Reformation,RevolutionandCrisis

inEuropeanHistory,Cultureand

PoliticalThought

InternationalConference,theUniversityof

Sydney,

29Novemberto1December2017

NewLawBuilding,100

DayOne:November296pmKeynoteAddressLutherandDreamsLyndalRoperChair:PeterMorganDiscussant:CatMoirLocation:LawSchoolFoyer,Level2DayTwo:November309.15amSign-InLocation:NewLawSchool,Room1009.30amWelcometoCountry,Organisers’Welcome9.45amTheReformationanditsDiscontentsChair:RolandBoerTheNewWorldandtheReformationGiacomoBianchino

Reform,RevolutionandGermanExceptionalisminErnstBlochandHugoBallCatMoirTheEconomicEffectsofCatholicChurchCensorshipDuringtheCounter-ReformationJordiVidal-Robert11.15amMorningTea11.30amTheFrenchRevolutionanditsAftermathChair:RogerMarkwickTheRoleoftheSpectatorintheFrenchRevolutionFelicityNandaJaroszTheScienceofProof:ForensicMedicineinFrance1789-1900ClaireCage12.30pmLunch1.15pmKeynoteAddressTheRussianRevolutionasaTransformatoryEvent.GraemeGill

2pmOntheRussianRevolution Chair:BronwynWinterViolence,Emancipationandthe1917RussianRevolutionsRogerMarkwickTheBolshevikRevolutionasSeenbyVladimirNabokovandHisFather,anditsAfterlifeinHisWorkDavidPotter3pmAfternoonTea3.15pmRemakingtheHumanintheInterwarYearsChair:ElizabethRechniewskiSurrealism,GenderandRevolutionarySubjectivityRoryDufficyARevolutionaryApproachtoPhysicalCulture?:Communists,Democrats,andFascistsAcrossNationalBoundariesinInterwarEuropeKeithRathbone4.15pmShortBreak

4.30pmLinguisticAndPoliticalDecolonisationChair:RobertAldrich1947:Madagascar,ReformorRevolutionElizabethRechniewskiLaLanguedenosmaîtres :PrésenceAfricaineandtheQuestionofLanguageattheEndofFrenchEmpireSarahClaire-Dunstan6.30pmConferenceDinnerGlebePointDinerLocation:407GlebePointRoad,Glebe

DayThree:December19.30amLogicsofRevolutionaryChangeChair:RobertBoncardoTheLogicalNecessityoftheWeakestLink,or,WhySuccessfulSocialistRevolutionsTookPlaceOutsideEuropeRolandBoerOftheDualityofCrises–the2008FinancialCrisisasEconomicsandIdeologyintheBritishContextClémenceFourtonWhigHistoryandthePoliticsofCrisisCharlesRichardson11amMorningTea11.15amRevolutionaryCommunities,ReligiousCommunitiesChair:CatMoirReadingtheSignsoftheTimes:TheMoravianBrethren'sQuietRevolutionChristinaPettersonMissionaryTexts:Authority,Masculinity,andReformMariaVeber

12.15pmLunch1pmFrenchMaoismChair:RoryDufficyCourageandEscapeinPost-WarFrance:TheFalloutofMay‘68intheWorksofAlainBadiouandMauriceBlanchotPeterKorotaevTheShanghaiCommuneandFrenchMaoismRobertBoncardo2pmShortBreak2.10pmTheMakingofModernEuropeChair:CatMoirTheCongressofBerlin:mappingtheBalkans140yearsonNinaMarkovicTheRighttoAsylum:OneoftheGreatContradictionsofModernEuropeanHistoryBronwynWinterIsThereaPhilosophicalEuropeanism?MarkKelly

3.40pmAfternoonTea4pmConferenceRound-UpThelegacyofreformandrevolutioninEuropeChair:VrasidasKaralisDiscussants:BronwynWinter,LyndalRoper,CatMoir,GraemeGill4.30pmConferenceClose

AbstractsLutherandDreamsLyndalRoperLutherregularlylabelledsuperstition,Catholicdogma,andthebeliefsoftheTurksandtheJews,as‘dreams’.‘Lautersomnia’,puredreams,wasoneofhisfavouriteinsults,andhelikednothingbetterthantodebunkthem.YetLutherwasalsofascinatedbysignsandportents,andthoughheoftenjokedaboutdreams,hetoonotedimportantdreams.DreamsalsohappenedtoberecordedatkeyturningpointsoftheReformation,andtheygiverareinsightintoLuther’sdeepestanxietiesandfeelings.Discussedcollectively,Lutherandhisfollowersuseddreaminterpretationstocommunicateconcernstheydidnotdiscussexplicitly.Thislectureexploreshowhistorianscanmakeuseofdreamstounderstandthesubjectivityofpeopleinthepast.TheNewWorldandtheReformationGiacomoBianchinoHegel’ssomewhatconfusedfidelitytotheReformation(perhapstheBadiousianEventpar-excellence)showsthateveninthe19thcentury,itspoliticalmeaningwasstillintheprocessofbeingcreated.HedefinesthenewLutheranismaspreconditionofanewlyreflectivesubjectivism.Itisalso,however,theheraldofamovementtowardstoleranceanduniversalism.HegelanchorsthesetwoProtestantreflectionstoathirdterm,decidedlyhistorical.ThisisthediscoveryandsettlementofAmerica.InHomoSacer,AgambenquotesLocke’spositionthat“Inthebeginning,alltheworldwasAmerica.”TheNewWorldrepresentedaStateofExceptionthatnotonlyformedpartofthelogicofEuropeansovereignty,butbecamelodgedatthefoundationofitsredefinition.ThefacticityofAmericademandstheinaugurationofthe‘EuropeanIdea.’Indiscoveringalimit-situation,Europeisforcedinwards.TheReformation,then,appearsasthemediatingtermbetweentheageofdiscoveryandEuropeanidealism.TheProtestantturntoinnerlichkeitwasamannerofcopingwiththeexpansionofcontentforthe“human”concept.Indiscoveringthelimitsoftheexternalwithintheinternal,Protestantismgivesbirthtoitstwochiefsciences:CriticalPhilosophyandAnthropology.ThispaperseekstoplottheReformationonadiagonalbetweenthediscoveryoftheNewWorldandthecriticalinventionoftheIusPublicEuroepaeam.ItarguesthattheProtestanttautologybetweeninnerand

outerthatdefinedtheattemptstoreconceivethehumanacrosssubsequentcenturies.Suchastruggletoequatetheselfwiththeothercontinues,indeed,toinformthe“cultural”struggleswiththeNewWorldinEuropetoday.Reform,RevolutionandGermanExceptionalisminErnstBlochandHugoBallCatMoirThelegacyoftheReformationhasbeenofteninvokedtoexplainmomentsofcrisisinEurope.Perhapsthemostfamousexampleisthe‘Luther-to-Hitler’thesisputforwardbysomehistoriansaftertheSecondWorldWartoarguethatLutherstoodattheoriginofacultofauthorityinGermanhistory,whicheventuallymadefertilegroundforthegrowthofNationalSocialism.ThispaperreconsiderstheroletheReformationhasplayedinframingthequestionofGermanexceptionalismbyexaminingcomparativelythecontributionsoftwoWeimarauthorstothesedebates.IntheaftermathoftheFirstWorldWar,andtheRussianOctober(1917)andGermanNovember(1918-19)revolutions,ErnstBloch(1885-1977)andHugoBall(1886-1927)bothlookedtothepastinsearchofexplanationsforthecrisesoftheirowntime.ConcernedtounderstandwhyGermanyhadembracedtheprospectofwarsoenthusiastically,andwhyitsrevolutionhadfailedwheretheRussianwasperceivedtohaveinsomesensesucceeded,theyinvokedanarrativeofGermanexceptionalismwhichthetracedbacktoMartinLuther’sdefeatoftheradicalReformationledbyThomasMünzer.YetwhileforBlochMünzerbecameaclass-heroanteremandtheheraldofacollectivistfuture,forBallhewasthecipherofwhatAnsonRabinbachhascalledan‘invertednationalism’thatalsoincludedanti-Semiticracism.ByexposingthesedifferentialreceptionsofReformationhistory,thepaperseekstoshedlightonthecomplexwaysinwhichthispasthasbeenusedtounderstandGermany’sroleincrisesofEuropean(nottosayglobal)proportionsTheEconomicEffectsofCatholicChurchCensorshipDuringtheCounter-ReformationJordiVidal-RobertWepresentanewdatabaseofthepopulationofbookscensoredbytheCatholicChurchduringtheCounter-Reformationperiod(16thandbeginningof17thcenturies)containinginformationontitles,authors,georeferenced

printingplacesandprinters.Weidentifycensoredbooksbytopic(religion,sciences,socialsciencesandarts),languages,countrieswherebookswhereprohibited,anddescribepatternsofcensorshipacrosspoliticalentitiesinEuropeovertime,usingtheindexproducedinRome(startingin1564)aswellaslocalindexesofprohibitedbookssuchastheIndexofLouvainandtheIndexoftheSpanishInquisition.Wethentesttheeffectsofcensorshiponthenumberofprintedbooks,onthelocationofthinkers,onthespreadofProtestantismandultimatelyoncitygrowth.PreliminaryresultssuggestthatCatholiccensorshipdidhaveanimpactonthepublicationofbooksand,therefore,onthediffusionofknowledge.TheRoleoftheSpectatorintheFrenchRevolutionFelicityNandaJarosz In“AnOldQuestion”(1798)KantdescribesthemanifestationofauniversaldisinterestedsympathybeheldintheeyeofthespectatoroftheFrenchRevolution.Thishasbeenalternativelycriticisedasanapparentcontradictionofhisowncategoricalimperativetest,(Neiman,1994,Reiss,1956)orforthemoraldepthofsuchaperspectiveofenthusiasm(Clewis,2009).Therefore,Kant’sviewsontheFrenchRevolutionremainproblematicforanappraisalofhismoralphilosophy.Howisitpossibletobeenthusiasticoftheimplicationofviolencetoseekresolutioninrevolutionaryends?However,aninvestigationintothefeelingofenthusiasmspeakstoasignificantlandmarkofcrisisinwhichKantframesthedistinctionbetween,“historynotasaspeciesaccordingtothegenericconcept(singulorum),butasthetotalityofhumanbeingsunitedsociallyonearthandapportionedintopeoples(universorum)”(Kant,1798).Mypaperwillcommentonthisdivisiontoanalysethecomparativeparticularityandgeneralityofhumanity’smoralhistoryinthefaceofcrisis.TheScienceofProof:ForensicMedicineinFrance1789-1900ClaireCageAmongtheprofoundchangeswroughtbytheFrenchRevolutionwasthetransformationoftherelationshipbetweenlaw,medicine,andsociety.Abroadrangeofactorswithdifferentstakescametoconfront,contest,andultimatelyacceptnewformsofmedicalandscientificknowledgethatwere

pioneeredinFranceandwereappliedtolegalproblemsandtheadministrationofjustice.Thispaperanalyzeshowmedicalandscientificknowledgewasconstructedinrelationtotransformationsinthelegalandpenalsystems,shiftingpoliticalconfigurations,andnewsocialdynamicsfromtheFrenchRevolutiontotheendofthenineteenthcentury.Itfocusesonhowmalingering,orfeigningphysicalormentaldisorders,becameapressingconcerninresponsetotheintroductionofconscriptionduringtheRevolutionaryandNapoleonicwars.Medico-legalexpertstookseriouslytheirdutiestodetectandexposemalingerers.Theywenttogreatlengthstodosobyusingdeceit,coercion,painfulprocedures,andalteredstatesofconsciousnessasdiagnostictools.Doctorsjustifiedthefar-reachingtacticsusedinadversarialcontestswithsuspectedmalingerersinthenameofpublicgood,andtheseencountersservedtoenhancethepublicrelevanceoftheirprofession.Examiningthesocialconstructionofmedico-legalexpertisefromtheperspectiveofitssubjectsaswellasitspractitionersrevealshowthefieldwasshapedbyandshapedthelivesofordinarypersons.Revolutionaryandpost-Revolutionarychangesinmedicine,science,andthelawshapedalastinglegacyforthecomplicatedrelationshipbetweenthesefieldsinmodernFranceandbeyond.TheRussianRevolutionasaTransformatoryEventGraemeGillTheRussianrevolutionwasthemostimportantpoliticaleventofthetwentiethcentury.ItledtothetransformationofRussiaalonglinesthatwouldhavebeenunlikelyhadtheBolsheviksnotcometopowerin1917,andtothestructuringofinternationalrelationsformostofthecentury.ItalsocontributedsubstantiallytothewaylifewithinWesternsocietieswasstructuredinthepost-warperiod.Itsramificationsarestillbeingfelttoday.Violence,Emancipationandthe1917RussianRevolutionsRogerMarkwickFromtheirinception,the1917Russianrevolutions,culminatingintheOctoberRevolution,havebeensynonymouswithviolence:Bolshevikviolenceinparticular.Inthecourseofthelastcentury,whateverthesympathiesofhistorians,politicians,orcommentators,almostallhavebelievedthatviolencewasinherentintheRussianrevolutionsand

revolutionsgenerally,exemplifiedbyRussia’sensuingsavagecivilwar(1918-1920).Butsuchviewshaveoftenbeenpolemicalandjudgementalratherthananalytical,especiallyduringtheColdWar.Amoreconsideredexaminationofthe1917revolutions,includingthatofOctober,suggestsviolencewasnottheirdefiningfeature.Buttheirviolentreputationshaveovershadowedtheemancipatoryrootsandthrustofthe1917revolutions.TheBolshevikRevolutionasSeenbyVladimirNabokovandHisFather,anditsAfterlifeinHisWorkDavidPotterVladimirNabokovcameofageinaturbulentpoliticalclimate,witnessingtheabdicationofTsarNicolasII,theformationoftheProvisionalGovernment,andfinallytheBolshevikRevolutionbeforefleeing,viaCrimea,tomainlandEurope.HisfatherwasV.D.Nabokov,anextraordinarymanandpoliticalfigureforhistimeandplace.Neitheratsaristnorarevolutionary,V.D.Nabokovwasadecentmoderatepoliticiancaughtincomplicatedtimes:hewasakeyplayerbothinunseatingTsarNicolasIIandestablishingtheProvisionalGovernmentafterwards.Evenapartfromthewritingsofhissoon-to-be-famousson,Nabokov’sfatherisaninterestingfigureinhisownright,andinthefirstpartofthispresentationwillprovideaninvaluablealternativelensforviewingaperiodofpoliticaltensionwhosetellingsaresometimesatrophiedbyhabitandideology.WhileyoungVladimirremainedaloofanddisinterestedinpolitics,hestillmanaged(perhapsunconsciously)tointernalisehisfather’svalues.Andascanbeexpected,onceitstruckhimathome,thetumultoftheBolshevikRevolutionandthetraumaofhisfamily’sexileleftanindeliblemarkonNabokov.Thathewentontobecomeoneofthecentury’sgreatestwritersisalmostastrokeofluckforourpurposes,andhisworkincludessomenuanced,idiosyncratic,andquietlymelancholicrenderingsofthisperiod.Wewillexaminesomeoftheseinthesecondhalfofthispresentation,withoursourcessamplingfrombothhisfictionalandautobiographicalwritings(including,thoughprobablynotlimitedto,InvitationtoaBeheading,BendSinister,andSpeak,Memory).Surrealism,GenderandRevolutionarySubjectivityRoryDufficy

Thisyearmarksthe100thanniversaryofApollinaire’sprogramnotesforDiaghilev’sballetParade,thefirsttimetheterm‘Surrealism’appearedinprint.IntheManifestoofSurrealism,sevenyearslater,Bretontellsthestory,‘accordingtowhichSaint-Pol-Roux,intimesgoneby,usedtohaveanoticepostedonthedoorofhismanorhouseinCamaret,everyeveningbeforehewenttosleep,whichread:THEPOETISWORKING’.This,forBreton,wasofcoursemerelythejocularconfirmationofthecentralthesisofthemanifesto–hedesiresanavant-gardethatwouldworktowards‘thefutureresolutionofthesetwostates,dreamandreality,whichareseeminglysocontradictory,intoakindofabsolutereality,asurreality’.AttheoutsetofSurrealism,then,istheassertionofaproudminorityassuredinitsknowledgeofitsownfuturegeneralisation–aninsurgentsubjectivity,andwithaclearunderstandingofthematerialthroughwhichtherevolutionwilloccur–theuniversaldream-lifeof‘mankind’.InthispaperIwishtofilloutourunderstandingofthatrevolutionarysubjectivity,focussingontheworkofBreton.IwillcontendthatfarfrombeingthenebulousfigureimpliedbytheManifesto,Surrealism’srevolutionaryprogramisfoundedonthe(implicitlymale)industrialworker,standinginfortheproletariatasawhole.IwillsuggestthatthisunderstandingallowsforanewinterpretationofthegenderpoliticsofSurrealismthat,whilenotabsolvingthemofsexism,seekstointegratetheirapproachwithinabroaderunderstandingofthegenderedrevolutionarysubjectinthe20thCentury.ARevolutionaryApproachtoPhysicalCulture?:Communists,Democrats,andFascistsAcrossNationalBoundariesinInterwarEuropeKeithRathboneHistoriansinterestedinsportscultureininterwarEuropetypicallyexaminestatesponsoredphysicalculturalprogramswithinonenationandasaconsequencetheyhaveidentifiedtrovesof'fascistathletes,''socialist/communistathletes'and'democraticathletes,'eachtropeladenwithitsowndeeplycontradictoryideasaboutathleticism.Incisiveworkshaveevensuggestedthatfasciststatesmobilizedwarinarevolutionarymanner.VictoriadeGrazia'sHowFascismRuledWomenandSimonettaFalasca-Zamponi'sFascistSpectacle,emphasizetheradicallinksforgedbetweenathleticism,militarism,andfascisminItalyandGermanyandemphasizethewaysinwhichinterwarfascistsmobilizedpopularimagesofthebodyinordertomasculinizemen,feminizewomen,andstrengthenthe

bodypoliticinpreparationforwar.Inmypaper,“ARevolutionaryapproachtophysicalculture,”Iaimtochallengethishistoriographythatprivilegesathleticismwithinfasciststatesandsetsitoutasparticularlycoerciveandmilitant.Myworkwillinsteadillustratecommonalitiesbetweencommunist,democratic,andfasciststatesathleticregimesandsuggestapan-Europeannewwaveofbio-politicallydrivenphysicalculturalprogrammingthroughouttheinterwarperiod.Throughacloseexaminationofthetransnationalphysicalculturalpoliticsof1930sFrance,Germany,andtheSovietUnion,Iwillunpackthewaysinwhichthesethreepoliticallydivergentstatesborrowedfromeachotherevenastheycombatedoneotheronathleticsfields.Inaddition,Iwillshowthatwhileeachstatepromotedtheirownnationalpoliticsofsportaroundquestionsofcivicvirtue,gender,health,work,anddutytheseconcernsemergedoutofsimilarworriesabouteugenicsandheredity,laborcapacity,andmilitarypreparedness.

1947:Madagascar,ReformorRevolutionElizabethRechniewskiAftertheBrazzavilleconferenceandthepromiseofreformintheFrenchcolonies,theMouvementdémocratiquederénovationmalgache(MDRM)wasfoundedinMadagascartocampaignforpeaceful“democraticrenovation”.TheislandhadbeencolonisedbygeneralGallieniafteraparticularlybrutalcampaign(1896-1905)thathadledtoperhapsahundredthousanddeadinapopulationofthreemillion.Madagascar,likeotherFrenchcolonies,wassubjectedtothecodedel’indigénatandforcedlabour.DuringtheSecondWorldWartheislandwasgovernedbyVichyuntil1943when,reconqueredbyBritishtroops,itwastransferredtoFreeFrenchcontrol.ThehopesraisedbytheBrazzavilleconferenceweresoondashed,aspost-war,inthefaceofseriouseconomiccrisis,intensifiedformsoflabourexploitationwereimposed.Unrestbeganalmostimmediatelywithamajoroutbreakonthenightof29-30March1947.Inthefollowing20months,Frenchtroops,includingthousandsoftirailleurssénégalais–IndigenoustroopsfromAfricancolonies–wagedabrutalwaragainsttherebels,leading,onofficialFrenchfigures,to89,000dead.TheleadersoftheMDRMweretriedandcondemnedtodeathforfomentingtherebellioneventhoughtheyhadattemptedtostemtheviolence.Thispaperexploresthefailureofreformbyexaminingthemotivationsofthemainactors:theSocialistministersoftheFourthRepublic;thePCF,memberoftheTripartitecoalition,andtheMDRM,inthecontextof

thestartoftheColdWarandpost-warFrenchambitions.Itincludesapostscriptonthememoryoftheseeventsthatlingerseventodayontheisland.LaLanguedenosmaîtres :PrésenceAfricaineandtheQuestionofLanguageattheEndofFrenchEmpireSarahClaireDunstan‘WemayspeakthesametongueasFrançoisMauriac,usethesamevocabularyasHemingway.Butwenolongerspeakthesamelanguageasthem.ThetruthisthatwespeakMalagasy,Arabic,Wolof,Bantuinthetongueofourmasters’(JacquesRabemananjara,‘Compte-renduanalytiquedurapportdeJacquesRabemananjara’,MS411HoraceMannBondPapers,UniversityofMassachussettsAmherst,March1959,1-2).JacquesRabemananjara,Malagasypoet,journalistandpolitician,isbestknownforhiscontributionstothenégritudemovementandforhispoliticalcareerintheturbulentpoliticsofFrenchcolonialMadagascar.Thesemeditationsonthelinkbetweenlanguageandracialidentity,however,pointtohisbroaderparticipationintheAfricandiaspora.Morespecifically,theygesturetothedialoguethatoccurredbetweenfrancophoneblackintellectualsandtheircounterpartsintheUnitedStatesoverthelinguisticproblematicsposedbytheprojectofdecolonization.IntwoCongressesheldinParisin1956andinRomein1959andorganizedbythecommitteebehindthepublishinghouseandjournalPrésenceAfricaine,thequestionoflanguageanditsimperialdimensionsbecameahotlycontestedsubject.WasitpossibletoinflectandreshapetheFrenchlanguagesoastoovercometheracismthathadunderpinnedtheimperialproject?InthispaperIwillchartthewaysthatthesedifferentblackintellectualsunderstoodtheiruseoftheFrenchlanguagevis-à-visthede-colonizingprojectandthefightforblackcivilrightsintheUnitedStates.TheLogicalNecessityoftheWeakestLink,or,WhySuccessfulSocialistRevolutionsTookPlaceOutsideEuropeRolandBoerThispaperbeginswithIgorDiakonoff’sobservationthat(Western)Europeanhistoryisananomalyintermsofglobalpatterns,butthatitbecamenormalisedduringtherelativelybriefperiodofEuropeandominance.Itthen

focusesonLenin’stheoryofthe‘weakestlink’inthecapitalistchain,ratherthantheorthodoxMarxistviewof‘strongestlink’,astowheresocialistrevolutionswouldtakeplace.TheselinkswereoutsideEurope,oratleastinsemi-colonialandcolonialareas–fromRussiathroughtoAsia,AfricaandLatinAmerica.Thisremainsahistoricalpoint,withrelevancefortodayintermsofChina,Vietnam,Cambodia,LaosandeventheDPRK.However,istherealogicwithinMarxismforsuchadevelopment.PerhapsitcanbefoundinErnstBloch’snotionofthe‘non-contemporaneity’(Ungleichzeitigkeit)ofthepresent,inwhichtherevolutionaryimpulseofthepresent,whichemergesfromclassstruggleandgeneratesexpectationsofa‘preventedfuture’andtheunleashingoftheforcesofproduction,gains‘additionalrevolutionaryforcepreciselyfromtheincompletewealthofthepast’.Drawingonworkforacurrentproject(basedinChina)concerningsocialisminpower,IdeveloptheargumentnotmerelytounderstandthelogicalnecessityofsocialistrevolutionsoutsidetheNorthAtlantic,butalsofortherealitiesoflifeaftertherevolution.PerhapsMarxhimself,150yearsafterthepublicationofCapital,wasmoreofanon-Europeanthinkerthanherealised.OftheDualityofCrises–the2008FinancialCrisisasEconomicsandIdeologyintheBritishContextClémenceFourtonInSeptember2008,theAmericanbankingsystemcollapsed,followedcloselybytheBritishone,leadingtoaglobalrecession.Butsuchacrisiscannotbereducedtoaseriesofevents,norbeencapsulatedinitseconomics(Hall2011);itisalsoadiscursiveandsemioticprocess.Actorsproducecompetingcrisisinterpretations,whichunravelbothintheintellectualandpoliticalfields:Marxistsreadthe2008crisisasoneinaseriesofsystemicfailuresofthecapitalisteconomy(Bensaïd2009),whilereformistspromotedthenarrativeofacrisisoftheBritishgrowthmodel(Greenetal2015).Theseinterpretationsarenotjustretrospectiverationalizations:theyarecontemporaryofthecriticaleventsandconstituteinstancesofdescriptionasideology(Renault2008),whichlimitthescopeoflegitimizedpoliticalresponsestothecrisis(Hay2001).Thesetwodimensionsofthecrisisneedtobethoughtofjointly,yieldingneithertoeconomicfunctionalismnortowhatwemaycalldiscursivism,withaparticularfocusontherelationshipbetweenthem.Thispaperwilldosobyaddressingtheinterpretationsofthe2008crisisintheUKbycontemporaryactors,focusingontwooperations:

thechoiceanduseofthemacroeconomicindicatorsthatdescribedthecrisis,andthemechanismsandeffectsofthedebtrhetoricusedbyBritishConservativegovernments(Blyth2013,Fourton2017[forthcoming]).Thiswillhelpspecifythedialecticalrelationshipbetweenthefunctionalandideologicalcomponentsofeconomiccrisesandprogressontheirepistemology.WhigHistoryandthePoliticsofCrisisCharlesRichardsonThispaperexploresthewayinwhichpoliticalsystems,andmorespecificallypartysystems,respondtocrises.Itsstartingpointisthe"Whiginterpretationofhistory",whichdepictedEnglishhistoryfromtheReformationonwardsasthetriumphofProtestantismandparliamentarygovernment:thetwothingsbeingmoreorlessself-consciouslylinked.WhetherthislinkageisrealandsignificantdependsonhowoneinterpretstheEnglishconstitutionalconflictsoftheseventeenthcentury.Iapproachthislong-standingquestionbylookingatotherinstancesinwhichthedevelopmentofpartydifferenceshasbeeninfluencedbyexternalshocks,includingtheAmericanandFrenchrevolutionsandthetwoWorldWars.Therecordsuggeststhatitissuchexternalshocks,morethandomesticcrises,thatareliabletoproduceagenuinepartyrealignment.ThissupportsaninterpretationoftheEnglishcivilwarsthatsituatesthemintheinternationalcontextratherthanfocusingonpurelydomesticsocialorreligiousconflict.ItmaythereforebearguedthattheessentialsoftheEnglishpartysystem,whichhassincepropagateditselfovermuchofthedemocraticworld,arefoundedindifferingresponsestotheReformationandtheeraofreligiouswarinEurope.ReadingtheSignsoftheTimes:TheMoravianBrethren'sQuietRevolutionChristinaPettersonInthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcentury,theHerrnhuterBrüdergemeinewasregardedasaradical‘schwärmerische‘Sect,whichwastryingtodissolvesocialnormsandstructures.Theparticularreasonsforthispopularopinionwastheiremphasisonthepietyoftheindividualasthetrueconversion,theirevocativetheologyfocusedonthebloodandwoundsofJesus,andtheorganisationofthecommunityintogroupsaccordingtosex,age,andmaritalstatus.InthispaperIwillarguethatallofthesefeaturesparticipatednotonly

inthebreakdownoftraditionalformsofsociety,namelycommunity,guilds,andfamily,butalsopartookinbuildingthecivilsocietyanditsdistinctionbetweenpublicandprivate.MissionaryTexts:Authority,Masculinity,andReformMariaVeberThefirstLutheranmissionariesinSouthAustralia,ChristianGottlobTeichelmannandClamorWilhelmSchürmann,arrivedinAdelaideinOctober1838,sentfromGermanybytheDresdenMissionSociety.Theirlasting-andregenerative-legacyinSouthAustraliawastoprovidethegroundworkthathasenabledthereclamationoftheKaurnalanguage.Incontrast,theirevangelisingmissiontothe“heathens”enjoyednolastingsuccess.IwilldiscussdefinitionsandunderstandingsoftheDresdenLutheranmissionaryproject,andtheirenactment,asexpressedinthejournalsandcorrespondenceofthetwomissionaries.SubjecttotheauthorityoftheDresdenMissionSociety,andexpresslyforbiddentomarry,themissionariesbriefistoestablishareligiouscommunityinwhichtheyserveasauthorityfiguresandrolemodelsforexemplaryfamilylifetotheIndigenouspeopletheyaretoinstructandconvert.WithreferencetonotionsofmasculinityandauthoritywithintheLutheran“holyfamily”,andwithparticularattentiontotheimplicationsoftheprohibitiononmarriage,Ilookataspectsofthemissionaries’negotiationofthistwofoldrole.CourageandEscapeinPost-WarFrance:TheFalloutofMay‘68intheWorksofAlainBadiouandMauriceBlanchotPeterKorotaevBadiouandBlanchotcanbereadasrepresentativeoftwodirectlyopposingphilosophicalcurrentsregardingtheexigenciesofthepoliticalinpost-warFrance.Theworksofthesetwoauthorswhichmostdirectlyaddressthisexigency,ThéorieduSujetin1981,andLaCommunautélnavouablein1984,inlargepartemergefromthesameevent–thatofMay68.ItistemptingtointerpretBadiou’spoliticalvisionasonethatprioritizesviolentrevolutionarypraxisoverthepreservationofindividualdifference,andBlanchot’sasonethatirresponsiblyevadesthepoliticalinaretreatintotheinnerexperienceofecstasy.Iwouldliketofocusonthreepointsofcontactbetweentheseworks–theroleoftheanxietyofinsufficiencyinfindingpoliticalagency;the

politicalworkofart;andtheethicsofpoliticalcommitment.Ateachofthesepoints,Iwouldliketolingerovertheseemingoppositionbetweenthetwoethicalperspectivesthatlegitimatebothprojects:Blanchot’sBattaileanLevinasianism,andBadiou’sMaoism.Theaimofthispaperistomoveawayfromsuchasimplisticopposition,andrevealBlanchot’srelevancetoBadiou’spoliticsofinfinitude.Intheattempttohavefidelitytothepromisesof68,andindeedtothequestionofaEuropeancommunityitself,thesetwotextsofferinsightsthatmustbereadasinformingeachother.TheShanghaiCommuneandFrenchMaoismRobertBoncardoFrenchMaoismhaslongbeenthesubjectofcontroversy,withscholarswaveringbetweenasenseofincredulitywhenconsideringit,totreatingitasthemostsignificantpoliticalmovementontheFrenchleftinthepost-Waryears.Inthispaper,IwillapproachthetopicofFrenchMaoismbywayofaconsiderationoftheroleplayedbyanearlyandshort-livedepisodeintheCulturalRevolution,theShanghaiCommuneof1967,inthepoliticalimaginaryofthephilosopheranderstwhileMaoist,AlainBadiou.HowdidBadiouandhisMaoistgroup,theUCFML,translatetheeventsoftheShanghaiCommuneintothepost-May’68contextinFrance?HowdiditservethemasameansofmarkingouttheirdistinctkindofFrenchMaoism,oneopposedtotheotherdominantcurrentsrepresentedbythePCMLFandtheGP?Finally,whatisatstakewhenepisodessuchastheShanghaiCommunebecomemodelsoridealsforpoliticalagentsoperatinginverydistinctcontexts?TheCongressofBerlin:mappingtheBalkans140yearsonNinaMarkovicTheCongressofBerlinin1878broughttogethermajorpowersofthattime(Austria-Hungary,France,Germany,GreatBritain,Italy,RussiaandtheOttomanEmpire)withanaimtosettleinternationalaffairsinSoutheastEuropeimmediatelyfollowingadevastatingRusso-Turkishwar.ThisconflictwhichsignificantlyweakenedboththeRussianandOttomanEmpires,drewsupportfromdifferentcornerstonesofEuropeandiplomacy,withBerlinsupportingRussiaandLondonandParistheremainingOttomanterritorialandpoliticalinfluenceonEurope’sfringes.ItwasalandmarkinEuropeanhistory,andGermany’sfirstChancellor,OttovonBismarck,convenedan

internationalsummittosettlethequestionofexternalleadershipbygreatpowersinSoutheastEuropeandtopreventfurtherconflictamongstthem.Thesummitwasanopportunityfornewlyformedstates,ItalyandGermany,togetinvolvedinmajordiplomaticbargaining.ThesignificanceoftheCongressofBerlinisstillbeingdebatedamongstscholars,assomebelievethatitplantedtheseedforfurtherconflictinSoutheastEurope,includingthesparksoflocalisednationalismwhicheventuallysetofftheFirstWorldWar.Atthattime,nation-statesinSoutheastEuropewerearelativelynewphenomenon,withthemainideasabout‘nation’,‘nationality’and‘statehood’beingborrowedfromWesternEuropeanpoliticaldiscourses.ThispaperwilldiscusstheimportanceoftheCongressofBelinforEuropeanpoliticalhistory,andcountriesintheBalkansmorespecifically140yearson,whereRussiaandTurkeyareactivelyofferingattractiveforeignpolicyalternativestotheBrusselsleadershipinSoutheastEurope.TheRighttoAsylum:OneoftheGreatContradictionsofModernEuropeanHistoryBronwynWinter‘Neverhavewerejectedsomanyasylumseekersbutneverhashumanitariandiscoursebeensowidelyspreadwithsuchaneaseofconscience.’FrenchhistorianofimmigrationGérardNoirielwrotethesewords,notin2017butin1993.Onemightrespondtoday:plusçachange.Yet,historically,Europehasindeedbeenaterred’asile,nottheleastbecauseitwasalsoaterredeconflits—butevenmoreimportantly,becauseitinventedthesovereignnation-state,thatasylum-grantingauthorityofourmoderntimesthattookoverwheretheChurchleftoff(orwasforcedtodoso).Thedevelopmentofthenotionofpoliticalasyluminpositive(inter)nationallawalsohasahistorical‘landmark’relationshipwiththeReformation.Thefirstgrouptobenamed‘refugees’inpoliticaldiscourse—andthusthefirstovertpoliticalapplicationofthataspectofWestphalianterritorialsovereigntyprinciples—wasagroupofProtestants.TheFrenchHuguenotsweresonamedbytheBritishmonarchwhentheycrossedtheChannelinthelate17thcenturytofleerenewedpersecutionsatthehandsoftheFrenchone.ThuswasbornanEnglishneologism,borrowedfromaFrenchpastparticiple.TheflightandrefugeoftheHuguenotsisemblematicofthewayinwhichEuropeanattitudesandlawsonpoliticalasylumweretodevelop.Theyhavealwaysbeenboundupwithnationalself-interestandtransnationalconflictsand

rivalries,dictatingwhichrefugeesare‘welcome’andwhicharenot.Thecurrent‘refugeecrisis’besettingtheEUisnoexception,andpoliticalasylumremainsoneofthegreatcontradictionsofmodernEuropeanhistory.IsThereaPhilosophicalEuropeanism?MarkKellyPhilosophical political orientations towards Europe – as opposed to purely pragmatic attachments – typically stem either from a left-wing supranationalism that takes Europe as its particular vehicle, or a right-wing valorisation of the specificity of Europe. An alternative form of left Europeanism has however been articulated for more than two decades by Étienne Balibar, who takes Europe is a specific horizon for politics within Europe, determined by a need to transcend the nation state without the possibility of entirely transcending our geographical and historical context. In this paper, I examine Balibar’s position, its development and philosophical bases, but conclude that Balibar’s ‘realistic utopia’ is an unstable and unnecessary compromise formation, driven by a need to replace the figure of the Soviet Union in his thought, leaving commitment to Europe ultimately as a deeply uncertain matter of pragmatic orientation in the current conjuncture.

BiographiesLyndalRoperProfessorLyndalRoperisRegiusProfessorofHistory,OrielCollege,UniversityofOxford,andoneoftheworld’smostrenownedhistoriansofearlymoderntimes.Sheisthefirstwoman,andthefirstAustralian,toholdtheRegiusChair,andin2016shereceivedtheprestigiousGerdaHenkelprizeforher‘trailblazing’workonsocial,gender,andpsychologicalhistoryintheageoftheReformation.Herlatestbook,MartinLuther:RenegadeandProphet(2016),isthefirsthistoricalbiographyofLuthertobepublishedinEnglishformanydecades.SheisnowwritingahistoryoftheGermanPeasants’War(1524-5),thegreatestuprisinginwesternEuropebeforetheFrenchRevolution.ProfessorRoperisaFellowoftheBritishAcademy,theAustralianAcademyoftheHumanities,andtheBrandenburgAkademiederWissenschaften.GraemeGill'ProfessorGillisaFellowoftheAcademyoftheSocialSciencesinAustralia.HejoinedtheDepartmentofGovernmentandPublicAdministrationin1981,acceptingaChairin1990.HehasbeenAssociateDeanoftheFacultyofEconomics,DeputyChairoftheAcademicBoard,ActingProVice-Chancellor(Research),andHeadoftheSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience.HehasheldvisitingpositionsinvariousuniversitiesincludinginMoscow,StPetersburg,London,Oxford,andCambridge.HismainworkhasbeenonthedevelopmentoftheSovietsystemandonpost-SovietRussia.Amonghismostrecentbooksare‘BuildinganAuthoritarianPolity:RussiainPost-SovietTimes’(2015);‘SymbolsandLegitimacyinSovietPolitics’(2011);‘SymbolismandRegimeChangeinRussia’(2013);and‘TheNatureandDevelopmentofthemodernState’(2016).GiacomoBianchinoGiacomoBianchinoisastudentofEnglishatUNSW.HeiscurrentlyworkingtocompleteaMaster’sdissertationonKierkegaard’stheoryoftheexception.HehaspresentedonKierkegaardandBadiouattheASCP2016andonthesocialpsychologyofinternetmemecultureatANZCA2017.Hehaspublished

workonreadingKierkegaardinKierkegaardInProcess,theinternationalKierkegaardstudentjournal.HehasalsowrittenforOverland,NewMatildaandTheSaturdayPaper,publishedpoetryandperformedmusicacrossAustralia.RolandBoerRolandBoerisXinAoDistinguishedOverseasProfessoratRenminUniversityofChina,Beijing,andResearchProfessorintheSchoolofHumanitiesandSocialScience,attheUniversityofNewcastle,Australia.Amongnumerouspublications,themostrecentmonographsareTimeofTroubles(2017,withChristinaPetterson)andStalin:FromTheologytothePhilosophyofSocialisminPower(2017).RobertBoncardoIcompletedmyPhDin2015atSydneyUniversityandAix-MarseilleUniversity.SincethenIhavepublished,withChristianR.Gelder,Mallarmé:Rancière,Milner,Badiou(Rowman&Littlefield,2017),andMallarméandthePoliticsofLiterature:Sartre,Kristeva,Badiou,Rancière(EdinburghUniversityPress,2018).IamalsocurrentlytranslatingPierre-FrançoisMoreau’sworkSpinoza:L’Expérienceetl’éternitéforEdinburghUniversityPress.ClareCageClaireCageisAssistantProfessorofHistoryattheUniversityofSouthAlabama.ShereceivedherPh.D.in2012fromJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Sheisaspecialistineighteenth-andnineteenth-centuryFrenchhistoryandthehistoryofgenderandsexuality.Herfirstbook,UnnaturalFrenchmen:ThePoliticsofPriestlyCelibacyandMarriage,1720-1815,waspublishedbytheUniversityofVirginiaPressin2015andwasawardedtheBaker-BurtonPrize(forthebestfirstbookonEuropeanHistorypublishedbetween2013-17)fromtheEuropeanHistorySectionoftheSouthernHistoricalAssociation.Sheiscurrentlyworkingonhersecondbookonforensicmedicineinnineteenth-centuryFrance.RoryDufficy

RoryDufficyisaJuniorResearchFellowatOrmondCollege,UniversityofMelbourne.HeiscurrentlyworkingonamanuscriptentitledAnEpochofPossibility:TheAvant-GardeandtheTwentiethCentury.SarahClaireDunstanSarahDunstanisanARCPostdoctoralFellowwiththeInternationalHistoryLaureateattheUniversityofSydney.Shehasjustsubmittedadoctoralthesisentitled‘ATaleofTwoRepublics:Race,RightsandRevolution,1919-1963’throughtheUniversityofSydney. ShewasaPostgraduateFulbrightScholaratColumbiaUniversity,NewYorkin2014to2015andaVisitingPostgraduateScholaratReidHallColumbiaGlobalCenterinParisinsemesterone2016.For2017shewasaFacultyofArtsandSocialSciencesPostgraduateTeachingFellow.HerpublicationshaveappearedintheAustralasianJournalofAmericanStudiesandCallalloo,ajournaloftheAfricandiaspora.SheisalsoanEditoroftheJournaloftheHistoryofIdeaswebsite.ClémenceFourtonClémenceFourtonisinthefinalyearofherPhDinEnglishStudiesatPoitiersUniversity,France.Herresearchfocusesonthesocialandpoliticaleffectsofthe2008crisisintheUK.SheisagraduateoftheEcoleNormaleSupérieure.Mark Kelly MarkG.E.KellyisAssociateProfessorandARCFutureFellowintheSchoolofHumanitiesandCommunicationArtsatWesternSydneyUniversity.HeistheauthorofthreebooksonthethoughtofMichelFoucault,aswellasofBiopoliticalImperialism(Zero,2015)andForFoucault:AgainstNormativePoliticalTheory(SUNY,2018). PeterKorotaevIhavebeenstudyingliteratureattheUniversityofMelbourne.Mychiefinterestisinphilosophicalappropriationsofliteratureforinstrumentalpurposes,andliteraryappropriationsofphilosophyformessianicpurposes.LatelyIhavebecomeparticularlyinterestedintheconsequencesofvariousRomanticknottingsofaestheticswithpoliticalemancipation,particularly

undertheguiseofphenomenology.AlainBadiouandcontemporaryEuropeanrationalismsguidemyattemptsatthinkingtheseproblematics.NinaMarkovicDrNinaMarkovicKhazeholdsaPhDinPoliticalSciencefromtheAustralianNationalUniversity,wheresheisalsoaVisitingFellow.DrMarkovicKhazehasrecentlytaughtInternationalRelationsattheUniversityofNewSouthWales.ShepreviouslyworkedasSeniorResearcherforEuropeandMiddleEastforParliamentaryResearchServiceinCanberra.HercurrentresearchinterestsincludeRussia,ChinaandthetransformingEU. RogerMarkwickRogerMarkwickisProfessorofModernEuropeanHistory,TheUniversityofNewcastle,Australia.Amonghispublicationsare‘ViolencetoVelvet:Revolutions—1917to2017’,SlavicReview,specialissueontheRussianRevolution;SovietWomenontheFrontlineintheSecondWorldWar(co-authored),shortlistedforthe2013NSWPremier’sHistoryAwards,andRewritingHistoryinSovietRussia:ThePoliticsofRevisionistHistoriographyintheSovietUnion,1956-1974,whichwonthe2003AlexanderNovePrize.HeiscurrentlywritingupanARCDiscoveryProjectonSovietwomenonthehomefrontduringtheSecondWorldWar.FelicityNandaJarosz JaroszisaPhDcandidateintheInternationalandComparativeLiteraryStudiesprogramatTheUniversityofSydney.Herresearchisfocusedoncommunicationtheoriesofliterarystudiesandrevolvesaroundeighteenth-centuryworksonaestheticsandrhetoric.HerthesisisontheKantiansublimeandusesaninterpretationofexamplesinboththeAnalyticoftheSublime,intheThirdCritique(1790),andinKant’searlierObservation(1763),toexaminethepossibilityofpoeticrepresentationsofsublimity.SheholdsaMastersofComparativeStudiesinEnglish,PolishandFrenchfromtheSorbonneIVinParis.ChristinaPetterson

ChristinaPettersonisGerdaHenkelResearchFellowattheCollegeofArtsandSocialSciences,ANU.SheholdsabackgroundinTheologyfromCopenhagenUniversity,andaPhDinCulturalStudiesfromMacquarieUniversityinSydney.HerworksexplorestheintersectionbetweenChristianityandsocio-economicchange,particularlyinthefirst4centuriesC.E.,colonialcontexts,andeighteenthcenturyEurope.DavidPotterDavidisworkingtowardsanMPhilinEnglishattheUniversityofSydneywhichexploresauthorshipandartificeinseveralofNabokov’sEnglish-languageworks–heissupervisedbyDr.BruceGardiner.HehaspreviouslypresentedsomeofhisoriginalresearchattheVladimirNabokovMuseuminSaintPetersburg,Russia.KeithRathboneKeithRathbone(Ph.D.,NorthwesternUniversity,2015)researchestwentiethcenturyFrenchsocialandculturalhistory.Hismanuscript,entitledANationinPlay:PhysicalCulture,theState,andSocietyduringFrance'sDarkYears,1932-1948,examinesphysicaleducationandsportsinordertobetterunderstandciviclifeunderthedualauthoritariansystemsoftheGermanOccupationandtheVichyRegime.Ininvestigatingphysicalculture,headdresseshistoriographicissuessuchasthecontinuitybetweentheThirdRepublicandtheVichyRegime,thegenderedideologyofVichysportsprograms,andthedevelopmentofcollaborationandresistance.KeitharrivesatMacquarieUniversityafterpreviouspositionsasaPostdoctoralFellowattheNicholasD.ChabrajaCenterforHistoricalStudiesatNorthwesternUniversityandasaVisitingAssistantProfessorintheDepartmentofHistoryattheCollegeofWooster.HehasalsolecturedattheSciencespolitiquesdeParisandIndianaUniversityNorthwest.ElizabethRechniewskiElizabethRechniewskiishonorarySeniorLecturerattheUniversityofSydneyintheSchoolofLanguagesandCultures.ShehaspublishedwidelyonremembranceoftwentiethcenturywarandcolonialwarinAustralia,France,CameroonandNewCaledonia,includingthecommemorationoftheroleof

Indigenoussoldiersfromthesecountries.ShehascontributedtoFrenchandAustraliangovernmentagenciesonthesetopicsandwasawardedthepalmesacadémiquesin2009.Recentpublicationsinclude“RememberingtheBlackDiggers:fromthe‘greatsilence’toan‘excessofcommemoration’?”inWarMemories(McGill,2017);“ResénégalisationandtheRepresentationofBlackAfricanTroopsduringWorldWarOne”inCommemoratingRaceandEmpire(LiverpoolUniversityPress,2017);“WhytheWarinCameroonNeverTookPlace”inSeekingMeaning,SeekingJusticeinthePost-ColdWarWorld(Brill,forthcoming2018).CharlesRichardsonCharlesRichardsonearnedhisPhDfromRutgersUniversity,specialisinginethicaltheoryandpoliticalphilosophy.HeworkedasaministerialadviserintheVictoriangovernment,andlateraseditorialmanagerattheCentreforIndependentStudiesinSydney.HehasbeenaregularwriterfortheelectronicjournalCrikeysince2002,specialisinginelectionsandpoliticaltopics;hisworkhasappearedinnumerousotherpublicationsandhehasbeenfeaturedasacommentatorinnewspapers,radioandtelevision.HeiscurrentlyanindependentscholarbasedinMelbourne;hisresearchinterestsincludethehistoryofliberaldemocraticstructuresandthecomparativestudyofEuropeanpartysystems.Healsodoesperiodicconsultingworkonelectoralmatters.MariaVeberMariaVeberteachesinGermanicStudiesattheUniversityofSydney.GermanLutheranmissioninAustraliaisakeyfocusofherresearch,whichincludesthefirstNeuendettelsaumissionariesinSouthAustralia,andtheHermannsburgmissionnearAliceSprings.JordiVidal-RobertIrecentlywasappointedasanEarlyCareerDevelopmentFellowattheSchoolofEconomicsatUniversityofSydney.Iamaneconomichistorianspecialisinginthestudyofhistoricalinstitutionsandtheireffectsandlegacyoneconomicgrowth,economic,culturalandpoliticaloutcomes.Inparticular,myinterestsfocusonearlymodernEuropeandmyresearchcoverstopics

suchasthemotivationsandconsequencesoftheSpanishInquisition,internalconflictsinthePapalStatesand,morerecently,theconsequencesofcatholiccensorshipduringthecounter-reformation.

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