Regents Review

Day 6Unit 11: Human BodyUnit 12: Man’s Impact

99.Organs and systems in the human body help maintain homeostasis (constant, stable, internal environment)a. Circulatory system – designed to transport materials in

the blood to every cell in the bodyb. Endocrine system – produces hormones to regulate

chemical levels and cell responsesc. Nervous system – involves the nerves, spinal cord, and

brain controlling muscle movementsd. Immune system – removes disease causing pathogens

e. Excretory system – regulates water balance and removes wastes from the body

f. Respiratory system – helps regulate and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

g. Digestive system – digests and absorbs nutrients h. Reproductive system – produce sex cells (sperm or

egg) and produce offspring

100.Enzymes in the digestive system are responsible for the hydrolysis (breakdown) of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipidsa. Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

occur and are specific to specific moleculesb. Enzymes function best at specific temperatures and pH

levels

101.Diffusion occurs throughout the bodya. Capillaries – O2 and nutrients diffuse out of the blood

into cells and CO2 & wastes diffuse out into the blood stream

b. Villi – specialized cells in the small intestine that absorb nutrients from digested food and the molecules diffuse into the blood stream

c. Nephrons – cells in the kidney that filter out wastes from the blood through diffusion

d. Aveoli – cells in the lungs allow for the diffusion of O2 into the blood and CO 2 out of the blood

102.The right side of the heart is the pump that moves deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the left side of the heart is the pump that moves oxygenated blood to the body’s cellsa. veins carry blood toward the heartb. arteries carry blood away from the heart

103.White blood cells fight pathogens in the body

104.Antibodies are proteins produced by white blood cells in the human body that attach to invading pathogens and clump them together – they are attracted to their matching Antigensa. Antigens are proteins on pathogens that the body

recognizes as foreign i. All cells have antigensii. Immune system recognizes cells that have self antigens vs.

pathogen antigens

b. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that bind to antigens and tag them for destruction by white blood cells (they have a specific shape for each specific antigen)

c. Immune system forms a memory so if the same pathogen enters the body again, antibodies can be created right away to tag and destroy the pathogen before it cause problems

105.AIDS is a disease caused by the HIV virusa. The virus infects and kills white blood cells

i. If White Blood Cells are destroyed, the immune system cannot protect the body from any pathogen.

ii. People with AIDS get opportunistic infections and can die from them (ex. pneumonia)

106.When a person gets an organ transplant, the cells of the implanted organ have antigens that the body recognizes as foreign invading cells, so the immune system responds by destroying (rejecting) the organ.a. Immunosuppressant drugs are used to keep the new

body from rejecting the organ, but they make the person more susceptible to disease

107.Vaccines are weakened forms of pathogens or antigens from a pathogena. Stimulates an immune response so the body

recognizes the pathogen quicker when there is an actual infection

b. If that pathogen ever enters the body again, the immune system will know how to fight it off

108.The nervous system and endocrine system allow cells within multicellular organisms to communicate and coordinate their actionsa. Nervous System communication is fast and short

lastingi. Electrical impulses travel down neurons

b. Endocrine System communication is slow and long lastingi. Messages are sent

through the blood streamin the form of Hormones

ii. Hormones are specific messenger molecules that travel through the blood and attach to receptor proteins on the surface of target cells

iii. Work like lock and key – specific hormones onlyaffect specific target cells

iv. Hormones regulate the reproductive systems

109.Diabetes is a disease that is due to the under-secretion of insulin by the pancreas, which lowers the level of glucose in the blooda. If a person has diabetes, their cells cannot

make/recognize insulin so Glucose builds up in the blood (so cells cannot use it to make ATP)

b. A person would need to take Insulin to help regulate their blood Glucose levels

110.Hormonal feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis in the human bodya. FSH, estrogen, LH, and progesterone regulate the

menstrual cycleb. GH – controls growth of bones and muscle tissue

111.The kidneys regulate urine composition and water balance in the blood by filtering and reabsorbing moleculesa. Sweating is a form of excretion that is involved in

maintaining body temperature homeostasis

112.Stomates in plant cells maintain homeostasis in plant leaves by regulating gas exchange and water lossa. Stomates are openings on the lower surface of a plant

leafb. 2 Guard cells control the opening and closing of each

stomatac. On a hot day, stomates close to retain waterd. At night, stomates open to exchange water and gas

113.An increase in human population has caused a depletion of the world’s finite resources and an increase in environmental damagea. Finite resources cannot be restored in short periods of

time (fresh water, coal, oil)

114.Environmental pollution and destruction of habitats have increased as the human population on the earth grow

115.Pollution by humans has disrupted the balance in many ecosystems and subsequently has endangered many speciesa. Endangered species that become extinct can never be

replaced

116.Acid rain is a major environmental problem caused by factory emissions containing nitrogen and sulfur

117.Chemical pesticides and wastes that enter into the environment affect wildlife and may cause a decrease in biodiversitya. The toxic chemicals in pesticides build up in the

environment and in the organisms in the environment, with the top carnivores having the highest amount of toxicity

118.Destruction of the ozone layer by pollution results in more ultraviolet rays reaching the Earth’s surface – caused by the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)a. Ultraviolet rays destroy the chlorophyll in plants and

mutate DNA in organismsb. An increase in human skin cancer is due to an increase

in UV rays

119.Increased levels of greenhouse gases in the troposphere have led to global warminga. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) & Methane (CH4) are the two

gases that are most responsible for global warmingb. CO2 is from auto emissions and burning fossil fuels

120.Importing species (invasive species) from other ecosystems into an area may cause an imbalance in the food web and environmental destructiona. Invasive species have no natural predators, therefore

they do not have any limitations when they compete with native species

b. Foreign species may over-consume food sources and water and disrupt the ecosystem

c. Zebra Mussels and Purple Loosestrife are examples in our region

121.When the population size is too large, competition for resources increases between members of the species

122.Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals the that can survive on the resources present in the areaa. Some individuals do not compete as well as others and

die, restoring equilibrium to the area and showing Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection – Survival of the Fittest

123.Biological controls are better than chemical controls for regulating the size of populationsa. Includes the use of natural predators to catch and eat

undesirable organismsb. This limits chemicals from entering food chains and

disrupting ecosystemsc. But it can also introduce invasive species into an

environment

124.Chemical Pesticides permanently damage the environment, but only provide a short-term solution to insect population problemsa. Biological Magnification - pollutants are picked up by

an organism and is not broken down or eliminated from its body, collecting in body tissues

b. May also harm other organisms in the environmentc. Select for organisms that have a resistance the

chemical used, creating a more fit pest