reintroduction plan for the endangered sicilian black bee · reintroduction plan for the endangered...
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Reintroduction plan for the endangered Sicilian black bee Apis mellifera siciliana
Cecilia Costa1, Carlo Amodeo2, Marco Lodesani1, Stefano Reale3, Raffaele Dall’Olio1
1 Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura – Unità di ricerca di Apicoltura e bachicoltura, via di Saliceto 80 – 40128, Bologna, Italia2 Apicoltura Amodeo di Amodeo Carlo, C.da Madonna Diana 90018 Termini Imerese (PA), Italia3 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3 –90129, Palermo, Italia
Apis mellifera geographic variability
� 26 described honey bee subspecies� Some distributed worldwide, some risk extinction
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Italian honey bee subspecies
A.m.ligustica A.m.siciliana
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A. m. siciliana
� Genetic characteristics from the African branch A and/or the Oriental branch O
� Characteristic behaviour and development
� Suffered from change in beekeeping after the 1960s (agricultural market and policies and varroa)
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Italian honey bee subspecies
A.m.siciliana A.m.ligustica
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• Mid 80s: «pure» coloniesassessed by morphometry and allozyme (MDH & EST) analyses
• Establishment of conservationisland: Ustica
• 1990s: conservation with risk of inbreeding
• 2000-2001: new conservationislands Filicudi & Vulcano; National Breeders Registry
• Separation of different lineson different island
• Within subspecies diversity by maintaining and crossingdifferent lines
The conservation programme of A. m. siciliana
Carlo Amodeo
FILICUDI
USTICAVULCANO
Munoz et al, Effectiveness of conservationislands, in review
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The Slow Food international organization:
• founded by Carlo Petrini in 1986
• Slow Food believes that everyone has a fundamental right to the pleasure of good food and consequently the responsibility to protect the heritage of biodiversity, culture and knowledge that make this pleasure possible.
• GOOD, CLEAN and FAIR
• involves more 100,000 people from 153 countries of five continents
The Slow Food foundation for Biodiversity
• promotes preservation of agriculturalbiodiversity through taste education
• promotes and coordinates over 300 ‘Presidia’ (200 of which are Italian) in the world
Sicilian Black Bee (2009)
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3 years - 400K€funding from SicilianRegional Government
Dec 2011 –Dec 2014
SOAT CollesanoApicoltura AmodeoIZS Palermo
Consiglio per la Ricerca e sperimentazione in apicoltura
– Unità di ricerca di apicoltura e bachicoltura
"APESLOW: Reintroduction and conservation of the endangered subspecies Apis mellifera siciliana (DallaTorre, 1896): a tribute to Prof. P. Genduso."
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How to achieve this ?
� Large scale reproduction of geneticmaterial (distribution of queen cells)
� Extensive sampling and analyses to findnew sources of genetic variability
� Identify areas suitable for controlledmating
� Team building and sharing knowledgeand experience
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In the first year and a half of the project ….
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• Constitution of the new beekeeperassociation for Sicilian black beebreeders
• Training course for queen breeding
• Rearing and distribution of queen cells
• Landscape study (beehiveslocation/new mating stations)
• Sample collection and analyses and sharing of techniques
31 founding members, currently 78
Beekeepers join association and apply for queen cells
Assignment criteria (location, VET registration)� selected beekeepers
Cells production and distribution � mating in different areas
Distribution of queen cells
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Reintroduction: spreading A.m.siciliana genes
2012 2013
N° beekeepers 49 78
N° queen cells 3207 6287
N° breeders 6 7
N° breeding lines 16 16
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Searching for more A.m.siciliana
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Recognition of A.m.siciliana
A79 ♣ ♦
A7 ♣
A043 ♦
A29 ♦
A88 ♣ ♦
Ap43 ♣
A8 ♣ ♦
Ap55 ♣
A14 ♦
A113 ♣ ♦
A(B)124 ♣
Ap226 ♦
Microsatellite DNA - 12 loci
A.m.siciliana vs Mediterranean races � DBase Univ.Murcia (♣)
(De la Rùa P., Dall’Olio - 2009)
A.m.siciliana vs European races � DBase Univ.Aarhus (♦)
(Kryger P. - 2010)
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274 samples x 5 bees = 1370 bees
Microsatellite analyses: results
Each sample: individual assignmentsof the 5 bees
� GENEALEX: frequency of correctassignment
� STRUCTURE: conservative cut-off level based on mis-assigned in reference DB frequency of correct assignments& mean % assignment to differentpopulation
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Recognition of A.m.siciliana
•Conservation islands (41)•100% A4
•Other samples (52)• 6 different haplotypes
• 100% “A”
• A9 rare, known in A.m.intermissa
A4 (75)
A3 (9)
A1 (4)A10 (2)
A11 (2)
A9 (1)
mtDNA – 1 bee/colony PCR-RFLP (DraI)
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Mitochondrial DNA
Recognition of A.m.siciliana
� 84 samples, 10-14 wings
� 16 wing characters (11 angles, 4 dimensions, 1 ratio)
� CRA-API reference database (176 samples, 6 subspecies)
� Post hoc discriminant analyses 0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Probability class
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Morphometric analyses
Selection criteria for conservation / reintroduction
Microsat mtDNA Morphometry Rare haplotype / private alleles
Apiary use ≥ suff > 70%
Mating station ≥ good A > 90%
Conservationisland
≥ excellent A > 90% yes
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1) PALERMO CITTÀ2) CASTELBUONO 3) RISERVA DELLO STRASATTO
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1
2
Establishing mating stations
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Increasing conservation islands
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Salina-Lipari
Marettimo
Linosa
Special acknowledgement to:
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Founders of Associationand breeders:
� Sergio Sapienza
� Fortunato Battaglia
� Giulio Vitale
Ongoing support:
� Eugenia Oliveri
NO COLLABORATION = NO CONSERVATION
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