regione del veneto verotour book

RV-V

RT08

2014

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m�is proje� is co-funded by European Union Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programmeand its call for proposals on “Support to transnational thematic tourism produ�s” 43/G/ENT/CIP/12/B/N02S022.�e sole re�onsibility of �� public�ion lies wi� �e au�or.�e European Comm�sion � not re�onsible for any �e �� may be made of �e inform�ion �erein.

Co-funded bythe European Union

Coordin�or In cooper�ion wi�

WWW.VEROTOUR.EU

ContactsVeneto Region - Tourism DepartmentPalazzo Sceriman, Cannaregio 16830121 [email protected] www.regione.veneto.itwww.veneto.to

VENETIANMARITIMETRADEROUTES

Throughout its important maritime history, Venice has been a gateway to Western and Eastern cultures and lifestyles. The Venetian maritime routes in this guide are intended to help today’s traveller rediscover and appreciate these ancient routes that once connected Venice’s territories, city-ports and towns located in north-eastern Italy, along the coasts of the Adriatic Sea, in the Aegean Sea, and in Turkey. This entire area constituted a cultural koine that was connected to the Silk Road.These itineraries bring these art cities, world famous tourist destinations and remote, out-of-the-way areas - all characterised by an extraordinary cultural and natural importance - together as part of the same network, thus providing an important opportunity for the development of a diversified tourism whose aim is to develop quality and eco-friendly solutions.The ability of our territories to export their own excellences and to maintain good relations with European Mediterranean countries drives local economic development thanks to a better understanding of our common history and paying great attention to the challenging global tourist market. The VeRoTour project is cofunded by the European Commission and coordinated by the Tourism Department of the Regione Veneto in cooperation with twenty-two partners from seven different countries. The significant potential of this transnational cultural itinerary as well as our desire to cooperate with important international organisations interested in this theme lie at the base of this the project.

Marino FinozziMinister for Tourism - Veneto Region

The most beaten track in history, along which different peoples, cultures, languages and religions have continuously crossed and intertwined, is not marked by milestones, bridges or tunnels. This track is actually a sea route. The VeRoTour project aims to provide visibility and awareness for one of these routes, which for many centuries has brought Mitteleurope intimately closer to the heart of the Mediterranean, as well as the East to the West. Nowadays, the richness of this path is still alive not only in its monuments and symbols, but especially in the consciousness of a past characterised by productive interaction and exchanges which led to economic, social and cultural enrichment. People departing from Venice now along the routes proposed by VeRoTour can experience and come to know at least eight different countries (Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Cyprus and Turkey), connect with different religions, languages and dialects, and artistic and cultural traditions. An abundance expressed through a diverse and vibrant cultural heritage which, thanks to this sea route, may well continue to grow and touch entire continents. Thanks to its multi-decade experience in the valorisation of the tangible and intangible Venetian maritime heritage and its capillary international network of partners in the Mediterranean basin, Marco Polo System is the perfect candidate for the conceptualisation and realisation of the VeRoTour project.

Pietrangelo PettenòAdministrator Marco Polo System EEIG

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This guide is produced in the framework of the European project VeRoTour - Enhancing a European shared multicultural sustainable tourism

Project CoordinatorRegione Veneto - Tourism Department

Project partners→ Marco Polo System EEIG (IT)→ UNWTO - United Nations World Tourism Organization (ES)→ Region of Crete (GR)→ Art Kontakt (AL)→ Municipalità of Palmanova (IT)→ Forum of the Adriatic and Ionian Chambers of Commerce (IT)→ Venice International University (IT)→ Bilkent University - Department of

History (TR)→ Občina Piran (SLO)→ Mocha Tours (TR)→ Amatori Tour Operator (IT)→ Albanian Tourist Service Office (AL)→ Tourism Office Pula (HR)→ Fondacioni Europa (AL)

Associated partners→ Ministry for Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey (TR)→ Unioncamere del Veneto (IT)→ Italian Geographical Society (IT)→ Eraklion Chamber of Commerce and

Industry (GR)→ Bashkia Lezhë (AL)→ Associazione culturale Aurora (IT)

Supporting partners→ Council of Europe - Venice Office (IT)→ UNESCO Regional Bureau for Science and Culture in Europe (IT)

Editorial coordination: Marco Polo System EEIG in cooperation with Regione Veneto - Tourism Department and the following partners:

→ UNWTO (ES)→ Region of Crete (GR)→ Municipality of Palmanova (IT)→ Bilkent University - Department of

History (TR)→ Občina Piran (SLO)→ Mocha Tours (TR) → Albanian Tourist Service Office (AL)→ Tourism Office Pula (HR)

The VeRoTour project is cofunded by the European Union Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme and its call for proposals on Support to transnational thematic tourism products 43/G/ENT/CIP/12/B/N02S022. The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information therein.

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Since time immemorial, the sea has represented the most effective route placing populations, cultures, their traditions and their economies in contact with each other. The sea has also been the locus of rivalries and conflicts in the search for a supremacy that, in many cases, guaranteed the birth and development of important maritime powers. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Mediterranean area and its ancillary basins lost the control that Rome once imposed after its defeat of Carthage and submission of the Greek world. The Muslim Arab sphere of influence, the Byzantine Empire and the maritime cities of Italy, France and Catalonia began to develop an extensive network of commercial relations, very

often characterised by challenges and conflicts such as the Crusades, which for many European cities would become a real source of consolidated wealth.It was in this context that the Republic of Venice grew significantly, due in large part to its state-controlled trading organisation, whose aim was to ensure maximum returns for the activities conducted by the city’s nobles, who were both city traders and rulers. The Venetian model remained very successful for centuries, guaranteeing the Republic’s solidity and prestige, allowing its merchant fleets to sail freely the entire length of Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. We can therefore now speak about a “Venetian identity”, with the Republic’s symbols still prominent on numerous civil

and military buildings and numerous port structures along the coasts of the Adriatic and the Aegean Sea, in the Po river valley and along the eastern borders of Friuli.Our proposal is that you travel through these areas along three main itineraries. The first stretches into the Adriatic area (which the Republic of Venice defined as its gulf ), and goes from Venice to Corfu, the sentinel of the Adriatic. Corfu was the base for the Republic’s military fleet and an important arsenal, its history marked by the convergence of Latin-Veneto populations and peoples of Slovenian and Croatian origins. These peoples have been close for centuries, and have bequeathed us a valuable legacy consisting of magnificent civil and military buildings in Piran,

VENETIAN MARITIMETRADE ROUTES

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Poreč, Pula, Zadar, Trogir, Šibenik, Hvar and Kotor (respectively known as Pirano, Parenzo, Pola, Zara, Traù, Sebenico, Lesina and Cattaro by the Venetians and now in Italian). The same is true of the Veneto mainland, Friuli and Lombardy, as can be seen in the remarkable fortress of Palmanova.The second route stretches into the heart of the Aegean, an area which was conquered by Venice in 1204 after the fourth Crusade and which Venetians also knew as Morea. In this region, the Republic of Venice set up profitable relationships of exchange with the Greek Orthodox culture, often playing the

role of both ruler and protector. This is why we suggest you start this route in Athens, whose Parthenon was shelled in 1687 by Venice’s own ships in an attempt to wrest the city from the Turks and reach Crete via Nafplio, Monemvasia and Kythira (respectively Nauplia or Napoli di Romania, Malvasia or Napoli di Malvasia, and Cerigo or Citera in Venetian and Italian). Crete thus became a Venetian dominion for four centuries, and thousands migrated from Venice and the Veneto to the island, importing and integrating their lifestyles and cultures with the culture of the island and giving rise to artistic and cultural expressions

known collectively as the Veneto-Cretan Renaissance. In both these first two itineraries you will find a very special Venetian port worthy of mention: Naupactos or Nafpaktos (Lepanto in Venetian and Italian). The name of this port is now inextricably linked to the epic battle between the row galleys of the Ottoman and Christian fleets in the Gulf of Patras (or Patrasso in Venetian and Italian).The third route follows the Anatolian coasts from Bodrum to Istanbul. The history of this area is marked by the confrontation with the Genoese, even though the Venetian territorial presence was very strong in Constantinople (now Istanbul) which was a flourishing Venetian colony for centuries. This colony was ruled by a Bailo, a powerful governor who represented the Republic in the Byzantine Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire and at the court of the Ottoman Sultan.

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DAYBOOKTHE SO-CALLED NAVIGATION “BROGLIACCIO”

Our itineraries will take us along the Venetian Republic’s old maritime routes, sailing at a leisurely average speed of 5 knots. As we go along, we will be recalling the different seaports that were the usual trade destinations of the Republic’s merchant fleets, which were always organised in convoys called Mude.The first route (Venice-Corfu) offers two possible itineraries: you can either sail along the eastern Adriatic coast to Corfu, visiting the ports in Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro and Albania for a total of approximately 571 NM (nautical miles); or you can sail along the eastern Adriatic coast to the city of Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Venetian and Italian) and then continue towards the Italian coasts and skirt the Apulian coast for a total of approximately 509 NM. The latter route was preferred by the captains of the Mude, both because it was shorter and because it the Albanian coast was considered dangerous due to the strong local winds and threat of pirate attacks. Both itineraries, however, are charming thanks to the wealth and variety of the historical and architectural traces of Venice’s presence. On the other hand, these routes require a long-lasting nautical experience to face the high sea routes and the strong seasonal winds, such as the “Bora” in the northern Adriatic and the strong winds in the Otranto Canal. For this reason, the Mude ran only from Spring to late Autumn. The second Venetian maritime route, from Athens (Piraeus) to the Cretan port of Heraklion, is shorter and crosses the Aegean (approximately 305 NM). This is an open-sea navigation, and subjected to the north wind Meltemi, thus making it quite difficult. This route, however, allows you to appreciate the extraordinary coastal

and environmental richness as well as the outstanding historical and architectural ports demonstrating the capillary organisation of the Venetian Republic’s military settlements. Traces of the Greek-Roman ages are interspersed with examples of Byzantine, Venetian-Latin and Turkish architecture, creating a breath-taking melting pot of cultures and traditions.The third maritime route, from Istanbul to Bodrum, is a 450-NM run that starts in the Bosporus Strait, crosses the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles Channel and the Aegean Sea, and is characterised by a unique combination of historical and environmental landscapes. Italian merchants were already present in Constantinople in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries. In exchange for privileges dispensed by the Byzantine Emperor, the Genoese and Venetians made Constantinople one of their trading bases.

As they were the most active forces in the eastern Mediterranean, they created many trade bases (especially in the Aegean Sea) in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, when the Byzantine Empire’s influence in the area was on the wane. Through these trade bases on various islands and in various ports, the Genoese and Venetians controlled the maritime route that connected the markets of Asia Minor, Istanbul and Europe. As a result of Ottoman naval expansion in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, most of these trade bases came under Ottoman control. However, Italian merchants continued their trade in the Aegean Sea thanks to the privileges granted by the Ottoman sultans.

Poreč

Piran

Zadar

Šibenik

Hvar

Dubrovnik

Budva

Lezhë

Durrës

Palmanova

Venice

Pula

Korčula

Corfu

Nafpaktos

Piraeus

Nafplio

Monemvassia

Gramvousa

Kythira

Chanià

Heraklion

Rethymno

Istanbul

Bodrum

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From the moment the so-called Republic of St Mark extended its political and trade borders into the mainland and central Europe, Venice’s trade expanded into areas that were no longer just the maritime routes. As for Venice’s coastal territories, the mainland still offers plenty of evidence of the Republic’s historical presence, including remarkable examples of military architecture, the most emblematic example of which is the city of Palmanova in the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, close to the former borders of the Habsburg Empire.

Palmanova

Name of the Site

Palmanova - Palmanova

City, Province, Region, Country

Palmanova, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy

GPS Coordinates

WGS 45.904703, 13.309923Lat: 45°54’16.9”N Long: 13°18’35.7”E

History of the siteIn order to strengthen its defence system along the eastern borders from Austrian and Turkish attacks, the Republic of Venice decided to build a fortress located in the middle of the Friuli Venezia Giulia plains.The projects for the new fortress were prepared by a group of Venetian military architects and experienced engineers, and were headed by the general Giulio Savorgnan. Palmanova was founded on October 7, 1593; Marc’Antonio Barbaro was appointed First General in command of the fortress.Under Venetian rule, two defensive lines were constructed around the fortress. This defensive system included curtains, ramparts, moats and railings, and three access gates. Palmanova was designed according to military lines and needs: the number of ramparts were calculated on the basis of the range of cannonball.

General Overview ~ Site ProfilePalmanova is located in the low-lying Friuli valley, and is a unique concentric, star-shaped city with three nine-sided ring roads intersecting with the main radial military streets. Surrounded by moats and walls, the city centre forms a hexagonal square.

ContactsTourism office in PalmanovaT. + 39 0432.924815 [email protected]

Civic Historical MuseumT. + 39 0432.919106/+39 0432.922131

Military Historical MuseumT. +39 0432.928175

HISTORICALVENETIAN SITES

9

Venice

Name of the Site

Venice - Venezia


Venice, Veneto, Italy

GPS Coordinates

St Mark’s Square/Piazza San MarcoWGS 45.434193, 12.338416Lat: 45°26’03.1”N Long: 12°20’18.3”E

History of the siteThe organisation of Venice’s maritime trades reached its peak between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries with the system of the Mude. The Mude were convoys organised by the city-state and comprised state-owned ships rented out to private entrepreneurs. The convoy system not only ensured basic security as the ships could provide reciprocal defence, but also guaranteed commercial relationships with eight destinations. The convoys to these destinations were planned in detail, defining dates of return travel and identifying each single seaport. Security and control were therefore assured for each typology of good from the Venetian market for central Europe countries.The Venice lagoon extends for a total area of of 550 sq km between the southern estuary of the Brenta (aka Brondolo) and the northern estuary of the Sile (aka Piave Vecchia). In hydrographical terms, the lagoon is divided into three basins covering the area as follows: the Lido 48%, Malamocco 31%, and Chioggia 21%.

ContactsTourism organisation www.turismovenezia.it

Venetian Association hotelierswww.avanews.it

THE VENICE-CORFU ITINERARY ALONG: SOUTHERN ITALIAN COAST 509 NMALONG: ALBANIAN COAST 571 NM

Venice/Venezia - Piran/Pirano 51 NM10 hours navigation (5 knots)

Venezia Porto LidoWGS 45.420833, 12.437778 Lat: 45°25’15.0”N Long: 12°26’16.0”E

PiranWGS 45.530215, 13.563114 Lat: 45°26’02.4288”N Long: 12°20’17.0520”E

Note

Sea breeze and coastal winds in good weather conditions. In high sea in the centre of Adriatic dead calm. Bora wind conditions - the Venetians did not sail against this wind.

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Piran

Name of the Site

Piran - Pirano


Piran - Pirano,The Coast and the Karst region, Slovenia

GPS Coordinates

Tartinijev trg - Tartini SquareWGS 45.530215, 13.563114 Lat: 45°26’02.4288”N Long: 12°20’17.0520”E

Basic Information

4700 (in the town of Piran) Population16.758 (in the Municipality of Piran)0 m Height above sea level

Healthy climate

The city is bilingual (Italian and Slovenian)

History of the siteThe Slovenian part of Istria is a hidden jewel in the heart of Europe, in the northwest extremity of the Istrian peninsula. Sheltered by the city walls, Piran is a mediaeval Venetian town with narrow alleys and very suggestive historical centre. The settlement began in the seventh century, when Piran was mentioned in historical sources for the first time. In 1283, Piran spontaneously accepted the authority of Venice, which lasted until the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797. The city then fell to Austria until 1918. In the period between the two world wars, the territory belonged to Italy before being granted to Yugoslavia and then Slovenia.The famous violinist and composer Giuseppe Tartini, who made the town world famous, was born here. His statue is located in the centre of the main Tartini square.

General Overview ~ Site ProfileThe city of Piran is a national historical monument. The salt production in the neighbouring salt pans, the temperate climate and the maritime commerce made Piran a rich city, with sumptuous Venetian palazzi, small squares and churches. Some of the most interesting sites in Piran include Tartini Square, the Town Hall and Court House and the Baroque water cistern. On a ridge above the sea is the Renaissance and Baroque Church of St George, which boasts beautiful frescoes and marble altars, a freestanding bell tower and an octagonal Baptistery.

ContactsTourism Office: TIP Piran2 Tartini SquareT. +386 (0)5.6734440F. +386 (0)[email protected] www.portoroz.si

Piran/Pirano - Poreč/ParenzoNM 21 NM4 hours of navigation (5 knots)

Piran/Pirano WGS 45.530215, 13.563114 Lat: 45°26’02.4288” N Long: 12°20’17.0520” ECoastal navigation with local breeze

Poreč/Parenzo WGS 45.224167, 13.594722 Lat: 45°13’27.0”N Long: 13°35’41.0”E

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Poreč/Parenzo

Name of the Site

Poreč/Parenzo


Poreč, Istria, Croatia

GPS Coordinates

Lučka uprava Poreč/Port authority PorečWGS 45.224167, 13.594722 Lat: 45°13’27.0”N Long: 13°35’41.0”E

Basic Information

Poreč is a town located in the heart of the western coast of Istria. A town of culture, tourism, sport and leisure, where the aromas and colours of the past form a mosaic of unforgettable experiences.

History of the sitePoreč developed along a small, symmetrical peninsula long before the arrival of the Istrians, an Illyrian tribe. With the arrival of the Istrians, the area surrounding the present-day city was settled and, thanks to a naturally protected harbour, the construction of a harbour-centre was enabled.A Roman settlement was constructed around the 2nd century. The silhouette of a city is visible in the geometrically symmetrical placement of the streets. Poreč has been a UNESCO protected site since 1998.Slavs settled in Istria, Poreč and its surrounding area in the seventh century. Poreč had a city government as early as the twelfth century, and the first city statute dates from around 1250. Venice ruled Poreč for about five hundred years (from 1251 until 1797), longer than anyone else. The city housed seafarers who formed the crews for Venice’s ships, and these seafarers were expected to reside in Poreč for the entire duration of the navigation season. After the fall of Venice, Poreč fell under Austrian rule (the city fell under Austrian rule yet again from 1815 to 1918). The City’s reputation grew when the Austro-Hungarian monarchy declared Poreč the capital of Istria and made it the seat of regional government and established the Istrian Parliament there.

ContactsPoreč - Istria official tourism portal Turistička zajednica Poreč9 Zagrebačka 52440 Poreč T. +385 (0)52.451293T. +385 (0)52.451458 F. +385 (0)52.451665 [email protected]

Poreč/Parenzo - Pula/Pola 53 NM10/11 hours of navigation (5 knots)

Poreč/Parenzo WGS 45.224167, 13.594722 Lat: 45°13’27.0”N Long: 13°35’41.0”E

Pula/PolaWGS 44.869722, 13.841111 Lat: 44°52’11.0”N Long: 13°50’28.0”E

External to the lighthouse of Otočić Sveti Ivan na Pučini/San Giovanni in PelagoPoreč/Parenzo - Otočić Sveti Ivan na Pučini/San Giovanni in Pelago route 174° 11.2 NM Otočić Sveti Ivan na Pučini/San Giovanni in Pelago - Brijuni/Brioni route 142° 12 NM.Brijuni/Brioni - Pula/Pola route 98° 3.5 NM.Coastal navigation with local breeze.

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Pula/Pola

Name of the Site

Pula/Pola


Pula, Istria County, Croatia

GPS Coordinates

Pula/PolaWGS 44.869722, 13.841111 Lat: 44°52’11.0”N Long: 13°50’28.0”E

History of the sitePula (whose Latin name was Pietas Iulia) lies on southernmost tip of the Istrian peninsula in a well protected bay. It stands to reason that it displays numerous ancient remains considering that its origins date back to three millennia ago. If you visit Pula, you will hear the story of mythical Argonauts, Romans, Venetians, Franks and the Austro-Hungarian period. One of the sights you should not miss is the Arena, a magnificent Roman amphitheatre. Relations with Venice began in 1334, from which moment on it became a well protected base against the area’s marauding pirates.As a tourist centre, Pula offers a wide range of cultural and entertainment events.All relevant information on sites of interest and accommodation is available at www.pulainfo.hr

General Overview ~ Site ProfilePula, the city with a three-thousand-year history (from the mythical Argonauts to the Romans, Venetians, Franks and Austro-Hungarians), lies on the southernmost tip of the Istrian peninsula. It is a city of magnificent beaches stretching along nearly 100 kilometres of beautiful, indented coastline. Pula boasts almost three thousand hours of glorious sunlight per annum.The city provides a stunning array of beautiful restaurants, and this summer the city’s Arena, the most beautiful stage in the world, will once again provide concerts by some of the world’s most famous names in.

ContactsTourism Office Pula,Forum 3T. +385 52.219 [email protected] www.pulainfo.hr

Pula/Pola - Zadar/Zara 78 NMduration 15 hours (5 knots)

Pula/Pola WGS 44.869722, 13.841111 Lat: 44°52’11.0”N Long: 13°50’28.0”E

Zadar/ZaraWGS 44.096389, 15.260556 Lat: 44°05’47.0”N Long: 15°15’38.0”E

Sailing from Pula to the Porer lighthouse (southern Istrian coast), you approach Susak/Sansego through the Kvarner/Quarnaro region with high sea navigation route 135° for 32 NM.From Susak/Sansego to Zadar/Zara navigation across the Dalmatian Islands route 118° for 46 NM. S Giovanni in Pelago - Brioni-Brijuni route 112° 12 NM. Brioni-Brijuni-Pola-Pula route 98° 3.5 NM. Coastal navigation with local breeze.

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Zadar/Zara

Name of the Site

Zadar/Zara


Zadar, Zadar County, Croatia

GPS Coordinates


History of the siteAfter 59 BCE, Zadar became a Roman municipium. In the 7th century, it became the centre (capital) of the Byzantine theme (province) of Dalmatia. In the early 9th century, it was mentioned as the seat of the bishop Donatus and the Byzantine leader Paulus. At that time, the church of the Holy Trinity (now Sv. Donat) was erected over the Roman forum, for which it can be said to be the symbol of the city. There was a large influx of Croatian settlers in the city in the 10th century, and in 1202 the city was conquered and burned by the Crusaders and Venetians. In 1409 it was incorporated into the Republic of Venice, where it remained until the fall of the Republic in 1797. The Austrians took over the government of Zadar in 1797 after the Venetians, to be followed by the French. After a short time of French rule (from 1806 to 1813), Zadar fell under Austrian rule until 1918.

General Overview ~ Site ProfileZadar is an ancient city, built in the centre of the Croatian Adriatic, full of historical and cultural monuments. Its three-thousand-year history is a chronicle of tumultuous and dynamic events. The city has often been destroyed, looted, and devastated, yet after each event it re-emerged from its ruins stronger, richer and more beautiful. Zadar first appears on the historical stage in the 4th century BCE as a settlement of the Liburnians, an Illyrian tribe, and its original name of Jader changed throughout history to Idassa (Greek source), Jadera (Roman source), Diadora, Zara (during Venetian and later Italian rule) and, eventually, its current Zadar.

ContactsTourism office ZadarTuristička zajednica grada Zadra5 Ilije Smiljanića,HR-23000 Zadar, HrvatskaT. +385 (0)23.212222F. +385 (0)[email protected]@tzzadar.hrwww.tzzadar.hrwww.visitzadar.net

Zadar/Zara - Šibenik/Sebenico NM 40 NMduration 8 hours


Šibenik/SebenicoWGS 43.719167, 15.905278 Lat: 43°43’09.0”N Long: 15°54’19.0”E

Route 140° for 30 NMRoute 95° for 10 NMCoastal navigation with several shelters.

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Šibenik/Sebenico

Name of the Site

Šibenik/Sebenico


Šibenik, Šibenik-Knin County, Croatia

GPS Coordinates


History of the siteHungary, the Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice bickered and fought over Šibenik for a long time. In 1412, the city spontaneously chose to come under Venice’s rule, where it remained until the fall of the Republic in 1797. The city is particularly rich in architectural remains from the period of Venetian rule, especially in its formidable ring of fortresses which protected the city from incursions from the sea and the mainland. The fortress of St Nicholas (Tvrđava sv. Nikole in Croatian) is the most characteristic of the fortresses, and is located as if it were a ship at anchor in the canal at the entrance of the port. The city’s civil and religious architecture includes the Cathedral of St James (Katedrala sv. Jakova in Croatian), which was begun in early 1431 and is now a UNESCO World Heritage site, and the City Hall (Gradska vijećnica in Croatian, or Loggia Grande in Italian), designed by the architect Michele San Micheli, whose works can be found the length and breadth of the Adriatic and Aegean.

General Overview ~ Site ProfileThe city is located in a magnificent protected bay, on the banks of a deep waterway. It was founded where the river Krka (along whose shores there is one of the most charming natural parks in Adriatic) reaches the sea. The bay is connected to the sea by a deep canal approximately 2.5 km long.

ContactsTourism informationwww.sibenik-tourism.hr/eng/

Tourism board of SibenikT. +385 [email protected]

Šibenik/Sebenico - Hvar/Lesina 41 NMduration 8 hours


Hvar/LesinaWGS 43.172222, 16.440556 Lat: 43°10’20.0”N Long: 16°26’26.0”E

Route 145° for 5 NM coastal navigation to Mulo lighthouseRoute 180° for 10 NMRoute 134° for 26 NM

15

Hvar/Lesina

Name of the Site

Hvar/Lesina


Hvar/Lesina, Split - Dalmatia County, Croatia

GPS Coordinates


Basic Information

Hvar is one of the longest Dalmatian islands with a coast that stretches for 269 km and a total area of 299.66 sq km

History of the siteOriginally a Greek colony (when the island was known as Paros), in 259 BCE Hvar came under Roman rule. It was then conquered by Byzantium before being settled by Slavic populations from the region of Narentna. In 1278 the island of Hvar asked to come under Venetian rule, but was only integrated into the Republic of Venice in 1420 (where it remained until 1797). Thanks to its well protected position to the south, it was chosen by Venice as the perfect location for an arsenal and a fleet of galleys until 1767, when the fleet was transferred to nearby Kotor (Cattaro in Italian). The square is still home to the large Arsenal building, which dating back to 1579 and was very probably constructed by Girolamo San Micheli.

Hvar/Lesina - Korčula/Curzola 35 NM7 hours of navigation (5 knots)


Korčula/CurzolaWGS 42.958590, 17.136394 Lat: 42°57’30.9”N Long: 17°08’11.0”E

Route 111° along the Hvar-Korčula canal

ContactsTourism informationwww.tzhvar.hrT. +385 [email protected]@tzhvar.hr

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Korčula/Curzola

Name of the Site

Korčula/Curzola


Korčula, Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Croatia

GPS Coordinates


History of the siteColonized by the Dorii, it was conquered by the Romans before becoming part of the Byzantine Empire. Venice conquered the island in the year 1000, and its dispute over the island with the Hungarian-Croatian Empire was a lengthy one. In 1420 it was definitively annexed to Republic of Venice, where it remained until 1797. A naval battle between Genoa and Venice took place in the area in 1298, during which the famous traveller Marco Polo was captured. It was during his detention that Marco Polo dictated his Book of the Marvels of the World to his cellmate.

General Overview ~ Site ProfileThe island of Korčula is located in the southern Adriatic, very close to the peninsula of Pelješac (or Sabbioncello in Italian), a northern extension of the old Republic of Ragusa. It has an elongated east-west extension, and is 46.8 km long and 7.8 km wide.

ContactsKorčula tourism OfficeHR-20260 Korčula, 4 Obala dr. Franje Tuđmana T. +385 20.715 701T. +385 20.715 867F. +385 20.715 [email protected]@du.t-com.hrwww.visitkorcula.eu

Korčula/Curzola - Dubrovnik/Ragusa 44 NM9 hours of navigation (5 knots)


Dubrovnik/RagusaWGS 42.653262, 18.087548 Lat: 42°39’11.7”N Long: 18°05’15.2”ECoastal route 115° between the peninsula of Pelješac and the island of Mjetski.

17

Dubrovnik/Ragusa

Name of the Site

Dubrovnik/Ragusa


Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Croatia

GPS Coordinates

WGS 42.653262, 18.087548 Lat: 42°39’11.7”N Long: 18°05’15.2”E

History of the siteFounded in the early sixth century by the inhabitants of the Roman Epidaurum who were fleeing the Avar advance on the mainland. Nominally part of the Byzantine Empire, it enjoyed wide-ranging autonomy. In 1205 Venice seized the city and kept it until 1358, when it was subsumed into the kingdom of Hungary. From 1382, following the payment of a tribute, it gained independence, which it maintained until 1806 when it was invaded by the French. The Republic of Ragusa reached its peak between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and had its own important fleet and specific diplomatic and trade services throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. The city, with all of its monuments and city walls (which were severely damaged during the Serbian-Croatian war), is inscribed in UNESCO list of World Heritage sites. Because of its spectacular beauty, the city is also known as the pearl of the Adriatic.

General Overview ~ Site ProfileDubrovnik is located on a rocky island, which was connected to the mainland following the landfilling of a small portion of sea, now clearly demarcated by the flat part of the city.

ContactsDubrovnik and Neretva CountyTourist BoardT. + 385 20 324 999F. + 385 20 324 [email protected]

Dubrovnik/Ragusa - Budva/Budua 43 NM8/9 hours of navigation

Dubrovnik/RagusaWGS 42.653262, 18.087548 Lat: 42°39’11.7”N Long: 18°05’15.2”E

Budva/BuduaWGS 42.280841, 18.837914 Lat: 42°16’51.0”N Long: 18°50’16.5”ECoastal navigation with possible shelter facilities in bay of Kotor/Boka Kotorska.

18

Budva/Budua

Name of the Site

Budva/Budua


Budva, Montenegro

GPS Coordinates

WGS 42.280841, 18.837914 Lat: 42°16’51.0”N Long: 18°50’16.5”E

History of the siteLegend has it that Budva was founded by Cadmus the Phoenician, a hero exiled from Thebes who found shelter here for himself and his wife Harmonia. Venice ruled the town for nearly 400 years, from 1420 to 1797. Budva, called Budua at the time, was part of the Venetian Republic region of The Bay of Kotor, and was fortified by powerful Venetian walls against Ottoman incursions. Most of the population spoke Venetian until the early nineteenth century. One of the most renowned theatre librettists and composers, Cristoforo Ivanovich, was born in Venetian Budua.

General Overview ~ Site ProfileThe old town of Budva, featuring Mediterranean-style architecture, is located on a small island connected to the mainland by a sandy strip which gradually became a peninsula. It is surrounded by ramparts, dating from the fifteenth century, that form a system of medieval fortifications with gates, defence walls and towers. Renowned for its sandy beaches, pleasant Mediterranean climate and nightlife, Budva, Montenegro’s flagship, is a picturesque coastal town. Equally breathtaking are its surroundings, including St Stephen (Sv. Stefan), an island-peninsula connected to the mainland by a sandbar, and the islet of St Nicholas (Sv. Nikola), located in the bay of Budva, known as Skolj, a beautiful natural reserve surrounded by a crystal clear sea, coves and beaches.

ContactsBudva Tourism officewww.budva.travel/engT. +382 33.402814 F. +382 33.402550 [email protected]

Budva/Budua - Durrës/Durazzo 63 NM12/13 hours of navigation

Budva/BuduaWGS 42.280841, 18.837914 Lat: 42°16’51.0”N Long: 18°50’16.5”E

Durren/DurazzoWGS 41.316175, 19.450079 Lat: 41°18’58.2”N Long: 19°27’00.3”EHigh sea navigation route 154°

19

Durrës/Durazzo

Name of the Site

Durrës/Durazzo


Durrës, Albania

GPS Coordinates

WGS 41.316175, 19.450079 Lat: 41°18’58.2”N Long: 19°27’00.3”E

Basic Information

Population, 115,550

History of the siteDurrës was founded in the seventh century BCE by Greek colonists from Corinth and Corcyra under the name Epidamnos. Continuously inhabited for 2,700 years, it is one of the oldest cities in Albania. During the Roman age it was the most important port on the south-eastern Adriatic coast, situated along the Egnatia route for Constantinople that passed through Thessalonica. Venice conquered the city after 1204, and held it on and off until 1500 as part of the territory called Albania Veneta. Durrës was the capital of the Principality of Albania, as the country was then known, from March 7, 1914, until February 11, 1920, during the reign of William of Albania. For this reason it was considered the gate to Byzantium from the Adriatic Sea. In 1081 the Normans seized the city from Byzantium.

General Overview ~ Site ProfileDurrës one of the most ancient and economically significant cities of Albania, is the second largest city of the country, and is located on the central Albanian coast about 33 km west of Tirana. It is situated at one of the narrower points of the Adriatic Sea, opposite the Italian ports of Bari (300 km away) and Brindisi (200 km away), and houses Albania’s main port.

ContactsAlbanian Tourist Regional Service Office in Durrës, or visit www.zsht.gov.al or InfoPoint in Port of Durrës for local information on Accommodation, Attractions, Activities, etc.albaniantourism.com

Durrës/Durazzo - Corfu/Corfù 123 NM24 hours of navigation (5 knots)

Durrës/Durazzo WGS 41.316175, 19.450079 Lat: 41°18’58.2”N Long: 19°27’00.3”E

Corfu/Corfù

WGS 39.626796, 19.917480 Lat: 39°37’36.5”N Long: 19°55’02.9”ECoastal navigation with low-rise depth.Demanding high sea navigation due to strong currents and winds in Otranto canal.

20

Corfu/Corfù

Name of the Site

Corfu/Corfù


Corfu, Ionian islands, Greece

GPS Coordinates

WGS 39.626796, 19.917480 Lat: 39°37’36.5”N Long: 19°55’02.9”E

History of the siteThe island is located at the point where the Italian and Balkan coasts are closest, thus constituting a compulsory passage between the Adriatic, Ionian and Aegean seas. Venice therefore considered this island as its sentinel in the Adriatic. Corfu was a Corinthian colony from 774 BCE, and gained independence in 765 BCE. In 229 BCE it was conquered by the Romans, and then by Byzantium. The Normans, Swedes and Angevins fought over the site in the eleventh century. In 1224, it came under Venetian rule for only a short period before being subsumed definitively by the Serenissima in 1386, where it remained until 1797. The strategic importance of the island and its lengthy period under Venetian rule have also strongly affected the architectural features. It was the seat of a naval academy and naval base. In 1616 a new arsenal was also built in Gouvia. After the fall of the Republic of Venice, it became part of the Republic of Eptanesio. In 1815 it became a United Kingdom protectorate until 1864, when it was definitively integrated into the territory of Greece.

General Overview ~ Site ProfileThe island is located just off the Epirus coast, bisecting the route from Albania to Greece. It is divided from the mainland by a strait that is between 3 and 25 km wide. With its 613.6 sq km, it is the second largest island after Cephalonia. The island is 65 km long and 28.2 km wide at its widest point.

ContactsTourism information www.corfu-tourism.com/corfu-tourist-information-offices.html

GNTO Corfu AddressRizospastonVouleuton & Iakovou Polyla, 49100

Navigating from Corfu to Piraeus via the Gulf of Patras and the Corinth Canal to reach the second Venetian trade route (Pyraeus-Heraklion), we pass by the port of Naupactus (also known as Nafpaktos, and Lepanto in Italian) where the epic battle between the Ottoman fleet and the Christian fleet took place.

21

Nafpaktos/Lepant

Name of the site

Nafpaktos


Nafpaktos, Aetolia-Acarnania,West Greece, Greece

GPS Coordinates

WGS 38.393019, 21.834873 Lat: 38°23’34.9”N Long: 21°50’05.5”E

History of the siteEven though the battle fought in 1571 is known as the Battle of Lepanto, it was not fought in the waters of city. This battle made the city and its port famous, and is very much celebrated because it was the last naval battle between hundreds of Ottoman ships and the Christian fleet. The latter fleet was comprised of three deployments of Venetian and Spanish ships filled with peoples of all the languages and religions of the Mediterranean (Venetians, Lombards, Tuscans, Neapolitans, Sicilians, Slovenians, Croats, Montenegrins, Albanians, Greeks, Genoese, Spaniards, Swiss, Germans, and French). The Turkish fleet included Egyptians, Berbers, Greeks, Jews, North Sea Slavs, and Albanians.

General Overview ~ Site ProfileThe port of Naupactus is located on the northern shore of the Corinthian Gulf, between the town of Antirrio and the mouth of the river Mormos. It is protected by Venetian walls.

ContactsRegional Tourism Office of PatraFilopimenos 26 - Patra 26221 Greece T. +30 261.0620353T. +30 261.0621891F. +30 261.0620125 [email protected]

22

Piraeus

Name of the Site

Piraeus


Piraeus, Attica, Greece

GPS Coordinates

WGS 37.945687, 23.650118 Lat: 37°56’44.5”N Long: 23°39’00.4”E

History of the siteThe port of Piraeus is the largest port in Greece. Evidence of its economic relevance date back to the fifth century BCE, when it became the port of Athens. Consequently, in 493 BCE the port was fortified by Themistocles and extensive, colossal walls were built to connect the centre of Athens to the port, thus assuring a protected pathway in case of siege. The walls were destroyed by the Spartans during the Peloponnesian war (431 BCE-404 BCE). They were rebuilt between 395 BCE and 387 BCE after the Corinthian war, which was followed by a period of Athenians rebellion against Sparta’s dominion. The city of Athens became part of the Byzantine Empire, and after the fourth Crusade it was again part of the Latin Ducat of Athens. In 1456 the city fell to the Ottomans. Venetian presence is recorded very probably only in 1687, with the arrival of the fleet led by Francesco Morosini and the bombing of the Parthenon by a Venetian cannon ball.

General Overview ~ Site ProfilePiraeus is a natural port constituted by several waterways and small secondary ports. It is now the third port in the world for passenger transit and the largest in Europe. The abundance of international connections makes it a natural starting point for any nautical excursion in the Aegean.

ContactsPiraeus Information98-100, Syngrou Avenue, 11741 Athens T. +30 2109287050F. +30 2109287055 www.gnto.gr

THE PIRAEUS-HERAKLION ITINERARY 305 NM

Piraeus - Nafplio(also Napoli di Romania) 75 NM15 hours (5 knots)

PiraeusWGS 37.945687, 23.650118 Lat: 37°56’44.5”N Long: 23°39’00.4”E

Nafplio (or Napoli di Romania)WGS 37.567644, 22.801424 Lat: 37°34’03.5”N Long: 22°48’05.1”E

Route 188° 31NM until Hydra (Ydra in Greek)/Idra.Route 245° 19 NM until Spetses/Spetses.Route 309° 25 NM until Nafplio (also Napoli di Romania).Navigation through the Saronic Islands.

23

Nafplio (or Napoli di Romania)

Name of the Site

Nafplio (or Napoli di Romania)


Nafplio, Argolis, Peloponnese, Greece

GPS Coordinates

WGS 37.567644, 22.801424 Lat: 37°34’03.5”N Long: 22°48’05.1”E

History of the siteNafplio was not an important centre in ancient Greece, but was very much a point of contention in the Middle Ages. From 1210 until 1367 it was a free feud ruled in turn by several families. The Castle on the hill of Akronauplia was also built in this period. In 1388 Venice purchased it from the last descendant of Enghien lineage, the widow of Pietro Cornaro and cousin of Catharine Cornaro, queen of Cyprus. It was under Venetian rule until 1540, when the Ottomans conquered it after a siege lasting three years. The city plan was influenced by Venetian dominion. In 1481, the Castel da Mar was built on the suggestive island of Bourzi. In 1687 the city was conquered again by Venice, and remained under the Serenissima until 1715. The fortress of Palamidi was built in this period on top of the hill that dominates the city. In 1829 it was the first capital of the Independent Greek State, since Athens was still under Turkish rule. The city is also known in Italian as Napoli di Romania.

General Overview ~ Site ProfileThe city is located in a pretty bay, on the outer edges of the Peloponnese, behind one of the richest areas of classical Greek history (Epidaurus, Corinth, Mycenea).

ContactsNafplio Tourism OfficeT. +30 27520-24.444

Nafplio (or Napolidi Romania) - Monemvassia/Napoli di MalvasiaNafplio/Napoli di RomaniaWGS 37.567644, 22.801424 Lat: 37°34’03.5”N Long: 22°48’05.1”E

Monemvassia/Napoli di MalvasiaWGS 36.686222, 23.038672 Lat: 36°41’10.4”N Long: 23°02’19.2”E

Route 156° 52 NM.Route 250° 8.5 NM.Route 309° until Monemvasia.Coastal navigation, entering in the area of the Meltemi wind (dominant wind of the Aegean).

24

Monemvasia/Malvasia(also Napoli di Malvasia)

Name of the Site

Monemvasia/Malvasia (or Napoli di Malvasia)


Monemvasia, Laconia, Peloponnese, Greece

GPS Coordinates

WGS 36.686222, 23.038672 Lat: 36°41’10.4”N Long: 23°02’19.2”E

Basic Information

Located on a rocky island, 300 meters above sea level and dominating the surrounding gulf.

Monemvasia/Malvasia(or Napoli di Malvasia) - Kythira/Cerigo 41 NM8 hours of navigation

Monemvasia/Malvasia (or Napoli di Malvasia)WGS 36.686222, 23.038672 Lat: 36°41’10.4”N Long: 23°02’19.2”E

Kythira/CerigoWGS 36.264328, 23.076800 Lat: 36°15’51.6”N Long: 23°04’36.5”E

Route 148° 20 NM to Cape Maleas/Capo Malea.Route 215° 21 NM to Kythira.High sea navigation between the Aegean sea and the Kythira sea.

History of the siteAlso known in Italian as Napoli of Malvasia, Monemvasia was the site of an ancient Cretan settlement. Located on a rocky island, perched 300 metres above sea level and dominating the surrounding gulf, from the sixth century BCE, it welcomed Greek refugees fleeing migrating Slavic hordes. In this period, the town was turned into an important military and commercial port by the Byzantines. From 1460 to 1464, after interminable disputes between Byzantium and Frankish cavaliers, Momemvasia became a dominion of the Papal State, and finally became Venetian from 1464 to 1540. After another period of Ottoman rule, it again became part of the Serenissima from 1690 until 1715. The city was one of the first to be set free by the Greeks in 1821. The name of the city, which derives from the ancient Greek moni emvasis (“unique gate”), was subsequently changed to Malvasia by the Venetians, a reference to the famous grape variety produced in the area and exported to all Europe.

Contactswww.monemvasia.gr/en.html

25

Kythira/Cerigo

Name of the Site

Kythira/Cerigo


Kythira, Island, Attica, Greece

GPS Coordinates

WGS 36.264328, 23.076800 Lat: 36°15’51.6”N Long: 23°04’36.5”E

History of the siteIn Greek mythology, Kythira (Cerigo in Venetian) was, along with the island of Cyprus, regarded as the birth place of Aphrodite, the goddess of love and of sensuality. After the fall of Byzantium in 1204, due to its strategic position for any circumnavigation of the Peloponnesus, it was hotly contested between the Normans and Venetians, who eventually gained control from 1207 until 1797. At the fall of the Republic of Venice, it was the city-state’s southernmost dominion. Disputed between Russia, France and Turkey between 1800 and 1807, it became part of the Republic of Eptaneso together with the island of Corfu. From 1807 to 1864 it was under British rule, and was later united to free Greece. It is still dominated by the fortress Chora, of Byzantine origins. There is an outstanding Venetian citadel (whose original entrance and Venetian lion are still extant) in Mylopotamus.

General Overview ~ Site ProfileThe island of Kythira is located between the Ionian and the Aegean sea close to Cape Matapan. It has a total area of 300 square km and a population of barely 4,000 inhabitants.

ContactsVisit KythiraLivadi, 80100 Kythira, Greece T. +30 2736038094 F. +30 2736037194 [email protected] www.visitkythera.gr/en

26

Gramvousa/Gramvousa

Name of the Site

Gramvousa/Gramvousa


Gramvousa, Chanià, Crete, Greece

GPS Coordinates

WGS 35.606719, 23.578223 Lat: 35°36’24.2”N Long: 23°34’41.6”E

History of the siteGramvousa is constituted by two small islands not far from the north-western coast of the island of Crete. Despite its strategic importance, Venetians started to take it seriously only in 1583, when they decided to build a fortress located 137 meters above sea level. Due to the lack of local inhabitants, the fortress was built using the work of forced galley slaves from the Venetian galleys. The fortress stood firm against the Turks until they conquered it in 1692, using it to subjugate Crete over the following several decades.

Kythira/Cerigo - Gramvousa/Gramvousa 40 NM8 hours of navigation

Kythira/CerigoWGS 36.264328, 23.076800 Lat: 36°15’51.6”N Long: 23°04’36.5”E

Gramvousa/GramvousaWGS 35.606719, 23.578223 Lat: 35°36’24.2”N Long: 23°34’41.6”E

Route 139° 22 NM until Antikythera/CerigottoRoute 143° 18 NMHigh sea navigation

27

Chanià/La Canea

Name of the Site

Chanià/La Canea


Chanià, Crete

GPS Coordinates

WGS 35.515181, 24.017988 Lat: 35°30’54.6”N Long: 24°01’04.8”E

History of the siteChanià, also known in Italian as La Canea, is a city with a rich history and architecture whose origins date back to the Minoan age. It was a Roman colony at the death of Theodosius and part of the Eastern Roman Empire. After the fourth Crusade, it became part of the Venetian dominion except for a short period from 1267 until 1290, when it was under Genoese rule. In 1645 the Turks took it from the Venetians and would keep it in their dominion until 1898, until Crete was granted an autonomous statute and Chanià became the capital. The port was built by Venice between 1320 and 1356. The port was more important in military rather than commercial terms. In 1427 a huge arsenal with twenty-three warehouses were built (nine of the twenty-three warehouses are still extant). The city offers a wealth of Venetian, Ottoman and Greek architectural styles. In 2009 the municipality decided to submit its candidature to be included in UNESCO’s World Heritage list.

General Overview ~ Site ProfileThe city is located at the Eastern far end of the homonymous gulf delimited to East by the Akrotiry Peninsula. Its main port is located some kilometre in the closest bay of Suda, where, on a small island, the Venetian fortress stands out. The fortress construction started in 1572 and the last Venetian-Cretan part fell into Turkish hands in 1715.

ContactsTourism officeChanià40 Kriari Street,Pantheon Megaro, 73100 ChaniàT. +30 28210-92943T. +30 28210-92624 F. +30 28210-92624

Gramvousa/Gramvousa - Chanià/La Canea 28 NMduration 6 hours (5 knots)

Gramvousa/GramvousaWGS 35.606719, 23.578223 Lat: 35°36’24.2”N Long: 23°34’41.6”E

Chanià/La CaneaWGS 35.515181, 24.017988 Lat: 35°30’54.6”N Long: 24°01’04.8”E

Route 049° 10 NM until Cape Spatki.Route 129° 18 NM until Chanià/La Canea.Navigation north meltemi or etesian wind.

28

Rethymno/Rethymno

Name of the Site

Rethymno/Rethymno


Rethymno, Crete, Greece

GPS Coordinates

Rethymno marina WGS 35.366726, 24.481989 Lat: 35°22’00.2” Long: N 24°28’55.2”E

History of the siteA large number of exceptional characteristics distinguish the region of Rethymno from other Greek regions, including Mount Psiloritis, the breathtakingly deep blue sea and, of course, the vestiges of 3500 years of civilisation - numerous Byzantine churches and monasteries, magnificent Venetian monuments, the best preserved Renaissance city of Greece and superb natural beauties.

General Overview ~ Site ProfileThe Rethymno marina is located in the port of Rethymno on the eastern side and features: 174 berths along the floating piers with berths alongside the piers for larger vessels, the marina can accommodate any vessel.

ContactsTourism Department of Rethymnonwww.rethymnon.grT. +30 28310 [email protected]

Chanià/La Canea - Heraklion/Candia 60 NM12 hours - Intermediate port Rethymno/Rethymno

Chanià/La Canea WGS 35.515181, 24.017988 Lat: 35°30’54.6”N Long: 24°01’04.8”E

Heraklion/CandiaWGS 35.343030, 25.136111 Lat: 35°20’34.9”N Long: 25°08’10.0”E

Route 041° 8 NM.Route 105° 52 NM until Chanià.High sea navigation.

29

Heraklion/Candia

Name of the Site

Heraklion/Candia


Heraklion, Crete, Greece

GPS Coordinates

WGS 35.343030, 25.136111 Lat: 35°20’34.9”N Long: 25°08’10.0”E

History of the siteHeraklion, or Candia in Italian, is the most populous city of the island whose origins date back to the Minoan age when it was the seaport for the royal city of Knossos. Its development started significantly after 824 BCE, when, following the Arab conquest of the city, the site became a refuge for rebels fleeing the Cordova caliphate who founded the emirate of Crete. In 961 it was conquered again by Byzantium, who vanquished the Muslim population. In 1204 it was purchased together with all the islands by Venice, and namely by Boniface of Montferrat, king of Thessaloniki. After a siege that lasted more than twenty-one years, it was conquered by the Ottomans in 1669, and remained under their control until its independence in 1889. Since 1971 it has been the capital of the region. The port entrance is dominated by the Koules (a fortress known to Venetians as the Rocca al Mare), built on a rocky cliff over former Byzantine, Genoese and Arab constructions. The city was the capital of the Venetian kingdom of Candia, and still preserves a significant number of monuments dating back to the Serenissima. The Koules was built in the sixteenth century and was one of the most beautiful in Europe. Its walls, planned by the architect Michele San Micheli, extend for about 3 km. Moreover, from the port you can still see the ruins of the Venetian arsenal, which was second in size only to the original Arsenale in Venice.

General Overview ~ Site ProfileHeraklion/Candia is the main entrance gateway to the island of Crete, and is located centrally, facing the Aegean sea.

ContactsTourism department of the island of Crete Xanthoudidou 1 71202 Heraklion T. +30 2810228225T. +30 228203 F. +30 2810226020

30

This long itinerary crosses the Bosphorus Strait, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles and the Aegean Sea, and combines coastal and high sea navigation requiring a great deal of nautical experience.

THE ISTANBUL-BODRUM ITINERARY 379 NM

Istanbul

Name of the Site

Istanbul


Istanbul, Marmara Region, Turkey

GPS Coordinates

Taksim Square WGS 41.036976, 28.985131 Lat: 41°02’13.1”N Long: 28°59’06.5”E

History of the siteLocated in the Marmara region, Istanbul is surrounded by the Black Sea to the north and the Sea of Marmara to the south. Istanbul is a transcontinental city, divided by the Bosphorus straits into a European and Asian side. Istanbul’s strategic position along the Silk Road, its location constituting a bridge between the two continents, has made the city very diversified and rich in regards to history and culture. Istanbul is the only sea route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.Istanbul’s history dates back to the Palaeolithic, nearly 400,000 years ago. Archaeological finds from the Yarimburgaz Cave, 22 km west of the city centre in the European sector, presents the earliest recorded human existence in the area. Recent excavations along the Yenikapi subway station, also in the European sector, part of the Marmaray Tunnel, have demonstrated that there was also a settlement in the area during the Neolithic period, some 8,500 years ago. On the Asian side of the city, excavations in Pendik and Fikirtepe also prove that there were settlements in the region during the Neolithic, further

confirming the city’s prehistoric roots.Byzantium, the ancient name of modern-day Istanbul, is believed to have been founded by Greek settlers in the early 7th century BCE. These settlers came from Megara, a town near modern Athens. The first inhabited area was called Chalcedon, modern-day Kadıköy, on the Asian continent. Tradition suggests that Byzas, also a Megarian colonist, settled on the European side of the city in 667 BCE, giving his name to the city of Byzantium. In 340 BCE Phillip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great, attacked the city but failed to capture it. In 146 BCE, Byzantium fell to the Roman Empire.In 324 CE, Constantine the Great became emperor of the Roman Empire and in 330 proclaimed Byzantium as the new capital of the Empire, to be called as Nova Roma, or New Rome. Throughout the fifth century, the Western Roman Empire lost much of its power and after its fall in 476, Constantinople (as Nova Roma was renamed in honour of Constantine the Great) became the sole capital of the remaining Eastern Roman Empire, which would also eventually be known as the Byzantine Empire. During the reign of Justinian I, the empire was at its climax and Constantinople prospered greatly. The attention the city fostered was so immense, its location between two continents so strategic for trade and transport, that these, almost counter-intuitively, were among the reasons for the city’s downfall. For the next several hundred years, Persians, Arabs, nomadic tribes, and members of the fourth Crusade attacked Constantinople, weakening the city even further. In 1453, Ottoman Turks led by Mehmet II (affectionately known as Mehmet the Conqueror) attacked the city and on May

31

29, the city fell to Ottoman rule after a fifty-three-day siege. Constantinople became the third and last capital of the Ottoman Empire until 1923, when Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of the Turkish Republic, declared Ankara the new capital.

ContactsIstanbul tourism offices SultanahmetAt Meydanı-Sultanahmet (on the Hippodrome)Open: daily from 9am to 5pmT. +90 212.5181802

Tourism office in Sirkeci Sirkeci Tren İstasyonu-Sirkeci (Sirkeci Train Station)Open: daily from 9am to 5pm T. +90 212.5115888

Tourism office in Beyazıt Beyazıt Meydanı-Beyazıt (Beyazıt square) Open: daily from 8.30am to 6pmT. +90 212.5224902

Istanbul Bogazi (Bosphorus)

Marmara Denizi

Halic (Goldon Horn)

Üsküdar

Kadiköy

Kulaki

Beyoğlu

TaksimÇukurcuma

Cihangir

Karaköy

TünelÇarşamba

AksarayEminönü

Sultanahmet

Cağaloğlu

32

Bodrum/Bodrum

Name of the Site

Bodrum


Bodrum, Muğla, Aegean Region, Turkey

GPS Coordinates

Bodrum Castle WGS 37.035105, 27.429952 Lat: 37°02’06.4”N Long: 27°25’47.8”E

History of the siteBodrum is a port city in the Muğla province, located in the soutwestern Aegean, along the west coast of Turkey. The region includes the municipalities of Bodrum, Turgutreis, Ortakent, Türkbükü, Yalıkavak, Gümüşlük, Bitez, Konacık, Yalı and Mumcular. The town centre of Bodrum is the hub of Bodrum Peninsula, facing the Greek island of Kos. According to the latest census (2012), Bodrum province has a population of 136,317 people. Of these, 35,795 live in the town of Bodrum.Bodrum is described by Homer as the land of eternal blue. Now called “the new St Tropez”, Bodrum never loses its cool and elegance, from the world-renowned castle to its glittering marina. At the turn of the century Bodrum was a small fishing village; it is now one of the most versatile and attractive resorts in Turkey. From package tourists to celebrities, Bodrum in the eyes of its devotees is a town where many seek to return.According to Herodotus, the famous historian and a native of Bodrum (or Halicarnassus, as it was then known), Bodrum was founded by Greek settlers

(possibly Dorians) who arrived in the area around 1100 BCE. At that time, new settlers mixed with the native people of the area, the Lelegians and Carians. It is suggested that at one point Halicarnassus was part of the Dorian Hexapolis (or Dorian League), but was expelled due to a dispute over whether to dedicate a prize trophy to the god Apollo. The city was ruled by the Lydians in the first half of the 6th century BCE. In 546 BCE, Persians took control of the area and Bodrum fell under the rule of the Satrapy of Saird. During the fourth century BCE, the Hekatomnid dynasty ruled the area and Mausolus, the most famous satrap of them all, inherited the throne in 377 BCE. During his twenty-four-year reign, ancient Halicarnassus witnessed massive building projects, imbuing the city with much of its glory. King Mausolus’s sister, Artemisia II of Caria, ordered the construction of a tomb for Mausolus, the Mausoleum, which

Gündoğan

Yalikavak

Göltürkbükü

Yakaköy

Dagbelen

İslamhaneleri

Gümüşlük

Turgutreis

Akyarlar Gökova Körfezi

KumbahçeGümbet

Bitez Bodrum

Konacik

became one of the seven wonders of the world. Alexander the Great conquered the city in 333 BCE and ordered its destruction, leaving the Mausoleum untouched. Halicarnassus later fell under Roman rule in 129 BCE. In 1402, the Knights Hospitallers arrived and began the construction of Bodrum Castle, also known as the Castle of St Peter or Petronium. In 1522, Suleiman the Magnificent conquered much of the area during his Siege of Rhodes. The Knights Crusaders presented him the key to the castle, thus effectively putting Bodrum and its surrounding areas under Ottoman rule.

ContactsTourism Board InformationT. (90-252) 316 1091

Guide concept development

Regione Veneto - Tourism DepartmentPaolo Rosso, DirectorNicola Panarello, Head Tourism project and EU Programs OfficeSilvia Lecci, VeRoTour project coordination

Content development

Marco Polo System EEIGMauro ScroccaroNicola GemignaniDaniele Sferra

Photographs

Caloiro et Oliva, nautical atlas 1646,Veneto Region, Marco Polo System EEIG, Region of Crete, Municipality of Palmanova, Municipality of Piran, Tourism Office Pula,Albanian Tourism Service Office,Mocha Tours, Daniele Sferra,Sonia Cappellesso, Elena Cavaldoro,Roberto Terzi, Enrico Brozzola, Stevan Kordic

Advertising, graphics and infographics

Freskiz ComunicateFratta Polesine (RO)

Copyright and reproduction rights

Veneto Region and all VeRoTour partners

With the cooperation of

UNWTO - Alla Peressolova, Patrick FritzRegion of Crete - Dimitris MichelogiannisMunicipality of Palmanova - Adriana Danielis, Gabriella Del FrateBilkent University - Department of history, Mehmet KalpakliObčina Piran - Jania Pavsic, Martina GambozMocha Tours - Murat ÖzgücAlbanian Tourism Service Office - Majlinda Hafizi, Dori BeshiriTourism Office Pula - Sanja Cinkopan Korotaj, Marinela Kolic

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m�is proje� is co-funded by European Union Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programmeand its call for proposals on “Support to transnational thematic tourism produ�s” 43/G/ENT/CIP/12/B/N02S022.�e sole re�onsibility of �� public�ion lies wi� �e au�or.�e European Comm�sion � not re�onsible for any �e �� may be made of �e inform�ion �erein.

Co-funded bythe European Union

Coordin�or In cooper�ion wi�

WWW.VEROTOUR.EU

ContactsVeneto Region - Tourism DepartmentPalazzo Sceriman, Cannaregio 16830121 [email protected] www.regione.veneto.itwww.veneto.to

VENETIANMARITIMETRADEROUTES

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Documents

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diversified tourism

different countries

different religions

cultural koine

cultural traditions