Relational Operators, SQL, and Access Query

ISYS 562

Relational Operators

• Set operators: Union, intersection, difference, Cartesian product

• Relational operators: Selection, projection, join, etc.

Union

• Set1={A, B, C}

• Set2={C, D, E}

• Union: Members in Set 1 or in Set 2– Set1 U Set 2 = {A, B, C, D, E}

• Or

Intersect

• Members in Set 1 and in Set 2– Set1 ∩ Set2={C}

• And

Difference

• Set1 – Set2: Members in Set1 but not in set2 = {A,B}

• Set2 – Set1:Members in Set2 but not in set1 = {D, E}

• Set1-Set2 ≠ Set2 – Set1

Use Union and Difference to Simulate Intersect

• Set1 ∩ Set2 = Set1 – (Set1 – Set2)

Files as Sets

• Business students’ file: BusSt• Science student’s file: SciSt

– BusSt U SciSt:– BusSt ∩ SciSt– BusSt – SciSt

• Spring 04 Student file: S04St• Fall 04 Student file: F04St

– S04St – F04St– F04St – S04St

Product

• Set1 = {a, b, c}

• Set2 = {X, Y, Z}

• Set1 X Set2 = {aX, aY aZ, bX, bY, bZ, cX, cY, cZ}

• Faculty File: • FID Fname• F1 Chao• F2 Smith

• Student File:• SID Sname FID• S1 Peter F1• S2 Paul F2• S3 Smith F1

• Faculty X Student:

Projection

• Projection operation works on a single relation and defines a vertical subset of the relation, extracting the values of specified attributes.

Duplications due to Projection• WorkLog file:

• EID PjID Hours• E1 P2 5• E1 P1 4• E2 P2 6• E2 P1 8• E3 P1 4

• Project eid from (WorkLog)• Project Hours from (WorkLog)• In practice, users determine whether to

eliminate duplicates:– SELECT DISTINCT EID FROM WorkLog;– SELECT HOURS FROM WorkLog WHERE PjID = ‘P1’;

Natural Join

• The two relations must have common attributes.

• Combines two relations to form a new relation where records of the two relations are combined if the common attributes have the same value. One occurrence of each common attribute is eliminated.

Aggregate Functions

• Max, Min, Sum, Count, Avg

• Aggregates by grouping fields

• Student: SID,Sname, GPA, Sex, Major

• Enroll: SID, CID

• Course: CID, Cname, Credits

• Queries:– Number of students in each course

• CID, CName, NumbeOfStudents

– Total credits for each student:• SID, Sname, TotalCredits

Outer Join

• Records in a relation that do not have matching values are included in the result relation. Missing values are set to null.

Outer Join Exmple

• Product Table:– PID Pname– P1 TV– P2 VCR– P3 Computer– P4 Tape– P5 DVD

• TotalSales– PID TotalSales– P1 50– P3 60– P5 40

• Product Join TotalSales

• Product OuterJoin Totalsales

Branch:BID CityB1 SFB2 SMB3 SJ

Full Outer Join:BID City PIDB1 SF P3B2 SM NullB3 SJ P2Null LA P1

Right Outer Join:BID City PIDB1 SF P3B3 SJ P2Null LA P1

Property:PID CityP1 LAP2 SJP3 SF

Left Outer Join:BID City PIDB1 SF P3B2 SM NullB3 SJ P2

Structured Query Language

Language Overview

• Two major components:– Data definition language

• Create Table

– Data manipulation language• Updating database:

– Insert, Delete, Update

• Query database:– Select

CREATE TABLE

• CREATE TABLE tableName(fields and data type separated by commas);

• Ex.– CREATE TABLE employee(

eid CHAR(5),

ename VARCHAR(40),

sex CHAR,

salary NUMERIC(9,2),

hire_Date DATE);

SQL Insert CommandINSERT INTO tableName VALUES (field values separated by commas);

INSERT INTO tableName (Column names separated by commas)VALUES (field values separated by commas);

Ex 1. Customer table with CID, CNAME, CITY, RATING.

a. INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES (‘C1’, ‘SMITH’, ‘SF’, ‘A’);

b. INSERT INTO CUSTOMER (CID, CNAME,RATING) VALUES (‘C1’, ‘SMITH’, ‘A’);

SQL Delete Command

DELETE FROM tableName [WHERE criteria];

Ex 1. Delete a record from the Customer table.

DELETE FROM CUSTOMER WHERE CID = ‘C1’;

SQL Update Command

UPDATE tableName SET field = new value [WHERE criteria];

Ex 1.

UPDATE CUSTOMER SET RATING = ‘A’ WHERE CID=‘C1’;

Ex 2.

UPDATE CUSTOMER SET CITY = ‘SF’, SET RATING = ‘A’ WHERE CID=‘C1’;

Selection• SELECT * FROM tableName WHERE criteria;• Criteria:

– =, <>, <, >, <=, >=– (), NOT, AND, OR– BETWEEN

• WHERE salary BETWEEN 1000 AND 10000;

– LIKE, NOT LIKE: *, %, _• WHERE ename LIKE “C*”

– IN, NOT IN• WHERE eid IN (‘e1’,’e3’)

– IS NULL• WHERE rating IS NULL

Projection:– SELECT fields FROM tableName WHERE criteria;– SELECT DISTINCT fields FROM tableName WHERE

criteria;– Field name alias: AS

• Ex: SELECT eid AS empID, ename AS empName FROM emp;

• Product:– SELECT fields FROM table1, table2;– table name alias:

• Ex: SELECT s.*, f.* FROM student s, faculty f;

Natural Join• SELECT * FROM table1 NATURAL JOIN table2;

– SELECT * FROM student NATURAL JOIN faculty;

• SELECT * FROM table1, table2 WHERE table1.JoinAttribute = table2.JoinAttribute;– SELECT * FROM student, faculty

• WHERE student.fid = faculty.fid;

• Table name alias:– SELECT * FROM student s, faculty f

• WHERE s.fid = f.fid;

• Other forms:– FROM student s JOIN faculty f ON s.fid=f.fid;– FROM student s INNER JOIN faculty f ON s.fid=f.fid;– FROM student JOIN faculty USING fid;

• Not supported by Oracle

Sorting

• ORDER BY fieldName [DESC]– SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY sname;– SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY sname DESC;

• More than one field:– SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY major, sname;

Set Operators

• Union compatible

• (SELECT * FROM table1)– UNION (SELECT * FROM table2);– INTERSECT (SELECT * FROM table2);– MINUS (SELECT * FROM table2);

Aggregates

• SELECT AVG(fieldName) FROM tableName;– COUNT(fieldName), COUNT(*)– COUNT(DISTINCT fieldName)– MAX(fieldName)– MIN(fieldName)– SUM(fieldName)

• More than one aggregate:• SELECT AVG(fieldName), MAX(fieldName),

MIN(fieldName) FROM tableName;• With alias:

– SELECT AVG(gpa) AS avggpa, COUNT(sid) AS scount • FROM student;

GROUP BY

• SELECT groupingField, function(fieldname) FROM tablename GROUP BY groupingField;– SELECT major, count(sid) FROM student GROUP BY major;

• All field names in the GROUP BY clause must be included in the retrieved fields.– Compute the number of courses taken by each student:– SELECT sid, sname, COUNT(cid)

• FROM student NATURAL JOIN enroll

• GROUP BY sid, sname;

• WHERE clause must come before the GROUP BY:– SELECT major, count(sid) FROM student WHERE GPA > 3.0

GROUP BY major;

Adding a Criteria for the Sub Totals with HAVING

• SELECT major, count(sid) FROM student– GROUP BY major– HAVING count(sid) > 5;

• Sometime the aggregates are not required to display:– Find majors that have more than 5 students:– SELECT major FROM student

• GROUP BY major• HAVING count(sid) > 5;

Sub (or Nested ) Query

• Q: Find students whose GPA is below the average.– The criteria itself required a SQL statement.– SELECT * FROM student

• WHERE gpa < (SELECT AVG(gpa) FROM student);

Sub Query with IN• Q: Find students who take at least one

course and display their ID and name.– SELECT sid, sname FROM

• student NATURAL JOIN enroll• GROUP BY sid• HAVING COUNT(cid) > 1;

– SELECT sid, sname FROM student • WHERE sid IN (SELECT DISTINCT sid FROM enroll);

• Q: Find students who take more than 5 courses and display their ID and name.– SELECT sid, sname FROM student

• WHERE sid IN (SELECT sid FROM enroll GROUP BY sid– HAVING COUNT(cid) > 5);

Sub Query with ALL/SOME/ANY

• Q: Find students whose gpa is greater than all/some bus majors’ gpa:– SELECT sid, sname FROM student

• WHERE gpa > ALL(SELECT gpa FROM studentWHERE

major=‘bus’);

– SELECT sid, sname FROM student • WHERE gpa > SOME (SELECT gpa FROM student

WHERE major=‘bus’);

– SELECT sid, sname FROM student • WHERE gpa > ANY (SELECT gpa FROM student

WHERE major=‘bus’);

Access Query

• Selection, Projection, Product, Join, Outer Join• Calculated field, alias, parameter query• GroupBy, Having• Union, Intersect, Minus• Wizards: CrossTab, Find Duplicates, Find

Unmatched• Others:

– Make table, update

Examples• University database:

– Student: SID, Sname, Sex, Major, GPA, FID– Account: SID, Balance– Faculty: FID, Fname– Course: CID, Cname, Credits– StudentCourse: SID, CID

• Questions:– Display student names who owe at least 2000.– Display faculty names who advise at least one student– Display faculty names who do not advise any student– Display faculty names who advise more than 2 students– Display total credits for all students– Find students enrolled in 263– Find students enrolled in 263 and 363