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WELCOMELecture on…

“FIRST AID TO THE INJURED”

By :M.M. GuptaASSTT. COMMISSIONERSJAB.

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What is FIRST AID ?

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FIRST AID IS….

A matter of Common Sense

Application of mind

Swift Response

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DEFINITION

First AID is the help given to a person in case of SUDDEN INJURY or SICKNESS so that the INJURY/SICKNESS does not AGGRAVATE FURTHER and due to swift action further DETERIORATION is checked, same condition is maintained & recovery promoted till the arrival of Medical Help.

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SCOPE OF FIRST AIDFrom the definition four things are apparent :

PREVENT further deterioration

PRESERVE in the same condition

PROMOTE recovery

To arrange for regular Medical AID

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METHOD OF FIRST AID

Diagnosis

Treatment

Disposal

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DIAGNOSIS BASED ON

Circumstantial Evidence

Signs

Symptoms (Patient tells)

(you observe)

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PRIORITIES OF FIRST AID Check BreathingCheck Blood lossTreat ShockTreat FractureLook For Simple InjuriesDisposal

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BREATHING PROCESS

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CHECK BREATHING

Can Hear It

Can Feel It

Can Observe It

(Normal Person Breathes 15-18 Times In One Minute)

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ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

Mouth To Mouth

Mouth To Nose@ 10 Breaths Per Minute

& Check Pulse

Give 2 ventilations if there is no breathing

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CHEST COMPRESSION(Give 30 Compression if there is no Circulation)

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RECOVERY POSITION (In case of unconscious casualty)

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BLEEDING (HAMEORRAGE)

Blood Contains

About 5 Litres in a normal body

- Red cells

- White cells- Plasma

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BLOOD CIRCULATES THROUGH

Arteries Carry Blood from Heart to body

Capillaries Small Blood Vessels

Veins Carry Blood Back to Heart

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CIRCULATORY PROCESS

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CIRCULATORY PROCESS

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CIRCULATORY PROCESS

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CIRCULATORY PROCESS

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CIRCULATORY PROCESS

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CYCLE OF FLOW OF BLOOD

LV Body RA RV

RV

L1

L2

LA LV

(LUNGS)

(HEART)

(HEART)

(72-80 Times in one minute)

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HOW TO CHECK BLEEDING ? (HAEMORRHAGE)Direct Pressure

Indirect Pressure

a) Press Near the woundb) Apply dressing

a) Press The Pressure Point Temporal Region – 2 Back of Ear – 2 Jaw – 2

Collar Bone – 2 Armpit – 2 Upper Arm – 2

Wrist – 2 Elbow-2 Sides of Abdomen – 2

Groin – 2 Back of Knee – 2 Ankle - 2Pressure bandagea) Use a roller bandage (preferably crepe bandage)b) Give support to the limb

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INTERNAL BLEEDING Bleeding from Nose/Ears.Bleeding from Lungs with coughFrom Stomach with Vomiting

Through Urine (Bladder,Unitary track, Kidney) Through Rectum with Stool (injury in intestines)

TREATMENT Handle Carefully and transport for Medical AID

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Impairment of Normal Functioning of Body, is Shock.

SHOCK

Two Types

a) Established Shock

b)Nervous Shock

AsphyxiaBleedingSickness

Bad/Good NewsHeat/Cold/HungerInjury to Brain/Spine

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SHOCK : SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Discolourisation of FaceLoss of PowerSlow/weak PulseCold SweatingIrregular Breathing/Shallow breathingNausea & GiddinessClammy & Sandy SkinFall in Temperature

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SHOCK TREATMENT Remove Cause From EffectLay down the Patient & Loose ClothingLet Fresh Air ComeReassure the PatientTry to Maintain TemperatureResort toArtificial RespirationArrange Medical Aid

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SHOCK TREATMENT

DO NOT GIVE ANYTHING ORALLY

GIVE NORMAL HOT OR COLD WHEN PATIENT IS CONSCIOUS OR REGAINS CONSCIOUSNESS

ALWAYS SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE

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SkeletonSystem

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SKELETON

• HEAD CAVITY : BRAIN/EYES/EARS MOUTH/JAWS.• CHEST ACAVITY : LUNGS/HEART/

SPLEEN/LEVER/ KIDNEYS

• STOMACH : DIGESTIVE SYSTEM/ EXCRETARY SYSTEM• SMALL LIMBS : HANDS/ARMS/

FEET/LEGS ETC.

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BONES IN BODY 206 – Bones in Human Body

Skull (8 + 14) = 22Collar Bones (CLAVICLE) = 2

Chest (7 + 3 + 2) x 2 = 24Spine ( 7 + 12 + 5 + 5 + 4) = 33

Shoulder Blade (SCAPULA) = 2Upper Arm (HUME RUS) = 2Lower Arm (RADIUS - ULNA) = 4 Wrist (CARPALS) = 16Palm (META CARPALS) = 10Fingers (PHALANGES) = 28Pelvis ------- = 2Thigh (FEMUR) = 2Knee Cap (PATELLA) = 2Lower Leg (TIBBIA FABULA) = 4Ankle (TARSUS) = 14Foot (META TARSUS) = 10Fingers (PHALANGES) = 28

(NECK - BACK - WAIST - HIP - TAIL)(CERVICAL / DORSAL / LUMBAR / SACRAL / TAIL / COCCYGIAL)

Breast bone(sternum) = 1

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JOINTS

MOVEABLE

PARTIALLY MOVEABLE

IMMOVEABLE

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TYPES OF JOINTS

HINGE JOINTS PIVOTAL JOINTS BALL & SOCKET JOINTS

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FRACTURE

Any Breaking, Bending, Dislocation or Cracking of Bone is called Fracture.

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TYPES OF FRACTURE SIMPLE OR CLOSED COMPOUND COMPLICATED COMMINUTED DEPRESSED IMPACTED GREENSTICK

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CAUSES OF FRACTUREDIRECT INJURY

INDIRECT INJURY

MUSCULAR CONTRACTION OR EXPANSION

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FRACTURE : SIGNS & SYMPTOMS PainSwellingTendernessLoss of PowerDeformityUnnatural MovementIrregularityCrapitus

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FRACTURE TREATMENT Make The Patient ComfortablePrevent Any MovementCheck BleedingTreat for ShockImmobilize the LimbGive SupportTransportation.

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MuscularSystem

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MuscularSystem

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WOUNDS Any cut in the outer surface of the body is a wound or impairment in the blood vessels.

Wounds are of two types:

OPEN

CLOSED (mostly head injuries)

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WOUNDS TYPES / CLASSIFICATIONS

INCISED

PUNCTURED

LACERATED

CONTUSED

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WOUNDS TREATMENT

LAYDOWN THE PATIENT OR ASK HIM TO SIT DOWN

LIFT THE LIMB IF POSSIBLE

APPLY PRESSURE – ON THE WOUND - ON PRESSURE POINT

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WOUNDS TREATMENT

In the case of INTERNAL BLEEDING:

APPLY COLD FORMULATIONS

APPLY TOURNIQUET (All precautions)

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BURNS & SCALDSBurn is an injury to the body by excessive heat or excessive cold.

Burns : Dry Heat (fire, flame, metal, sun, electricity etc and friction

Scalds : Moist Heat (steam, boiling water, milk, tea, oil etc)

ChemicalBurns : Acids : H2SO4 , Nitric Acid, Hcl

Alkalis : Caustic Soda, Potash, Ammonia or quick lime

Gases : Liquid O2 or Nitrogen

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BURNS & SCALDSArea and not the degree of burn is important

(Rule of – 9)

BURN CAUSES

Intense Pain

Shock

Infection

Scars after Healing

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BURNS & SCALDSMANAGEMENTReassure the patientClean wrap the woundCover the woundWash with fresh waterKeep the patient warmKeep hands above the heart & feet elevatedKeep the face prop & observe continuouslyCold pack may also be applied (not excessive cold)Do not remove clothingDo not break blistersTreat for shockMove quickly to hospitalRemove ring, watch, bangles, belt & bootsCan give weak soda & salt solution if patient is conscious and not vomiting.

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BURNS & SCALDSFOR MINOR BURNS

Clean the AreaSubmerge in waterGive soda & salt solutionCover DryWarm drinksWash well for chemical corrosive burnsCan also neutralize and diluteRemove contaminated clothingWash the face/eye sidewaysNo rubbing of eyes

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POISONPoison is any such thing which after coming into contact or entering the body is capable of causing harm or leads to death

It can be:

Accidental orIntentional

Can enter the Body:

Through mouth (solid or liquid)Through skin (injection or sting etc)Through nose (gases or toxic fumes)

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POISONPoison may be:

Corrosive or burning (acids, alkalis, insecticides)Non-Corrosive (decomposed food, fungus etc)Depressants (opium, dhatura, sankhiya etc)

Signs and Symptoms

If through mouth (nausia, vomiting, lose motions, and stomach-ache)Burning of lips, tongue, mouth and throatAffect the brain (can cause asphyxia, deep sleep, fits, unconsciousness and giddiness

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POISONTREATMENT

Call the doctor immediatelyKeep samples, if possible, of poison, bottle, box or vomitIf Unconscious

-Do not induce vomiting-Keep the patient in recovery position-Artificial respiration, if needed

If Conscious-Give enough water to drink-Do not induce vomiting if acid, alkali or any other chemical is taken-Induce vomiting in other cases

(a) By luke warm salty water(b) By irritating tongue/throat

Give antidote if availableKeep the patient warm

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SIMPLE INJURY Disinfect the woundWash with waterCover with any clean thingDon’t apply any lotion except diluted mercurochrome Tincture Iodine etc.Use disinfectant sprays if available

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Transportation Seek for Ambulance

(local Hospital or Nursing home)

Use Stretcher

Handle the spine fracture victim with utmost care and Caution

OR

Place the patient under proper care

102 : Ambulance1099 : Cats

(Improvise if not available) (Bicycle, coil, shirt or Blanket etc,)

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MODES OF CARRYING Single Person

(One First Aiders)

Cradle Human Crutch

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MODES OF CARRYING Pick a Back Fire man’s lift

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MODES OF CARRYING Hand Seat

(Two First Aiders)

Four Handed Seat Two Arm Seat

(When The Casualty is Co-operating)

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MODES OF CARRYING when not conscious or can’t assist Use Hand lock

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MODES OF CARRYING When space does not permittwo hand seat

Improvised (chair)

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MODES OF CARRYING Carrying Stretcher

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TRIANGULAR BANDAGE38”

38”

(Preferably Marcin cloth)We get Two Triangular Bandages

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TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

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FIRST AID BOX

Large : 17 ½” x 10” x 6 ½”

Medium : 16” x 7 ¾” x 4”

Small : 5” x 3 ½” x 2 ½”

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FIRST AID BOX

Equipment

CONTENTS

DressingsMedicine for Local ApplicationMedicine for OralApplication

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FIRST AID BOX

Safety Pins

Equipment

ScissorsPad & PenMeasuring CupTorchSplintsBamboo Sticks

Cotton WoolDressings

Sterilised DressingsEye PadAdhesive PlasterRoller BandagesTriangular BandagesGauzeBand-aidsStretch Bandage

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FIRST AID BOX

Savlon/Dettol

For Local Application

Eye drops/OintmentTincture IodineTincture BenzoinIodex etc.

Salt

For Oral Application

Sugar

Sodamint

Aspirin(250-350 mg.)

Medicines

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EYEFOREIGN OBJECTSLOCAL INJURYBLEEDINGS

– Internal – External

Over exposureAny inflammation or infection

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DONT’S

DO NOT RUB THE EYESDO NOT PANICDO NOT USE ANY MEDICINE

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DO’S

KEEP CALM REMOVE FOREIGN OBJECTS IF

POSSIBLE GIVE COLD COMPRESS IN CASE OF

INTERNAL BLEEDING WASH THE EYE WITH FRESH WATER

FOR – ANY CHEMICAL BURN– SMALL FOREIGN OBJECT

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FOREIGN OBJECT IN EYE

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FOREIGN OBJECT IN EYE

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The End