

Index 1243

Bhagirathi-Hoogly River System, 863Brahmaputra-Barak River System, 6, 333, 1065Delta, 363Dolphin (Platanista Gangetia), 413Floods, 878Ground Water, 418Hydroelectric Potential, 343Major Polluting Industries, 413Net Sown Area, 343Problems in Water Resources Development, 408Sarda-Yamuna Ramganga Grid, 383Storage Potential, 342At Varanasi, 340Water Quality, 411, 414Water Resources Development Projects, 365,

399, 403, 409Water Sharing, 1060Yamuna Doab, 367

Ganga Chukki, 707Ganga Flood Control Board, 1137Ganga of South, 301, 701Gangetic Floodplains, 55Garde and Kothyari Equation, 971Gauge-To-Gauge Correlation, 234Gawaligarh Hills, 564Gender Issues in Water Management, 1184Geological Information, 236Geology, 235Geomorphological Features, 235Gerald Lacey, 795Glacier, 6

Chaturangi, 25Chhota Shigri, 27Chong Khundam, 883Dokriani, 26Gangotri, 23, 24, 25Garhwal Himalaya Group, 23Ghanohim, 25Indian Himalayan, 22Kailash, 423Kalikundi, 481Kangchunga, 423Kanglung Kang, 419Kangri, 423Kirti, 25Kolhai, 26Lapchung, 423Lunkar, 423Maindi, 25Meru, 25Namcha Barwa, 424Nyenchen Tanglha, 423Punjab Himalaya Group, 23

Radio Isotope Study, 27Raktvarn, 25Swachand, 25Yamunotri, 344

Global Radiation, 191Global Warming, 1179Godavari, 7, 300, 301, 673, 674, 675, 677, 691

Allocation of Water By GWDT, 1043Annual Average Observed Runoff, 683Climate, 680Delta System, 684, 686Flood, 694, 698Rainfall Pattern, 680Soils, 679Temperature, 680Water Dispute Tribunal, 676, 1043Water Quality Levels, 681, 682Water Resources Projects, 682, 684, 695, 697

Gomti, 355, 590, 784Kalyani Doab, 355Water Quality, 355

Gomukh, 23, 336Gondwana System, 239Greater Ganga System

Schematic Diagram, 333, 407Green Water, 999Gross Domestic Product, 41Ground Water, 235, 279, 329

Artificial Recharge, 1174Assessment, 269, 270, 274, 277Balance Equation, 267Consumptive Use Efficiency, 74Contamination, 1002, 1023Dams, 1176Data Entry System (GWDES), 1161Data Processing Centers, 1161Development Scenario, 324, 329Draft, 75, 282, 283, 327Estimation Committee, 266, 280Extraction, 59, 283, 284, 288, 327, 1173Flow, 65, 73, 76, 77, 265Irrigation, 325, 800Level Fluctuation Method, 270Management, 1172Overexploitation, 264, 912Pollution, 1007, 1015, 1020, 1022Potential in India, 260, 321, 329, 442Potential in Indo-Nepal, 418Quality, 258, 284, 997, 1016, 1025Reservoir, 248Resources, 75, 226, 258, 266, 268, 269, 320,

321, 323, 330, 419Runoff, 67

1244 Index

Ground Water (Continued)Static, 259, 261, 262Storage, 76System, 235

GujaratWater Supply And Sewerage Board (GWSSB),

546Gulf of Khambhat, 302, 587

Hard Rock Formations, 248Hard Rock Region

Hydrological Problems, 931Hariyali, 1117, 1178Haryana State Minor Irrigation, 293Hasdeo Bango, 599, 608Haveli System, 826Heavy Rainfall, 20, 21, 113Helsinki Rules, 1039Himadri, 6Himalaya, 6, 15, 23, 40, 128, 299, 348Himalayan Region, 15, 40, 334, 434Himalayan Rivers Development Component,

1081, 1084Himayatsagar, 648Hindon – Kali Nadi Doab, 292HIS, 1158, 1159, 1163Historic Flood Events

Review, 961Human Resource Development, 1162Hydro-Meteorological Network, 59, 1155Hydroelectric Potential, 335, 461, 854, 855

Indian Rivers in Other Countries, 847Hydroelectric Project

Baglihar, 502, 1059Bhaba, 486Bhira, 757Bhivpuri, 757Chibro, 384Chilla, 384Chukha, 462Dehar, 354, 493, 495Dhalipur, 384Dhauliganga, 382, 392, 1136Dulhasti, 490, 502, 1136Ghanvi, 486Gunguwal and Kotla, 491Hathiari, 381Indirasagar, 1136Kakkad, 759Kalinadi, 757, 759Khara, 384Khodri, 384

Koti Bhel, 404, 405Kuttiyadi, 762Loktak, 463Mahatma Gandhi (Jog Falls), 743, 760Maheshwar, 548, 549Maneri Bhali, 384Nathpa Jhakri, 486, 498Nogli, 509In Operation, 850Pench, 692Purulia, 1136Pykara Singara, 758Rammam, 464Rangit, 464Renu Sagar, 386Sabarigiri, 758Salal, 500, 501, 1058Sharvathy, 760Sholayar, 761, 762Sivasmudram, 707Small Projects, 852, 856, 863Teesta, 310, 428, 464, 467, 1136Under Construction, 853Upper Sileru, 679, 691, 693in Uttaranchal, 404, 405Vishnuprayag, 382

Hydroelectrical Potential of Nepal, 848Hydrographic Features, 68Hydrologic

Abstractions, 67Budget, 65Cycle, 58, 65Data, 193, 232, 1156Design of Projects, 211, 213Water Balance, 72, 73, 77

HydrologicalAspects of Dam Safety, 959Data Processing Software, 1161Data Users, 1162and Hydrogeological Parameters, 278Information System (HIS), 1155Instrumentation, 1184Observations, 194, 256

Hydrology, 3, 58, 59of Basalts, 250of Lake, 56Research Directions, 1188

Hydrology Project, 99, 256, 1158, 1165States Covered, 1158Upgrading of HIS, 1157

Hydropower of India, 846, 848, 858Hysteresis, 208

Index 1245

IBWT ProjectsPlanning, 1071

IBWT SchemesWorld Wide Overview, 1072, 1073

Importance of Fracture Studies, 249Improvement in Water Use Efficiency, 821Incremental Isohyetal Method, 148Independent Catchment

Between Netravathy and Chandragiri, 745Between Sharavathi and Chakra River, 744Between Varahi and Netravathi River, 745

IndiaAgriculture Scenario, 42, 46Agro-Climatic Zones, 43, 46, 909Arid and Semi-Arid Zones, 897, 907, 908Atmospheric Water Balance, 73Classification of Urban Areas, 80Coastal and Inland Rivers, 302Conjunctive Use, 288, 289Crop Damages By Floods, 877Cropping Pattern, 43DAD Values of Severe Rainstorms, 139Distribution of Dams and reservoirs, 940,

943, 947Distribution of Past Severe Rainstorms, 122Drought Prone Areas, 151, 152, 897Electric Energy Scenario, 843Evaporation, 165Fauna, 49Flood Management, 884Flood Prone Areas, 152, 153, 874, 877Flora, 49Foodgrain Production, 907Gross Irrigated Area, 804, 812Hydro-Meteorologically Homogenous

Sub-Zones, 223Hydrogeology, 236, 237Importance of Forests, 41Important Rivers, 300Infiltration Studies, 252, 253Inter-Basin Water Transfer, 1069Irrigation Development, 811, 825Land Use Classification, 32, 33Main Centers of Rainstorms, 140Main Organizations Dealing With Water

Resources, 1111Major Geological Formations, 238Major River Basins, 297, 298, 312, 314, 317,

318, 942Major Stratigraphic Divisions, 237Mean Daily Temperature, 169Meteorological Sub-Divisions, 27Navigable Waterways, 862

Occurrence of Floods, 153Per Capita Water Availability, 1166, 1167Physical Environment, 3Physiographic Divisions, 5, 237Political Divisions, 9Polluted River Stretches, 1014Population, 47, 79, 80, 82Population Affected By Floods, 876Potential Evapotranspiration, 159, 165, 167Pre-Monsoon Season Rainfall, 112Principal Himalayan Rivers, 299, 301Pristine Rivers, 6Problems Related With Command Area

Development, 928Productivity of Selected Crops, 813Projected Foodgrain and Feed Demand, 84Projections of Population, 81Pumped Storage Development, 854, 858Rainfall, 15, 21, 104, 109, 112, 113, 114,

144, 152Ramsar Wetlands, 53Range of Infiltration Rates, 254Salient Features of Some Lakes, 988Salt Affected Areas, 923Scanty Rainfall Areas, 21Severe Rainstorms, 119Skewed Distribution of Water Resources, 1067Soils, 29Standard Snow Gauge Being Used, 93Statewise Forest Coverage, 36Statewise Irrigation Status, 906Sub-Continent, 9, 15Temperature, 169, 170, 174, 175, 434Utilizable Water Resources, 71WALMI’s, 1142Water Balance, 70, 71Water Poverty Index, 85Water Quality, 1000, 1032Water Related Problems, 872Water Resources Potential, 1066Waterlogged Area, 920Wetlands, 52, 56

India Meteorology Department, 14, 87, 165,1118, 1126, 1156, 1157

IndianForestry Policy, 40Mangroves, 39Ocean, 4, 15Standard Time, 4

Indian Association of Hydrologists, 1146Indian Council of Agriculture Research, 1128Indian Easements Act (1882), 1037Indian Institute of Science, 1145

1246 Index

Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology,133, 1133

Indian Institutes of Technology, 1145Indian Lakes

Problems, 987Indian National Committees, 1153Indian Remote Sensing Programme, 1119Indian Reservoirs

Empirical Equations, 970Loss of Storages, 970Sedimentation, 967, 973Trap Efficiency, 972

Indian River BasinsFloods, 878

Indian RiversAverage Chemical Composition, 1013

Indian SatellitesDevelopment and Deployment, 1120

Indian Water Resources Society, 1147India’s Renewable Energy Sources, 845Indo-Gangetic Alluvium, 30Indus, 4, 6, 308, 333, 473, 474, 475, 478, 1077

Allocation of Water among Indian States, 1079Climatic Features of Jammu Division, 478Contour Cultivation, 477Dams and Water Transfer, 504Efficient Water Management, 510Flash Floods, 508Flow Diagram, 479Ganga-Brahmaputra Alluvial Tract, 244Hydroelectric Projects, 511Replacement Project, 507Seasonal Flow, 489Seasonal Snowmelt Runoff, 97Surface Water Potential, 488Valley Civilization, 6, 333Wastewater Discharges, 509, 510Water Bodies, 504Water-Borne Diseases, 510Water Quality of Rivers, 510Water Resources, 489, 490, 507

Infiltration, 3, 67, 251, 1007Infiltration Rate

Empirical Relations, 252Inflow Design Flood, 214, 215Inglis Formula, 218Inland Water Resources, 297Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI),

1116Institutional Aspects, 1104Integrated Bathymetric Survey Equipment, 1160Integrated Wasteland Development Programme,

1117

Integrated Water Resources Management,1177

Intensity-Duration-Frequency, 146Inter-Basin Water Transfer, 1068, 1080,

1081, 1172Past Indian Experiences, 1074System Study, 1102

Inter-State Water Disputes, 1039Interlinking

Alternatives, 1102Himalayan Component, 1085Peninsular Component, 237, 1090, 1091, 1092Political Consensus, 1104Present Status, 1096Technology, 1103

Intermontane Valleys, 246International Commission

on Irrigation and Drainage, 1151on Large Dams, 939

International Crop Research Institute ForSemi-Arid Tropics, 1151

International Drinking Water Supply andSanitation Decade Program, 801

Irrigation, 804Commission, 73For Drought Proofing, 905Micro, 823Return Flow, 279Sprinkler and Drip, 822, 823

Irrigation Potential, 805, 806, 809Irrigation Water Quality, 1001Irrigation Water Requirement, 74Island

Andaman & Nicobar, 3, 9, 15, 785, 787, 788Great Nicobar, 788Hydrology and Water Resources, 785Lakshadweep, 3, 9, 788Majuli, 425Pitti, 788

Isohyetal Maps, 102, 148

Jahnavi, 306Jalachaitanyam, 1179Jammu & Kashmir

Water Bodies, 505Jharai, 817Jhumming, 460Jurassic System, 240Justice Bachawat, R.S., 1043, 1046Justice Balakrishna, Eradi V., 1056Justice Ramaswami, V., 1049

Index 1247

Kalingarayan Channel, 708Kanchenjunga, 6Kandi Belt, 476, 477Kaneval Tanks, 545Kankarbeds, 244Karakoram Stage, 241, 473Kendrapara, 607Khadar, 7Khandesh Plains, 566Khapuria Kalan-Tonga Area, 533Khari River, 746Khasi and Jaintia Hills, 12Khatawar, 817Khosla, A. N., 792, 970Killivally Rivers, 761Kirpich Equation, 221Konkan Coast, 7, 15Kosi

Problems, 359Krishna, 301, 308

Annual Average Observed Runoff, 651Deltaic Plain, 649Desired and Existing Water Quality Status, 652Gross Flow at Vijayawada, 651Major Water Resources Projects, 651, 670, 671State-Wise Drainage Area, 642Surface Water Potential, 650Under Construction Projects, 673Water Dispute Tribunal, 672, 1046, 1140

Kul (Diversion Channels), 826, 1168

Lake Effect, 157Lakes, 56, 57, 973, 975, 976, 996

Andhra, 757Chilika, 984Dal, 476, 978Khajjiar, 476, 981Kodaikanal, 986Kolleru, 986Loktak, 51, 463, 983Manchhar, 475Mansar, 476, 980Mansarover, 419, 484Nagin, 476, 979Nainital, 981Oxbow, 297Pichola, 1179Pushkar, 985Rakastal, 484Ramappa, 937Surinsar, 979Udaipur, 974

Udhagamandalam, 986Wular, 476, 490

Lakes and ReservoirsDifferences, 974

Land Slides, 509, 883Large Dams

Statewise and Riverwise Distribution, 944Lift Irrigation Project

Singatalur, 665, 669Link Project

Beas-Satluj, 493, 1079Cauvery–Vaigai-Gundar, 1093Damanganga-Pinjal, 1095Ghaghra – Yamuna, 1086Godavari-Krishna, 1089, 1091Inchampalli-Pulichintala, 1089Ken-Betwa, 1093Krishna – Pennar, 1091, 1093Mahanadi-Godavari, 1089Manas-Sankosh-Tista-Ganga, 1086Overview of Links, 1082Pamba-Achankovil-Vaippar, 1095Par-Tapi-Narmada, 570, 1094Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal, 1094Pennar - Cauvery, 1093Sarda-Yamuna-Rajasthan-Sabarmati, 1086,

1087, 1088Satluj-Yamuna, 1056

Long Range Monsoon Forecast, 149Lysimeter, 160

Mahadeo Hills, 561Mahanadi, 7, 300, 308, 597, 598, 600,

636, 689Climate, 602Delta, 605Gauge-Discharge Sites, 603Index Map, 598Major and Medium Projects, 605, 609, 610Pan Evaporation Data, 603Soils and Land Use, 603Statewise Distribution of Drainage Area, 598Water Availability, 604, 605Water Quality Aspects, 609, 610

Mahi, 309, 561, 589, 590, 591Water Quality, 595WRD Projects, 545, 592, 593, 594

Major River Basins of India, 114, 315Major Waterways Projects, 1116Malabar Coast, 7Malwa Plateau, 7Mangroves, 39Mawsynram (Near Cherrapunji), 21

1248 Index

Measurement ofDischarge, 193, 197Rainfall, 87Sediments, 208Seepage Losses From Canals, 255Snow, 92Stage, 196Transpiration, 158

MeteorologicalDisturbances, 120, 122Drought, 893Homogeneous Subdivisions, 105Observations, 87

Ministry of Agriculture, 1114Ministry of Environment & Forests, 1115Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources,

846Ministry of Power, 1114Ministry of Rural Development, 1117Ministry of Science & Technology, 1118Ministry of Surface Transport, 1116Ministry of Urban Affairs, 1116Ministry of Water Resources, 1112Minor Rivers of Tripura and Mizoram

State-Wise Distribution of Drainage Area, 784Mokama Group of Tals, 890, 891Monsoon, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 148Mountain

Kailash, 6, 482Mountain Range

Dhaola Dhar, 481Dhauladhar, 478Erramala, 727Haramosh, 473Kirthar, 473Nallamala and Velikonda, 727Pir-Panjal, 247, 478Satpura, 561, 564Shiwalik, 6, 7, 128, 241, 348, 481Sulaiman, 473Vindhyan, 4, 5, 7, 237, 239, 243, 591Zanskar, 247, 478

Mountains, 6, 7, 334, 335, 338, 358, 473, 565, 727

Narmada, 7, 300, 301, 309, 513, 514, 525,529, 531

Allocation of Water by NWDT, 1049Climate, 522, 527Flood, 554, 961Observed Runoff, 532Rainfall, 524, 526

Water Disputes Tribunal, 556, 1049Water Quality, 534, 535Water Resources, 528, 530Water Resources Projects, 534, 538, 539,

552, 553Narmada Bachao andolan (NBA), 543, 1149Narmada Control Authority, 513, 546, 557, 1125Narmada Valley Development Authority, 546National Center For Medium Range Weather

Forecasting, 1134National Commission on Agriculture, 74National Environment Engineering Research

Institute, 1132National Hydro-Electric Power Corporation

Limited, 1114, 1136National Institute of Hydrology, 1123, 1157National Institute of Ocean, 1170National Institutes of Technology, 1145National Lake Conservation Plan, 1171National Park

Corbett, 382Kaziranga, 469

National Perspective Plan, 1081National River Action Plan, 1171National River Conservation Directorate, 1135,

1171National Thermal Power Corporation Limited,

1114, 1136National Water Board, 1130National Water Development Agency, 1124National Water Grid (K L Rao), 1075National Water Policy (2002), 1155National Water Resources Council, 1129National Waterway

Sadia to Bangladesh Border, 471Natural Contaminants, 997Navigation Project, 861

Tulbul, 1059Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Sagar, 654Neeru-Meeru, 1179Nepal-India Collaboration, 1063Non-Irrigation Use, 74, 75Norms for Recharge, 279, 281Norms For Water Supply, 802North Eastern Regional Institute For Water and

Land Management, 1144North India Plains

Maximum (Observed) Rainfall Depths, 144Northeastern Region – Water Resources

Potential, 420Northern Hemispheric Temperatures, 17Nuclear & Isotope Techniques, 1184

Index 1249

Observation NetworksReview, 1159

Onset and Withdrawal of Monsoons, 16, 18Optimum Network Design, 92Organizations

Academic, 1144Central Government, 1121International, 1151Non-Governmental, 1147, 1178State Government, 1142

Palmer Drought Severity Index, 901Pan Coefficient Values, 164Pandoh-Baggi Tunnel, 493Pani Panchayat, 1185Pani Roko Abhiyan, 1168Papanasi Temple, 657Participatory Irrigation Management, 808, 830Patkar, Medha, 1149Peninsular Rivers Development Component,

1081, 1088Pennar, 300, 670, 701, 727, 727, 728, 729, 731,

732, 737, 741Land Use, 736Water Availability and Demand, 738Water Resources Projects, 736, 739, 740, 741

Per Capita Water Availability, 800Periyar-Vaigai System, 780, 781, 782Phi (�� Index Values, 226Piezometric Level, 255, 441Planning Commission, 1117Plateau

Chottanagpur, 7Deccan, 7Peninsular, 7Thuamul-Rampur, 679Tibetan, 434, 445

Pleistocene Period, 237, 241, 243Pollution, 997, 1007, 1016, 1020, 1025Power Regression Model, 149Pre-Cambrian Era, 237Precipitation, 65, 70, 73, 74, 88, 89, 101, 120,

134, 135, 235Pressure Pillows, 93Principal Crops Production, 43Professional Societies, 1146

Radiation, 189, 190Radioactive Substances, 1013Radiometers

Flat-Plate, 189

RainfallData, 103, 272, 331Depth-Area-Duration, 147Infiltration Factor, 273Types, 87

Rainfed Agriculture, 810Raingauge stations, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91Rainstorm Analysis, 129Rainwater Harvesting

Bamboo, 1168Rajamundry Sandstone, 248Rajiv-Longowal Accord, 1056Rao, K.L., 792Rashtriya Barh Ayog, 874Rating Curve, 206, 207, 208, 210Rational Method, 218, 220Rationalization of PMP Procedures, 130Ravi and Beas Water Tribunal, 1051, 1056Ravi-Beas Link, 490, 495Recharge, 76, 273, 274, 276, 279, 280, 282Recycle and Reuse of Water, 860, 1169Red River, 303Regional Disparities in Dam Construction,

953Regional Flood Frequency Relationships, 233Regional Flow-Duration Models, 212Regulator

Kallandiri, 783Memathur, 775Peranai, 783Sethiathope, 776Toludur, 776

Rehabilitation and Resettlement, 924Relative Economics of Projects, 950Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, 1183Republic of India, 9Reservoir Operation, 957Reservoir Sedimentation

Consequences, 963Retreat of Glaciers, 930Retreat of Selected Himalayan Glaciers, 931River

Adyar, 773Agar, 601Ajay, 362Alaknanda, 299, 336, 382Algur, 706Alseed Khad, 484Amazon, 297, 334Ambuliyaru, 779Ana, 480Anairvari, 776

1250 Index

River (Continued)Anas, 591Andhari, 679Andi Odai, 709Aner, 566Araikaduhalla, 707Aran, 679Aril, 355Ariyar, 709Arna, 564, 679Arpa, 601Arun Kosi, 358Arunavati, 566Asan, 384Asoi, 748Atrai, 428Ayyar, 709Azan, 358Bachleri, 480Badanadi, 766Badanalla, 765Bagh, 679Baghua, 766Bagi, 480Bagmati, 303, 359Bahuda, 765Baindurhole, 744Baink, 354Bamani, 391Banaiya, 748Banas, 352Bandi, 679, 747Banganga, 350Banjar, 520Barai, 599Bari, 358Bearma, 354, 374Beas, 6, 129, 291, 473, 481, 482Bembla, 678Betwa, 353Bewas, 354Bhadar, 592Bhadra, 642Bhaga, 479Bhaledh, 499Bhamri, 360Bhandarn, 634Bhini, 482Bhurburi, 360Borgong, 425Bori, 565Buray, 565Burhi-Dihing, 451

Burhi Gandak, 358Burhner, 520Butane, 357Chakan, 352Chandan, 304Chandra, 479, 490Chandrabhaga, 564Chandraprabha, 356Charan Ganga Khad, 484Charmanvati, 304Chenab, 6, 473, 478, 480Chenjiaru, 777Cherthono, 761Cheruthoni, 761Chilakaleru, 770Chinnakarai, 708Chinnar, 701, 708, 774, 776Chitravati, 728, 732, 735Chuha, 355Congo, 334Coonoor, 708Cooum, 773Dabawali Khad, 484Daksinaganga, 309, 673, 701Daman, 748Damanganga, 748, 750Darua, 362Dauna, 360Deccan, 240, 300Deo, 634Deoha (Gorra), 355Desang, 451Dhanei, 766Dhansiri, 451Dharla, 428Dhasan, 354, 374Dhobai, 360Dhund, 353Dibong, 451Dihang, 424Dikhow, 451Doddahalla, 708Donala Khad, 484Draining Into Bangladesh, 784Dudhna, 674, 678Dunarki, 482Durgavati, 356Duvvaleru, 770Eluru, 765Erai, 678Eru, 583Gachai, 355Gamrola Khad, 484

Index 1251

Gangan, 355Gautami Godavari, 674Gej, 601Ghaghara, 307, 338, 356, 357Ghambhar Khad, 484Ghanerav Nadi, 746Ghantihole, 744Ghod, 645Ghodahado, 766Goalundo, 338Golumuttapaya, 649Gomai, 566Guhiya, 747Gundar, 779Guria Nadi, 747Gurpur, 745Halai, 678Hanp, 601Harohar, 358Hasdo, 601Henne, 728Hindon, 350, 365Hinglo, 362Hiran, 519, 534, 591Hiranyakeshi, 647Honhole, 707Hooghly, 307Hyphasis, 481Ib, 599, 601Jainti, 362Jaldhaka, 428Jam, 678Jamaleru, 770Jamuna, 427Janjavathi, 767Jayamangali, 728, 735Jhelum, 473, 478, 501Jia-Bharali, 425, 451Jojari, 747Jomkai, 355Jonk, 598, 599, 601Jumbudi, 748Kabul, 473Kadanur, 703Kaith, 354Kakkabe, 703Kalab, 679Kalai, 789Kali, 6, 349, 358Kalisil, 353Kalisindh, 310, 352Kallaruc, 774Kamala, 359

Kamandalaru, 773, 778Kameri, 747Kane, 362Kangira, 634Kanhan, 692Kanhar, 357, 679Kankrauli, 353Kanur, 362Kar, 678Karamnasa, 356Karanga, 678Karmai, 591Karnafulli, 784Karunuti, 356Katpurna, 564Kavundi Aru, 773Kavundiarum, 773Ken, 354Khairi, 634Khajuri, 356Kharakhari, 766Kharhara, 599Khari, 353Khari Kherwa, 746Kharun, 601Kho, 355Khowai, 784Kiul, 357Kodamurutti, 709Koel, 357, 622Kolar, 521, 534, 552Kollur, 744Konduleru, 770Konkeru, 770Kopra, 354Kortalaiyar, 773Kothari, 353Kotri, 679Krishnawati, 747Ksipra (Markandeya), 310Kumbarhole, 703, 744Kumudavali, 643, 728Kunderu, 728, 735Kundlika, 757Kundlu Ki Khad, 484Kundur, 362, 739Kunleru, 773Kunu, 352Kurram, 473Kusai, 634Kusumba, 581Lakshmanathirtha, 703, 715Lambadug, 501

1252 Index

River (Continued)Lendi, 678Lidder, 480Little Gandak, 356Lohand Khad, 484Lohit, 308, 451Luni, 746Lunkar Khad, 484Madar, 357Madisalhole, 745Madu, 678Maha, 748Mahuadih, 598Malana, 500Malaprabha, 301, 653Man, 645Manas, 425, 451Manchu, 356Mand, 599, 601Mandratanaya, 765Maner, 674, 678Manjara, 674, 678, 686, 688Manneru, 770Manu, 784Marusudar, 480Mashi, 353Matelio, 748Mayangadi, 358Mayurakshi, 360, 392Mazam, 583Meghna, 333, 340, 427Mej, 352Mekaleru, 770Mithari, 747Moozhiyar, 759Morand, 517, 591Morel, 353Morhar, 357Moyar, 708Muhuri, 784Mukurthy, 758Mula, 645, 674, 677, 691, 757Mulki, 691, 745Mun, 564Muran, 679Murna, 564Musa, 648Musi, 648, 770Mutha, 645Nadisalu, 745Nagavali, 765, 766Nagavathi, 708Nalganga, 564

Nallar, 708Nandira (Berudi), 679Nandiyar, 709Narangi, 679Nari Odai, 709Neela, 757Neeru, 480Nile, 297, 303, 657Nira, 645Niredurgihalla, 707Ong, 599, 601, 608Onguraru, 777Orsang, 521Padma, 333, 338, 427, 766Palasan, 350Pamba, 758, 759, 774Panchnad, 358Panjhra, 565Papagani, 735Papangi, 728Parwan, 352Pasupaleru, 770Patalganga, 305Patalia, 748Pathro, 362Pavanje, 745Pedhi, 564Peerchu, 509Penganga, 674, 678, 679Pennai Aru, 775, 777, 778Penneru, 728Phunpharia Bala, 747Po-Tsangpo, 424Pohru, 478Pranhita, 674, 678Pugal, 480Pun-Pun, 309, 357Pungar, 709Punya Damini Bhima, 303Purna, 237, 564, 674, 678, 679Pusaro, 360Raidak, 428Raipur Luni, 747Rallavagu, 770Rapti, 356Sabari, 674, 679Sagi, 748Sai, 355Sanganurpallan, 708Sankh, 622, 637Sanwan, 350Saraswati, 311Sarayu, 309, 355, 356

Index 1253

Sarhali Khad, 484Sarvori, 493Seer Khad, 484Seethanadhi, 745Seonath, 598, 599Shankargundi, 744Shedhi, 480, 583Sheorinarayan, 598Shetrunji, 750Shiriya, 745Shutudri, 484Sikrahana, 358Sina, 645Sindh, 308, 310, 473, 478, 501Sipra, 310Sirsa Nadi, 484Siruvani, 708Siswan Nadi, 485Sita, 634Siul, 499Soan Nadi, 484Soel Khad, 484Sohal, 480Som, 590Somesar, 746Sone, 310, 357, 385Sonhad, 358Sukhar Khad, 484Sukri, 746, 747Sumer Nadi, 746Surhi, 601Suri, 350Survarnamukhi, 735, 767, 773Sutar, 482Swarna, 745Swat, 473Swetanadi, 776Talan, 482Tambraparni, 647, 779Tamchok Khambab Kangri, 419Tanadava, 765Teegaleru, 770Tel, 599, 602, 608Tepra, 360Thirot, 480Tidi, 590Tirna, 678Tirthan, 493Tista, 6, 427Tons, 349Trisuli, 358Tsangpo (Brahmaputra), 299, 358, 423Tumuni, 362

Ujh, 482, 501Ulan, 358Umtru, 465Upper Marudaiyar, 709Vag, 748Vaghur, 565Vaippar, 779Vaniaru, 774Vannattangarai, 708Varada, 643Varaha, 765Varshalei, 779Vasishta Godavari, 674Vasistanadi, 776Vedavati, 643Vegavathi, 728, 767Veluthodu, 759Venkatapur, 744Venna (Kanher), 666Venumuleru, 770Vidha Ganga, 673Vogarivagu, 771Voleru, 770Vonkala, 748Vottigedda, 767Waghari, 679Wakal, 581Wan, 564Wangchu, 465Wardha, 674, 678Wena, 678Wong, 428Yagachi, 705Yedamavinahole, 744Yenehole, 707, 745

River Basin Organizations, 1136, 1165River Boards Act, 1038River of Sorrow, 359Rivers

East Flowing, 300Inland Drainage Basin, 303Mythological Naming, 303Snow-Fed, 285West Flowing, 300

Rivers of PunjabWater Quality, 510

Rocks, 7, 237, 241, 248, 249

Sabarmati, 561, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582Major Projects, 583, 588

Sain, Kanwar, 793Salinity, 1018

1254 Index

Sangam, 312Sathya Sai Trust, 1150Satluj, 6, 291, 473, 485, 486, 487

Climatic Conditions, 486Floods, 508Hydropower Potential, 488, 500

Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited, 1115Satluj-Yamuna Link Canal Dispute, 1056Satmala Hills, 561Sea Water Intrusion, 1028Self Employed Women’s Association, 1185Shahpura-Bhedaghat Area, 533She Model, 534Shejpali, Block and Satta Systems, 818Singh, Bharat, 795Small Versus Big Dams, 951Snow and Glacier, 4, 22, 882Snow Gauge, 93, 94, 95Snowfall, 12, 93, 123Soil, 30, 31, 436, 735

Erosion, 997Salanisation, 254Salinity, 922

Solar Radiation, 189Sources of Pollution, 1002South-Western Peninsula, 17Southern (Assam) Mountainous Region, 435Southwest and Northeast Monsoons, 15, 87Spillway Design Flood, 214Stanley, George Frederick, 718State Pollution Control Boards, 1131Storage Project

Akhuapada, 635Almatti, 641, 654, 655, 1048Anjanapura, 643Aswan, 657Aunali, 638Avalanchi, 719Baghla, 397Bahoribund, 519Baigul, 397Balimela, 690, 691Baner, 502Bansagar Tons, 390Barwasagar, 937Baspa, 486, 499Bassi, 499Baura, 616Bennihora, 662, 663Bhadha, 643, 662, 663Bhakra-Nangal, 484, 485, 490, 491, 960, 972Bhavani, 701, 703, 708, 718Bhima, 301, 303, 645, 646, 662, 664

Bhopalpatnam, 674, 684, 690Bommanhalli, 757Bursar, 502Chambal, 293, 304, 350, 352, 389Chamera, 499, 500, 502, 1136Chandil, 615Chekkanur, 718Chikkhole, 707, 961Chutak, 502Dadaraghati, 638Derjang, 639Dharma, 643Dharoi, 583, 584Doyang, 463, 464Dudhawa, 607Emerald, 719Gandak, 293, 304, 338, 358, 399Gandhisagar, 387, 389, 972, 1179Gangao, 375Gariep, 952Getalsud, 617Ghatprabha, 290, 301, 647, 654, 658, 660, 665Glenmorgan, 758Gobind Sagar, 491Gohira, 638Gomukhi, 776Gondali, 608Guhai, 583, 586Hagari-Bommanhalli, 643Halali (Samrat Ashok Sagar), 354, 387Haldia, 616Harabhanghi, 765, 769Harangi, 703, 704, 721, 722Harike, 496, 510, 982Harnav, 581, 583, 584Hathmati, 582, 585, 586Hathnur, 570Hemavathi, 703, 705, 715, 721, 722, 723Hidkal, 659Hirakud, 290, 599, 605, 606, 636, 960, 972Hulical, 759Icha, 616Idamalayar, 759Idukki, 761Inchampalli, 674, 684, 685, 1043Indrasi, 585Indravati, 674, 689, 690Jai Samand, 937Jakham, 591, 592Jambhira, 616Jamrani, 385Jawahar Sagar, 389Jawai, 583, 747

Index 1255

Jayakwadi, 674, 684Jurala, 641Kabini, 701, 706, 719, 721, 723, 724Kadamparai, 758Kadana, 593, 684Kaddam, 689, 961Kadra, 758Kakki, 758Kalaput, 693Kalpsaar, 587Kanjhari, 634, 635Kansabahati, 637, 955Kapur, 679, 689Karanja, 686Karla, 937Karnali, 356, 398, 462Khadakwasala, 961Khandong, 463Kishanganga, 502Kishau, 385Kodasalli, 758Kodayar, 761Kol, 503Konar, 361, 394Koneripatti, 718Kopili, 451, 463Kosi, 308, 338, 355, 358, 359, 398, 955Koyna, 664Krishna, 7, 300, 641, 642, 644, 649, 650, 653,

666, 670Krishnagiri, 289, 775Krishnarajasagar, 701, 702, 707, 715, 716Kundah Palam, 708, 719, 720Kyrdemkulai, 465Lachaura, 375Limla, 586Linganamakki, 760, 761Machhu, 748, 749, 961Machkund, 693Madurantakam, 773Mahi Bajaj Sagar, 593Maithon, 361, 394, 395Malprabha, 644, 664, 666, 667, 955Manair, 688, 689Mandira, 637Mangala, 508Manibhadra, 608Manimukta, 775, 776Markendaya, 647, 665, 669, 774Massanjore, 392Matatila, 391, 972Mettur, 701, 703, 717, 718, 719, 774Mitti, 750

Mukerian, 500Mulshi, 757Murumsilli, 607Mylavaram, 737Nagarjunasagar, 641, 657, 658, 759, 955Narayanpur, 641, 653, 654Narmadasagar, 547Nerunjipettai, 718Nimoo Bazgo, 503Nizamsagar, 684, 688, 1044Nongkhylle, 465Nugu, 719Obra, 389Omkareshwar, 548, 549, 1136Osmansagar, 648, 668, 670Pagladiya, 465Pahari, 375Paithan, 1044Palitana, 750Panam, 593Pancheshwar, 398, 462Panchet, 361, 395, 961Pandoh, 490Parbati, 352, 391, 493, 500, 503, 1136Pegumbahallah Forebay, 720Periyar, 759, 761, 780, 782, 937, 1077Pillur, 720Pitamahal, 637, 638Pochampad, 1044Podagada, 679, 689Polavaram, 674, 684, 685, 1043Pong, 481, 490, 494, 495Pravara, 674, 684, 691Problems in Decision Making, 949Pulichintala, 641, 657Quoich, 952Rajghat, 386Rajsamand, 937Ramganga, 354, 382Ramiala, 639Ramsagar, 391Rana Pratap Sagar, 389Ranganadi, 425, 464Rani Avanti Bai Sagar (Bargi), 549, 550Ranjit Sagar, 490, 496, 504Ravishankar Sagar, 605, 607Remal, 635Rengali, 636, 637, 690Renuka, 397Rihand, 357, 385, 386, 939Sagileru, 728, 733, 734, 735Salanadi, 634, 635Sanjay Sarovar, 693

1256 Index

Storage Project (Continued)Sankosh, 425, 451, 462Saptakoshi, 462Sarda-Sahayak, 291, 355Sardar Sarovar, 537, 540, 541, 546,

955, 1150Sathanur, 741, 775Savahaklu, 760Sei, 581, 583Sewa, 503, 1136Shanan, 501Siang, 424, 465Siddheswar, 360, 1044Siyom, 466Somasila, 737, 740, 741Sondur, 607Sriram Sagar, 674, 683, 688Srisailam, 641, 654, 656Stanley, 703Subansiri, 466, 625Subbareddysagar, 769Supa, 759Talakalake, 760Tandula, 599, 608Tapovan Vishnugarh, 382Tarbela, 507Tawa, 522, 551, 955Tehri, 376, 377, 378, 379, 960Telugu Ganga, 670, 1078Thein (Ranjit Sagar), 501Tigra, 961Tilaiya, 361, 394Tillari, 756Tipaimukh, 467Totaladoh, 692Tungabhadra, 289, 301, 310, 641, 642, 643,

659, 661, 665, 701, 1079Ujjani, 645Ukai, 562, 570, 572, 960, 961Umiam, 465Umrong, 463Upper Aliyar, 761Upper Kolab, 690, 692Upper Tunga, 664, 668Upper Wainganga, 674, 678, 679, 693Uri, 501, 504Vaigai, 779, 780, 782Vanivilas Sagar, 660, 662Varahi, 759Vidur, 777Vihar, 937Vyasi, 381

Watrak, 583, 587Working Expenses and Receipts, 835In Vicinity of Dehradun, 384

Storms, 87, 131, 132Stream Gauging Networks, 193, 194Subarnarekha, 310, 611, 612, 613

Observed Runoff, 615Projects, 615, 618, 619Water Pollution Problems, 620Water Quality Levels, 623

Sunshine, 39, 50, 167, 184, 186, 192, 363Surface Water and GW Agencies, 1161Surface Water Data Entry System (SWDES),

1161SW Data Processing Centers, 1161Swajaldhara, 1117

Tajmahal, 346Tank

Damavas, 584Palakmati, 517Pariej, 545Patera, 584Percolation, 1176

Tapi, 300, 301, 310, 561, 562, 563, 564, 566,567, 568, 570, 961

Floods, 573Groundwater Potential, 577, 578Meteorological Data, 567, 569Population and Agriculture, 566, 568Water Quality, 578, 579Water Resources Projects, 570, 571, 577

Tarun Bharat Sangh, 1149, 1179Task Force, 1188Tehri Hydro Development Corporation, 1115Terai Region, 7, 244Terrace Cultivation, 825The Energy And Resources Institute, 1148Thermal Power Station

Anpara, 386Harduaganj, 382Rihand Nagar, 386Shakti Nagar, 386Talchur, 690Vindhya Nagar, 386

Thermometers, 168Thiessen Polygon Method, 101Thomason College of Civil Engineering, 363Thunderstorms, 20Tidal Waves, 18Tracer Technique, 255

Index 1257

Transitional Season, 17Transmissivity, 243, 250Transpiration, 67, 75, 158Treated Wastewater, 1006Treaty

Indo-Pak, 490, 507, 1057, 1079International, 1057Mahakali, 1059

Tri-Partite Agreement, 618, 620Triassic System, 240Tsunamis, 884Tungabhadra Board, 1139Tutulia (The Western Channel), 428

U.N. General Assembly, 1039U.N. Millennium Development Goals, 998UH Studies, 218, 228Ukai Operation policies, 574, 576Union List, 1036Union Subject, 1036UP Irrigation Research Institute, 1143Urban Drainage, 880

Valley of Euphrates, 6Varahamihira, 58, 61Vembanad Estuary, 751Visvesvaraya, 791Vrindavan Garden, 717

Warabandi or Osrabandi, 816Water

Availability, 71, 212, 872, 1175Balance, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75Budget Equation, 65Conservation, 1166, 1167Demand, 799, 802, 815, 845, 861, 866Depth and Soil Type, 157Derelict, 297Desalination, 1169Distribution Practices in India, 816Diverted from Rivers, 75Electrical Conductivity, 258Governance, 1186Harvesting, 1179Information System, 1165Initiatives Needed in India, 1185Issues and Challenges, 1186Level Recorder, 197, 1161Losses Due To Evaporation, 168Management Problems, 335Pollution, 997, 1003, 1170Poverty Index, 84, 85

Pricing, 1182Related Diseases, 1029, 1030, 1031Rights, 1037, 1099, 1182Samples, 258Supply for Metropolitan Cities, 915Technology Center, 1129, 1145Temperature, 178Tribunals, 1039Use Efficiency, 800Withdrawal, 74, 76, 737

Water and Power Consultancy Services (India),1124

Water FallBhara Chukki, 702, 707Dhuandhara, 514Gagana Chukki, 702Kapildhara, 513Nandhar, 515Sahastradhara, 514Shivasamudram, 702

Water Quality, 156, 470, 639, 650, 739Water Resources, 3, 15, 71, 193, 335, 419, 1152

Development Training Centre, 1147Professionals, 791Project, 210, 330, 616, 808Requirement, 799

Waterlogging, 76, 254, 891, 917, 918, 997Watershed, 218, 1117, 1177

Bhairabanki, 1178Hierarchical Coding, 1178

Weather Disturbances, 19, 20, 87Weighing Type Lysimeter, 160Weir

Anderson, 361Bariarpur, 375Bhimgoda, 366Birupa, 607, 625Chhapra, 584Dahigaon, 570Dhukwan, 374Dhupal, 587Dupdhal, 658Hathmati, 586Himatnagar, 586Kakrapar, 562, 570Kenyatta, 584Lodhama, 464Mamrechi, 584Nirallapallam, 720

Well, 75, 264, 265, 1007West

Coast, 7, 14, 15, 87, 285

1258 Index

West (Continued)Flowing River System, 743, 744, 745,

751, 752, 753, 754, 763, 764Westerly Current, 15Western

Deserts, 14, 15Ghats, 4, 5, 7, 15, 87, 641, 701

Wetland, 51, 55, 56, 470White Water, 999Wildlife Sanctuaries, 469WISDOM, 1162World

Health Organization (WHO), 1010Hydropower Generation, 842, 843Major Rivers, 298Storage Projects, 950

World WaterInventory, 69Reserves, 70

Wright’s Southern Oscillation Index, 151, 873

Yamuna, 311, 338, 344, 346, 347, 348Action Plan, 413River Board, 1139Water Dispute Tribunal, 1055Water Quality Levels, 587, 588

Yamunotri Temple, 344Yellow River, 303

Zabo System, 825