Reformation: Reforms in the Christian Church

Warm-Up = Northern Renaissance• 1. T or F = The Northern Renaissance refers to the

ideas of the Renaissance spreading north of the Italian Peninsula.

• 2. T or F = Even though the printing press copied books, unfortunately, education did not improve.

• 3. T or F = The printing press helped to spread ideas of the Renaissance.

• 4. T or F = Gutenberg is important to the Renaissance due to him copying a Bible on his printing press.

• 5. T or F = William Shakespeare was a famous inventor that rivaled Leonardo da Vinci.

What to do!!!!

• Copy the following 12 definitions on to your study guide or in to your notes.

• Create a graphic organizer with write each of the 5 questions in a block/section of your paper

• Read each of the slides and answer the questions!!!

Key Vocabulary• Martin Luther -German priest who protested against the

Roman Catholic Church• Indulgences- – items purchased which shortened

punishment from sinning; “get out of Hell cards”• Latin – the language of ancient Rome and its empire, • 95 Theses -the list of complaints about practices and

beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church• Reformation -a reform movement against the Roman

Catholic Church• Catholics -a member of the Roman Catholic Church.• Protestants - those who protested against the Roman

Catholic Church

• Excommunication - to be kicked out of the Roman Catholic Church

• Peace of Augsburg- was a treaty between Charles V and an alliance of Lutheran princes. It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire.

• Counter Reformation– the Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation

• Jesuits - an order of Roman Catholic priests; the order began sending missionaries throughout the world to convert people to Roman Catholicism.

• Inquisition -Church court set up to find heretics; used greatly in Spain to find: Muslims, Jews and Protestants

REVIEW YOUR VOCABULARY

•HINT!!!!

1. ______ - the Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation

2. _____ - the list of complaints about practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church

3. ______ - supporters of the Renaissance artists

4. ______ – humanism ideas spread into northern Europe; it took on a more religious form

5. ______ - a German blacksmith who developed a printing press that used moveable type

6. ______ - means “rebirth” and refers to the period that followed Europe’s Middle Ages

7. _____ - wealthy business men who rose in political power on the Italian Peninsula

8. ______ -items purchased which shortened punishment from sinning; “get out of Hell

cards

9. _______ - those who protested against the Roman Catholic Church

10. ______ - a reform movement against the Roman Catholic Church

A. Renaissance B. 95 Theses C Gutenberg D. Reformation E. Northern Renaissance F. Patrons G. Counter Reformation H. Indulgences I. Protestants J. Aristocrats

• GRAPHIC Organizer• Title a clean piece of paper:

Protestant Reformation• 2. Feel free to organize your paper into a

graphic organizer to place each question on the next slide in its own box.

• 3. As you read the slides complete each of the questions.

Create a graphic organizer-Questions1. How did the Renaissance help the Reformation to begin? How did the Renaissance help spread the Reformation to other areas in Europe?2. � What issues did some Europeans have with the Catholic Church?3. What steps did Martin Luther and others take to

bring reforms to the Catholic Church?4. Compare and contrast Catholic ideas with

Protestant ideas.5. What steps did the Catholic Church take to respond to the Reformation?

5/22 Vocabulary additions• Copernicus –Polish astronomer who proved the

sun was the center of the universe; The Church said No!!

• Galileo – – Italian astronomer who proved Copernicus was correct; used a telescope to study Jupiter’s moons

• Francis Bacon -English scientist who is considered the father of the Scientific Method

• John Calvin – succeeded Martin Luther; a French priest and philosopher who believed in predestination, or that God already knew everything and had already planned events

Renaissance Ideas Are Dangerous!• The Renaissance caused many

people to question life and seek understanding of how the world works.

• Nicholas Copernicus developed a theory that stated the Sun was the center of the universe – the Catholic Church said he was wrong – and banned his work.

• Galileo Galilei used a telescope and proved Copernicus was correct – the Catholic Church jailed Galileo- and banned his work.

Francis Bacon • Sir Francis Bacon of England served in the court of King

James I. • A brilliant lawyer and statesman, he rose to the post of

Lord Chancellor. This is one of the highest offices in England, responsible for the courts.

• However, Bacon’s most lasting contributions were as a philosopher and thinker in the movement known as the Enlightenment.

• He promoted modern science and championed reason.• To advance learning, he rejected the traditional systems

of the past. • He advocated methods of observation and testing.

Father of the Scientific Method

Martin Luther • The German monk Martin Luther (1483-1546) was one of the most important critics of the church.–Wealth–Corruption– Indulgences – granted

full or partial remission of the punishment of sin. get out of hell cards!

Martin Luther• He was troubled about the possibility of

not going to heaven. • He led a strict life, but was worried about

sin. • Luther read the writings of early Christian

theologians, including St. Augustine, and the Bible.

• He found the answer he was looking for in Paul's Letter to the Romans (Romans 1:17 - "The righteous shall by his faith.") Only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person.

• No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

95 Theses• In 1517, Luther wrote

95 Theses, or statements of beliefs, attacking church policies.

• Copies were printed on Gutenberg’s printing press, and handed out throughout Western Europe.

• The church responded by excommunicating Luther, and tried him for treason.

Bibles In My Own Language• Before more damage

could be done, Luther went into hiding.

• While in hiding, he translated the Bible from Latin into German so that all literate, German-speaking people could read it.

• Under Luther’s leadership, many Europeans began to challenge the practices of the Roman Catholic Church.

Protestants - Luther’s followers were called Protestants because they protested

against the Catholic Church.

Catholics

• Bible should be written in Latin.• Church services should be

spoken in Latin.• A person must speak with a

priest to have their prayers heard.

• The Pope is God’s representative on Earth.

• A person must do good works to go to Heaven.

Protestants

• Bibles should be written in the language of its people.

• Church services should be spoken in the language of the people.

• A person should be allowed to pray directly to God.

• Who decides who is “God’s representative” on Earth?

• A person needs faith alone to get into Heaven.

Protestant Reformers Emerge

King Henry VIII of England

1. 1536: England to Brussels – William Tyndale – translated the Bible into English. He was executed.2. 1541: France to Switzerland –

John Calvin – succeeded Martin Luther. Calvin believed in predestination, the idea that God knew who would be saved even before they were born.

all events have been willed by God

3. 1534: England – King Henry VIII – outlawed the Catholic Church and declared himself the head of the Church in England or the Anglican Church…this was personal, not religious!

Spread of Protestant ReformationBy 1600, Protestantism had spread to England and the Scandinavian Peninsula. Protestants pushed to expand education for more Europeans. They did this because being able to read meant being able to study the Bible thanks to copies being made from Gutenberg’s printing press.

• They also encouraged translation of the Bible

into the native language of each country.• Leaders encouraged Protestantism because

it weakened the power of the Pope and the Church in the land they ruled.

The Counter Reformation• The Roman Catholic Church

responded – positively and negatively- to the Reformation by launching its own movement in the mid-16th century.

• As part of this movement, called the Counter Reformation, the church …– stopped selling indulgences,– Banned Protestant books and

the Protestant faith,– Fought religious wars,– Missionaries to spread the

Catholic faith called Jesuits, or Society of Jesus.

Warm-UP

The Spanish Inquisition

1. An organization of priests who looked for and punished anyone who practiced religion other than the Catholic faith of Christianity.2. 1478 to 18343. Started by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, who wanted only Christians in their kingdom.4. Jews and Muslims were forced to convert or leave Spain….later, Protestants were sought.5. Although records are incomplete, estimates of the number of persons charged with crimes by the Inquisition range up to 150,000 with 2,000 to 5,000 people actually executed.

Peace of Augsburg• Many people and leaders in Western Europe still supported the Catholic Church.

• This conflict led to religious wars that ended in 1555.

• At that time, the Peace of Augsburg declared that German rulers could decide the official religion of their own state.

Thirty Years’ War• The Thirty Years' War was a

series of wars in and around the Holy Roman Empire between 1618 and 1648 lasting for thirty years.

• It was one of the longest, most destructive conflicts in European history

• Land, people, and the economy were destroyed.

• Initially a war between Protestant and

Catholic states in the pulling apart of the Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more of a conflict between the great powers of Europe, becoming less about religion.

• The Thirty Years' War saw the devastation of entire regions, with famine and disease significantly decreasing the population of the German and Italian states.

• The war also bankrupted most of the countries that were fighting the war.

• Both mercenaries and soldiers in armies were expected to fund themselves by looting or extorting tribute, which imposed severe hardships on the people of the invaded countries.

• The Thirty Years War persuaded everybody that neither the Protestants nor the Catholics could be completely victorious and dreams of an empire, united under a Catholic Church had to be abandoned.

• The wars ended with The Peace of Westphalia – which gave Protestant Princes in the Holy Roman Empire the right to continue their practices and increased the power among other countries and states in Europe..

Who won?

Both sides seemed to have both won and lost…..

• Europe still remained in limbo over what do with the religion of Europe… the control of Popes and rulers………and the rights of people.

• Areas today (Northern Ireland) still have arguments between Catholics and Protestants.

5/29 Vocabulary additions• Henry VIII - King of England who took control

of religion and made the monarch the head of the Church in England

• Ferdinand and Isabella – king and queen of Spain; united Spain, kicked out Jews & Muslims, funded Columbus’s voyage

• Christopher Columbus – an Italian explorer who sailed for Spain attempting to find a new trade route to Asia; discovered the “New World”