reinforcing internationalisation. the case of latin america... antónio marques university of porto,...
TRANSCRIPT
Reinforcing internationalisation. The case of Latin America...
António Marques
University of Porto, Portugal
General Assembly of the Santander Group Cluj, 11-13 June.
... Summary
Latin American HE systems:
>Current situation>Challenges and opportunities>Impact on the internationalisation
>5 Countries, 71.2% of the whole LAn population.>Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico
... Current situation
... Higher Education Institutions
HEIs Private UniversitiesARGENTINA 94 55% 79BRAZIL 1637 88% 162 CHILE 229 89% 63COLOMBIA 320 68% 105
MEXICO 1250 59% 267
(Theiler 2005; Laus, Morosini, 2005; Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2005)
... Student Enrollment Undergraduate
Undergraduates % (17-24 y.o.) ARGENTINA 1.3 million 40% BRAZIL 3,5 million 17%COLOMBIA 0,99 million 20% MEXICO 2,1 million 22%Latin America 30%OECD countries 56%
(Theiler 2005; Laus, Morosini, 2005; Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2005)
... Student Enrollment Graduate
Graduate StudentsARGENTINA 4.0%BRAZIL 2.8%CHILE 4.0% COLOMBIA 0.8%Latin America (2000) 2.4%
(Theiler 2005; CAPES, 2007; Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005)
... Student Enrollment Expansion
Approaches to Expansion: >Argentina, Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela: Public universities have expanded and new public HEI have been created to absorb the demand.
>Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Peru:The expansion was the result of a growing privatisation of education.
(Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005)
... Post-graduate programmes
Master DoctoratesARGENTINA 255 142BRAZIL 2538 1302 CHILE 364 75COLOMBIA 323 47
(Theiler 2005; CAPES, 2007; Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005)
... Qualifications of teaching staff
Staff with PhDs (%)Argentina 12Colombia 4 Brazil 30 Chile 13Mexico 4 Latin America average: 7
(Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005)
... PhD degrees
Ratios (new PhDs a year)
BRAZIL 1 : 70,000 people CHILE 1 : 140,000 COLOMBIA 1 : 700,000 OECD countries 1 : 5,000
(Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005)
... Internationalisation. Situation
>Interest in the internationalization process began only in the 1990s.
>Internationalization of education not yet important on the political agenda.
>A large number of LAn students study outside LA, and many HEIs graduates emigrate to the north.
>LAn countries have not been able to develop adequate strategies to attract foreign students.
>Recent reforms of higher education in LA are broadly consistent with international trends. (Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005)
...Student mobility
World student mobility (2005) 2.7 million
Asia 45% Europe 23% Africa 10%Latin America 5% North America 3.5%
(Source: Education at a glance, OECD, 2007) (Gacel-Ávila, 2009)
...Student mobility Barriers
>Lack of curricular flexibility and credit transfer mechanisms.
>Insufficient command of foreign languages among staff and students.
>Lack of economic resources to finnance studies abroad.
>A student body that studies mainly part-time.
(Gacel-Ávila, 2009)
... Cultural Factors. Language
CHILE Chileans are less proficient in English than other Latin Americans. To help combat the problem, the mastery of a second language is mandatory before graduation in many traditional universities.
COLOMBIA One of the greatest barriers for internationalization is the inadequate command of a second language by faculty and students. As a consequence,important opportunities for participation in international projects are lost.
MEXICO 66% of public HEIs and 86% of private HEIs require their students to acquire credits in a foreign language as a requirement for graduating.
(Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2005)
... Brain Drain
ARGENTINA 55% of graduate students in the USA want to stay there.
CHILE In 1973 many scholars were forced to emigrate. Some returned to Chile in the 1990s.
COLOMBIA Brain drain increased in recent years.
(Theiler, 2005; Sanchez, 2005; Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005; Jaramillo, 2005)
... Brain Drain Return Programmes
BRAZIL 80% of its graduate students return.
CHILE has established centers of excellence to raise the quality of research and to lure back highly skilled nationals.
COLOMBIA Programme “Colombia NosUne”, recently established by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, seek to strengthen links between Colombia and Colombian communities abroad.
MEXICO Between 1991 and 2000 a program funded the repatriation of more than 2,000 Mexican researchers living in 33 countries.
(Sanchez, 2005; Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005; Jaramillo, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2009)
... Attracting foreign students
>OECD 10 foreign students per 100 national students
>Chile, Argentina, Mexico Less than 1% of enrollees in HE
(Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005)
...Challenges and opportunities
... Internationalisation Main motivations
>To improve quality standards in Education (particularly at graduate level) and Research. (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico)
>To increase proficiency in foreign languages (Brazil)
>To be more competitive, work better in international environments and develop the nation (Brazil, Chile)
>Generate revenues and reduce state costs (Chile, Colombia)
(Theiler, 2005; Laus, Morosini, 2005; Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2005)
... Internationalisation Main strategies
>Growing participation in international networks and partnerships (Argentina, Mexico)
>Creation of joint/double graduate programmes with foreign universities(Argentina, Brazil, Chile)
>Joint research activities with foreign institutions (Argentina, Mexico)
>Growing participation in students, staff and researchers mobility programmes (Argentina, Chile, Mexico)
(Theiler, 2005; Laus, Morosini, 2005; Sanchez, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2005)
... HE Cooperation LA - EU
Collaborative activities between LA and the EU have increased steadily since the 1990s. This has occurred mainly through the programmes:
ALFAALBANERASMUS MUNDUS
... ALFA
ALFA I promote academic exchanges between HEIs of EU and LA. >1994-1999: involved 1064 institutions; 846 projects were selected.
ALFA II To develop the institutional cooperation and the scientific and technical training within HEIs of EU and LA. >2000-2006: involved 770 institutions, 225 projects were selected.
ALFA III Three components:>“Joint Partnerships” of European and LA HEIs >“Structural Measures" that aim to reform education systems in LA. >"Accompanying Measures", horizontal activities to promote the Programme's visibility and results of approved projects.>2008-2013: involving 133 institutions, 14 projects were selected.
(Data Source: http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/latin-america/regional-cooperation/alfa/)
... ALBAN
A high level scholarship programme.
>2000-2010: a total of 3319 applicants from 18 Latin American countries were selected to receive an Alßan scholarship.
Scholarships Master 1,803 Doctorate 1,426Advanced Specialisation 90Total 3,319
(Data Source: http://www.programalban.org/)
... ERASMS MUNDUS
ERASMUS MUNDUS. Action 1 Joint programmesFoster cooperation between HEIs and academic staff in Europe and Third Countries with a view to creating poles of excellence and providing highly trained human resources.
ERASMUS MUNDUS. Action 2 Partnerships (former EMECW)Partnerships are the basis for enhancing academic cooperation and exchanges of students and academics, contributing to the socio-economic development of non-EU countries targeted by EU external cooperation policy.
ERASMUS MUNDUS. Action 3 Promotion of European Higher EducationPromotes European HE through measures enhancing the attractiveness of Europe as an educational destination and a centre of excellence at world level.
... ERASMUS MUNDUSAction 2 Partnerships (former EMECW)
>5 consortia: Brazil (3) + Chile (1) + Mexico (1)>816 mobilities
Mobilities>Undergraduate 236>Master 205>Doctorate 241>Post docs 72>Academic staff 62Total 816
(Data Source: http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/)
... Impact on internationalisation
>Academic Ranking of World Universities (2008) Shangai JTU
Country World Rank
University of São Paulo Brazil 101 - 151
University of Buenos Aires Argentina 152 - 200
University of México (UNAM) México 152 - 200
State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Brazil 201 - 302
Federal University of Minas Gerais Brazil 303 - 401
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Brazil 303 - 401
Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile Chile 402 - 503
University of Chile Chile 402 - 503
State University Paulista (UNESP) Brazil 402 - 503
Federal University of Rio Grande Sul Brazil 402 - 503
... LA Universities on the Rankings1
... LA Universities on the Rankings2
>THES - QS World University Rankings (2008)Country World
RankUniversity of México (UNAM) México 150
University of São Paulo Brazil 196
University of Buenos Aires Argentina 197
Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile Chile 241
State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Brazil 249
Austral University Argentina 309
University of Chile Chile 320
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores México 328
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Brazil 334
Universidad ORT Uruguay 387
University of Belgrano Argentina 401 - 500
State University Paulista (UNESP) Brazil 401 - 500
Pontificia Univ Catolica Peru Peru 401 - 500
Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio Janeiro Brazil 401 - 500
University Torcuato di Tella Argentina 401 - 500
... Publications 2007. Country Indicators
World Rank Publications Brazil 15 28,232Mexico 30 9,436Argentina 36 6,937Chile 43 4,289Colombia 53 1,864Venezuela 55 1,527Cuba 57 1,438Peru 75 579Uruguay 76 574
(Data Source: Scopus)
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Data source: ISI, National Science Indicators and Ministry of Science and Technology, Brazil
... Web of Science indexed papers 1981-06