religion of ancient rome part i : early rome. the early romans were animistic (animus, animi, m. –...
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Religion of Ancient Rome
Part I : Early Rome
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•The early Romans were animistic (animus, animi, m. – mind, spirit)
•They believed that all things, especially things in nature, had a spirit or a soul.
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• Numina (numen, numinis, n.) – divine spirits present in every object.
• Ex. Spirit of sheep breeding, spirit of the olive tree, spirit of the planted seed.
• These numina had no mythology.
• Pales the numen of the herds was neither male nor female
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• Animal sacrifices were made to important numina.
• The skin, fat, and bones were given to the numina by burning them.
• The humans feasted on the meat.
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• Genus, genii, m. – Spirit of ancestors who protected and instructed in proper behavior.
• Romans often had shrines in their homes to the Genii.
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Lar, laris, larium, m. & Penates, penatium, m.
These were the household spirits
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Part II
Religion in the Roman Republic
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The Romans came in contact with Etruscans and Greeks living in Southern Italy and Sicily.
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The Romans were influenced by these polytheistic cultures.
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12 Gods formed the heavenly Senate (Dei Consentes)
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6 males and 6 females
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• These gods were anthropomorphic (had human characteristics)
• They lived on Mt. Olympus in Greece.
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Jupiter (Iupiter, Iovis)/ Zeus
•King of the gods and mortals.
•Wisest of the gods.
•Symbols=> Eagles and thunderbolts
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Bronze Statue in National Museum in Athens
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Juno (Iuno, Iunonis)/ Hera • Queen of the gods and
mortals .
• Jupiter’s sister and wife.
• Guardian of females.
• Protector of Rome and her treasury.
• Symbols=> Peacock
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Apollo (Apollo,apollonis)/Apollo •Son of Zeus and Latonia
•God of archery, music, medicine, the sun, prophecy, poetry, dance.
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Apollo’s Symbols=>bow & arrow, lyre, laurel wreath, swans, dolphins
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Diana (Diana, -ae)/Artemis • Twin sister of Apollo
• Goddess of the moon, hunting, chastity, wild animals.
• Often accompanied by a chorus of woodland nymphs.
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Neptune (Neptunus, –i)/Poseidon • Jupiter’s brother.
• God of the water; creator of horses; causes earthquakes.
• Symbols=> trident, horses
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Minerva (Minerva, -ae)/Athena • Daughter of Jupiter and the
Titan Metis
• Goddess of wisdom, strategic war, spinning, weaving, and other hadicrafts
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Creator of the olive tree. Symbols=>Owl
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Mars (Mars, Martis)/ Ares • Son of Jupiter and Juno
• God of savage war
• Father of Romulus, the founder of Rome.
• Symbols=> vulture, wild dogs
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Venus(Venus,Veneris)/Aphrodite
• When Uranus’s (father sky, grandfather of Jupiter) blood fell into the sea, she rose from the foam.
• Goddess of love and beauty
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• She is often accompanied by her son Cupid.
• She was the unfaithful wife of Vulcan.
• Mother of the Trojan (Roman) hero Aeneas.
• Symbols=> Rose, dove
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Vulcan (Volcanus, i)/Hephaestus • Son of Jupiter and Juno
• God of fire and blacksmiths
• Husband of Venus.
• His helpers are Cyclopes.
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Statue in Birmingham, AL
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Vulcan’s workshop is under Mt. Etna, an active volcano in Sicily.
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Vesta (Vesta, -ae)/Hestia • A numen before the time of King
Numa Pompilius who established her as the goddess of the hearth.
• There are no surviving myths about Vesta.
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• The eternal flame of Rome is guarded by her 6 maidens, the Vestal Virgins.
• Her temple is the oldest in the Forum.
• Later she was associated with the Greek goddess, Hestia.
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Mercury (Mercuius, -i)/ Hermes • Son of Jupiter and Maia
• Messenger of the gods
• God of travelers, merchants, thieves
• Led souls of the dead to the underworld
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Symbols=>
Caduceus (magic wand), winged sandals, and a helmet.
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Ceres (Ceres, Cereris)/ Demeter • Sister of Jupiter
• Goddess of grain, agriculture, and motherly love.
• Mother of Proserpina (Persephone), the queen of the underworld.
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Pluto (Pluto, Plutonis –Dis) Hades
Brother of Jupiter and Neptune.
King of the Underworld and the deadHusband of Proserpina (Persepone)
Helmet of Invisibility
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Other Important Gods & Goddesses
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Fortuna • Personification of luck.
• She was brought by the last 3 kings of Rome from Etruria.
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Janus• God of good beginnings and
good endings.
• God of gates and doors
• Often depicted by a head with 2 faces
• Worshiped at harvest, weddings, and births
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• The gates of Janus’s temple remained open during the time of war.
• January is named after him.
• In Latin we get the following words from his name:
Ianua, ianuae, f. – door
Ianitor, ianitoris, m. –doorman.
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Saturn-Saturnus, -i/Cronus• Father of Jupiter
• His wife was Ops.
• He and Ops were dethroned in pre-history.
• They came to Italy and ruled over a golden age of peace and plenty.
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The Romans celebrated the Satrunalia from Dec. 17 to Dec. 24 in commemoration of this time.
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Bacchus - Dionysus
• God of wine, parties, and the theater• Son of Zeus and
Semele• Born from Zeus’s side
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• Bacchus could be jovial and kind
• He could also be cruel and drive men to madness
• His priestesses were called - Maenads
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Isis• Egyptian goddess
• Ideal wife and mother
• Nature goddess
• Friend to the poor and enslaved
• Goddess of beer, bread, and greenfields.
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Mithra• Persian god of the sun, justice,
business, and war.
• Popular with the Roman legions.
• Initiation into this mystery cult required the sacrifice of a bull.
• The initiate was baptized in its blood.
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Cybele/ Gaia
Ancient cults worshiped her as Mother Earth.
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Quirinus - Romulus diefied• When Romulus was old, one day
while walking on the Campus Martius, he was encircled by a cloud.
• He was taken to Mt. Olympus where he lived as a god.
• Originally Quirinus was the Sabine god of war
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Miscellaneous Information
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Imperial Cult
From Julius Caesar to the inception of Christianity, all Roman Emperors (Caligula, Nero, and Commodus excluded) were deified after their deaths.
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Pontifex Maximus• Head priest of Rome’s state
religion.
• This literally means “the greatest bridge builder” (bridge to the gods).
• Augustus here is dressed as Pontifex Maximus
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Flamen
A Flamen was a priest for a specific god.
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Augur
Augurs were priests who read the fight of birds, lighting, and thunder to predict the future
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Haruspices
• The reading of the entrails of birds to predict the future.
• Legions always traveled with a large coup of chickens
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Sibyl of Cumae
• Oldest priestess of Apollo
• She was immortal, but not eternally young.
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The Sibyl lived in a cave in Italy.
She was Aeneas’s guide to the Underworld
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Sibylline Books• A collection of books that
told the future of Rome.
• These were sold to Tarquin II, the sixth king of Rome