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Religious textsAdi Granth

Aqdas

Avesta

Bible

Book of Shadows

Ofudesaki

Sensual Meditation

Torah

Tripitaka

Quran

Vedas

V · T · E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Scriptures&action=edit)

Religious textFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Religious texts, also known asscripture, scriptures, holywrit, or holy books, are thetexts which various religioustraditions consider to be sacred,or of central importance to theirreligious tradition. Manyreligions and spiritualmovements believe that theirsacred texts are divinely orsupernaturally revealed orinspired.

Contents1 History of religious texts2 Views3 Other terms4 Hierographology5 List of sacred texts of various religions

5.1 Adi Dam5.2 Ásatrú5.3 Atenism5.4 Ayyavazhi5.5 Bahá'í Faith5.6 Bön5.7 Buddhism5.8 Cheondoism5.9 Christianity5.10 Confucianism5.11 Discordianism5.12 Druidism5.13 Druze5.14 Ancient Egyptian religion5.15 Eternal Divine Path, Mission of Maitreya

5.16 Etruscan religion

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5.16 Etruscan religion5.17 Ancient Greece5.18 Hermeticism5.19 Hinduism5.20 Islam5.21 Jainism5.22 Judaism5.23 LaVeyan Satanism5.24 Mandaeanism5.25 Manichaeism5.26 Meher Baba5.27 Native American Church5.28 New Age religions5.29 Orphism5.30 Raëlism5.31 Rastafari movement5.32 Ravidassia5.33 Samaritanism5.34 Scientology5.35 Shinto5.36 Sikhism5.37 Spiritism5.38 Sumerian5.39 Swedenborgianism5.40 Taoism5.41 Tenrikyo5.42 Thelema5.43 Unification Church5.44 Urantianism5.45 Wicca5.46 Yârsân5.47 Yazidi5.48 Yorùbá5.49 Zoroastrianism

6 See also7 References8 External links

History of religious textsSee also: history of religion, timeline of religion, and history of writing

The oldest known religious texts are Pyramid texts of Ancient Egypt that date to 2400-2300 BCE. The earliestform of the Phoenician alphabet found to date is the inscription on the sarcophagus of King Ahiram of Byblos.( The Sumerian Temple Hymns [1]). The Epic of Gilgamesh from Sumeria is also one of the earliest literaryworks dating to 2150-2000 BCE, that includes various mythological figures. The Rigveda of Hinduism is

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proposed to have been composed between 1700–1100 BCE[2] making it possibly the world's oldest religioustext still in use. The oldest portions of the Zoroastrian Avesta are believed to have been transmitted orally forcenturies before they found written form, and although widely differing dates for Gathic Avestan (thelanguage of the oldest texts) have been proposed, scholarly consensus floats at around 1000BCE.[citation needed]

The majority of scholars agree that the Torah's composition took place over centuries.[3] From the late 19thcentury there was a general consensus around the documentary hypothesis, which suggests that the five bookswere created c.450 BCE by combining four originally independent sources, known as the Jahwist, or J (about900 BCE), the Elohist, or E (about 800 BCE), the Deuteronomist, or D, (about 600 BCE), and the Priestlysource, or P (about 500 BC).[4]

The first scripture printed for wide distribution to the masses was The Diamond Sutra, a Buddhist scripture,and is the earliest recorded example of a dated printed text, bearing the Chinese calendar date for 11 May 868CE.[5]

ViewsAttitudes to sacred texts differ. Some religions make written texts widely and freely available, while othershold that sacred secrets must remain hidden from all but the loyal and the initiate. Most religions promulgatepolicies defining the limits of the sacred texts and controlling or forbidding changes and additions. Somereligions view their sacred texts as the "Word of God", often contending that the texts are inspired by God andas such not open to alteration. Translations of texts may receive official blessing, but an original sacredlanguage often has de facto, absolute or exclusive paramountcy. Some religions make texts available free or insubsidized form; others require payment and the strict observance of copyright.

References to scriptures profit from standardisation: the Guru Granth Sahib (of Sikhism) always appears withstandardised page numbering while many other religions (including the Abrahamic religions and theiroffshoots) favour chapter and verse pointers.

Other termsTerms like "Holy Writ", "Holy Scripture" or "Sacred Scripture" are often used by adherents to describe thecanonical works of their religion to denote the text's importance, its status as divine revelation, or, as in thecase of many Christian groups, its complete inerrancy. Christianity is not alone in using this terminology torevere its sacred book; Islam holds the Qur'an in similar esteem, as does Hinduism the Vedas and BhagavadGita and Buddhism the sutras.

HierographologyHierographology (Ancient Greek: ἱερός, hieros, "sacred" or "holy", + γραφή, graphe, "writing", + λόγος,logos, "word" or "reason") (archaically also 'hierology') is the study of sacred texts.

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Increasingly, sacred texts of many cultures are studied within academic contexts, primarily to increaseunderstanding of other cultures, whether ancient or contemporary. Sometimes this involves the extension ofthe principles of higher criticism to the texts of many faiths. It may also involve a comparative study ofreligious texts.

List of sacred texts of various religions

Adi Dam

The writings of Franklin Albert Jones aka Adi Da Love-Ananda SamrajAletheonThe Companions of the True Dawn HorseThe Dawn Horse TestamentGnosticonThe Heart of the Adi Dam RevelationNot-Two IS PeacePneumatonTranscendental Realism

Ásatrú

HavamalEddas

Atenism

Great Hymn to the Aten

Ayyavazhi

The Akilathirattu AmmanaiThe Arul Nool

Bahá'í Faith

Main article: Bahá'í literature

Books by Bahá'u'lláh

The Four Valleys (1857 version)The Seven Valleys (1860 version)The Hidden Words of Bahá’u’lláh (in Arabic 1857)The Hidden Words of Bahá’u’lláh (in Persian 1857)Gems of Divine Mysteries (ca 1859)The Book of Certitude (partly in Persian and partly in Arabic 1861)Summons of the Lord of Hosts (ca 1868)

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Ancient style of scripture used for thePāli Canon

The Chinese Diamond Sutra, theoldest known dated printed book inthe world, printed in the 9th year ofXiantong Era of the Tang Dynasty, or868 CE. British Library.

Tabernacle of Unity (ca 1870)The Aqdas /The Most Holy Book (Completed 1873)Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas (written until 1892)Epistle to the Son of the Wolf (ca 1890)Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh (compilation chosen by Shoghi Effendi of Bahá'u'lláh'swritings, 1853 to 1892)

Bön

Bon Kangyur and Tengyur

Buddhism

See also: Buddhist texts

Theravada Buddhism

The Tipitaka or Pāli CanonVinaya PitakaSutta Pitaka

Digha Nikaya, the "long" discourses.Majjhima Nikaya, the "middle-length" discourses.Samyutta Nikaya, the "connected" discourses.Anguttara Nikaya, the "numerical" discourses.Khuddaka Nikaya, the "minor collection".

Abhidhamma Pitaka

East Asian Mahayana

The Chinese Buddhist Tripiṭaka, includingDiamond Sutra and the Heart SutraShurangama Sutra and its Shurangama MantraPure Land Buddhism

Infinite Life SutraAmitabha SutraContemplation Sutraother Pure Land Sutras

Tiantai, Tendai, and NichirenLotus Sutra

ShingonMahavairocana SutraVajrasekhara Sutra

Tibetan Buddhism

Tibetan Kangyur and Tengyur

Cheondoism

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Christian Bible, 1407 handwrittencopy

The Donghak ScriptureThe Songs of YongdamThe Sermons of Master HaeweolThe Sermons of Revered Teacher Euiam[6]

Christianity

Further information: Biblical canon, Christian biblical canons, and Books of the Bible

Traditional Christendom

The Bible (the Old Testament and New Testament)

For Protestantism, this is the 66-book canon - theJewish Tanakh of 24 books divided differently (into 39books) and the universal 27-book New Testament.For Catholicism, this includes seven deuterocanonicalbooks in the Old Testament for a total of 73 books, calledthe Canon of Trent (in versions of the Latin Vulgate, 3Esdras and 4 Esdras are included in an appendix, butconsidered non-canonical).For the Eastern Orthodox Church, this includes the anagignoskomena, which consist of theCatholic deuterocanon, plus 3 Maccabees, Psalm 151, the Prayer of Manasseh, and 3 Esdras. 4Maccabees is considered to be canonical by the Georgian Orthodox Church.[7]

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (and its offspring, the Eritrean Orthodox Church)adds various additional books depending on the specific enumeration of the canon (see EthiopianBiblical canon), but always includes 4 Esdras, the Book of Jubilees, 1 Enoch, 4 Baruch, and 1, 2,and 3 Meqabyan (no relation to the Books of Maccabees).Some Syriac churches accept the Letter of Baruch as scripture.

Christian Scientists

The BibleScience and Health with Key to the Scriptures by Mary Baker Eddy. This textbook, along with theBible, serves as the permanent "impersonal pastor" of the church.

Gnosticism

Nag Hammadi library and other Gnostic texts (not from the Bible)Some books of the Old Testament and New Testament

Cerdonianism and Marcionism

Only the Gospel of Marcion and selected Pauline epistles accepted

Jehovah's Witnesses

The Bible (The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures is their preferred translation.)

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Cover page of The Book of Mormonfrom an original 1830 edition, byJoseph Smith, Jr.(Image from the U.S. Library ofCongress Rare Book and SpecialCollections Division.)

Latter Day Saint movement

Further information: Standard Works and Biblical canon#Latter Day Saint canons

The Bible

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDSChurch) uses the LDS edition of the King James Biblefor English-speaking members; other versions are used innon-English speaking countries.The Community of Christ (RLDS) uses the Joseph SmithTranslation, which it calls the Inspired Version, as well asupdated modern translations.

The Book of MormonThe Pearl of Great PriceThe Doctrine and Covenants

There are significant differences in content and sectionnumbering between the Doctrine and Covenants used bythe Community of Christ (RLDS) and the LDS Church.

Other, smaller branches of Latter Day Saints include otherscriptures, such as the Book of the Law of the Lord used by theChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) or TheWord of the Lord used by Fettingite branches.

Native American Church (Christian-leaning factions)See below.

Rastafari movementSee below.

Seventh-day Adventists

The BibleThe writings of Ellen White are held to an elevated status, though not equal with the Bible, as she isconsidered to have been an inspired prophetess.

SwedenborgianismSee below.

Unification ChurchSee below.

Confucianism

The Five ClassicsThe Four BooksThe Thirteen Classics

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Pyramid texts from Teti I's pyramid.

Discordianism

The Principia Discordia

Druidism

The MabinogionLebor Gabála Érenn (The Book of Invasions)

Druze

Rasa'il al-hikmah (Epistles of Wisdom)

Ancient Egyptian religion

Old Kingdom

Pyramid Texts

First Intermediate Period & Middle Kingdom

Coffin Texts

Second Intermediate Period

The Book of the DeadBook of CavernsBook of GatesAmduatBook of the Heavenly CowLitany of Re

Eternal Divine Path, Mission of Maitreya

The Holiest of the Holiest, THOTH, Final Testament

Etruscan religion

Cippus PerusinusLiber LinteusPyrgi TabletsTabula Cortonensis

Ancient Greece

Homeric HymnsTheogony

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The Cippus of Perugia, 3rd or 2ndcentury BCE

Golden Verses of Pythagoras

Hermeticism

Hermetica, Kybalion, Emerald Tablet and associated writings

Hinduism

Main article: Hindu texts

Śruti

VedasRig VedaSama VedaYajur VedaAtharva Veda

BrahmanasAranyakasUpanishads

Smriti

ItihāsasMahābhārata (including the Bhagavad Gita)

Bhagavad GitaRamayana

Puranas (List)Bhagavata Purana

TantrasSutras (List)StotrasAshtavakra GitaGherand SamhitaGita GovindaHatha Yoga PradipikaYoga Vasistha

In Purva Mimamsa

Purva Mimamsa Sutras

In Vedanta (Uttar Mimamsa)

Brahma Sutras of Vyasa

In Yoga

Yoga Sutras of Patanjali

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The Bhagavad Gita is Lord Krishna'scounsel to Arjuna on the battlefield ofthe Kurukshetra.

In Samkhya

Samkhya Sutras of Kapila

In Nyaya

Nyāya Sūtras of Gautama

In Vaisheshika

Vaisheshika Sutras of Kanada

In Vaishnavism

Vaikhanasa SamhitasPancaratra Samhitas

In Saktism

Sakta Tantras

In Kashmir Saivism

64 Bhairavagamas28 Shaiva AgamasShiva Sutras of VasuguptaVijnana Bhairava Tantra

In Pashupata Shaivism

Pashupata Sutras of LakulishPanchartha-bhashya of Kaundinya (a commentary on the Pashupata Sutras)GanakarikaRatnatika of Bhasarvajna

In Shaiva Siddhanta

28 Saiva AgamasTirumurai (canon of 12 works)Meykandar Shastras (canon of 14 works)

In Gaudiya Vaishnavism

Brahma SamhitaJayadeva's Gita Govinda

Krishna-karnamrita

Chaitanya BhagavataChaitanya CharitamritaPrema-bhakti-candrika

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11th Century North African Qur'an inthe British Museum

Hari-bhakti-vilasa

In Lingayatism

Siddhanta ShikhamaniVachana sahityaMantra GopyaShoonya Sampadane28 AgamasKarana HasugeBasava purana

In Kabir Panth

poems of Kabir

In Dadu Panth

poems of Dadu

Islam

Main article: Islamic holy books

Quran (also referred to as Kuran, Koran, Qur’ān, Coran or al-Qur’ān)Hadith/Sunnah (Sunnah, which consists of what Muhammaddid, believed, implied, or tacitly approved, was noted down byhis companions in Hadith.)

Jainism

Main article: Jain Agamas

Svetambara

11 AngasSecondary

12 Upangas, 4 Mula-sutras, 6 Cheda-sutras, 2 Culika-sutras, 10 Prakirnakas

Digambara

Karmaprabhrita, also called SatkhandagamaKashayaprabhrita

Nonsectarian/Nonspecific

Jina VijayaTattvartha SutraGandhaHasti Mahabhashya (authoritative and oldest commentary on the Tattvartha Sutra)

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A Sefer Torah opened for liturgicaluse in a synagogue service

Judaism

Rabbinical JudaismSee also: Rabbinic literature

The Tanakh i.e. Hebrew BibleTorah (teachings)Nevi'im (prophets)Ketuvim (writings)

The TalmudMishnahGemara

— Kabbalah

Zohar

Karaite Judaism

The Tanakh, i.e. the Hebrew Bible

Beta Israel

The Tanakh with several jewish apocrypha

LaVeyan Satanism

The Satanic Bible (primary text)The Satanic Rituals (contains additional rituals)

Mandaeanism

The Ginza RbaBook of the ZodiacQolusta, Canonical PrayerbookBook of John the BaptizerDiwan Abatur, Purgatories1012 QuestionsCoronation of Shislam RbaBaptism of Hibil ZiwaHaran Gawaita

Manichaeism

The Evangelion (Greek, Coptic: Ευαγγελιον, meaning roughly "good news"). Also known as theGospel of Mani and The Living Gospelthe Treasure of Lifethe Pragmateia (Coptic: πραγματεία)

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Cover of God Speaks

the Book of Mysteriesthe Book of Giantsthe Epistlesthe Psalms and Prayers. A Coptic Manichaean Psalter, discovered in Egypt in the early 1900s, wasedited and published by Charles Allberry from Manichaean manuscripts in the Chester Beatty collectionand in the Berlin Academy, 1938-9.The ShabuhraganThe ArzhangThe Kephalaia (Κεφαλαια), "Discourses", found in Coptic translation.

Meher Baba

Discourses (Meher Baba)God in a Pill?God Speaks

Native American Church

The Bible (among Christian-leaning factions only)

New Age religions

Various New Age religions may regard any of the following texts asinspired:

A Course in MiraclesConversations with GodOahspeThe Urantia BookIsis Unveiled

Orphism

Orphic Poems

Raëlism

The writings of Raël aka Claude VorilhonGeniocracyIntelligent DesignMaitreyaSensual MeditationYes to Human Cloning

Rastafari movement

The Bible (Ethiopian Orthodox canon)

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Amritbani Satguru Ravidass JiKi-Holy Book of RavidassiaReligion

the Holy Pibythe Kebra NegastThe speeches and writings of Haile Selassie I (including his autobiography My Life and Ethiopia'sProgress)Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy

Ravidassia

The Amritbani Guru Ravidass Ji

Samaritanism

See also: Samaritan religious texts

The Samaritan Torah

Scientology

Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental HealthList of Scientology texts

Shinto

The KojikiThe Rikkokushi, which includes the Nihon Shoki and the ShokuNihongiThe FudokiThe Jinnō ShōtōkiThe Kujiki

Sikhism

Main article: Sikh scriptures

The Guru Granth SahibThe Dasven Padshah Da Granth

Spiritism

The Spirits BookThe Book on MediumsThe Gospel According to SpiritismHeaven and HellThe Genesis According to Spiritism

Sumerian

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Illuminated Guru Granth folio withMul Mantar(basic religion mantra)with signature of Guru Gobind Singh.

The Barton Cylinder

Swedenborgianism

The New Church

The Bible (several books omitted)The works of Emanuel Swedenborg (not considered equal to the Bible)

The General Church

The Bible (several books omitted)The works of Emanuel Swedenborg (considered equal to the Bible)

Taoism

Tao Te ChingZhuangzi (book)Daozang

Tenrikyo

The OfudesakiThe Mikagura-utaThe Osashizu

Thelema

Holy Books of Thelema especially The Book of the Law

Unification Church

Divine PrincipleThe Bible as illuminated by more recent revelation

Urantianism

Urantia Book

Wicca

Book of ShadowsCharge of the GoddessThreefold LawWiccan Rede

Yârsân

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Yasna 28.1 (Bodleian MS J2)

Kalâm-e Saranjâm

Yazidi

Yazidi Black BookYazidi Book of RevelationYekishimThe true core texts of the Yazidi religion that exist today are the hymns, known as qawls.

Yorùbá

Odù Ifá

Zoroastrianism

Primary religious texts, that is, the Avesta collection:The Yasna, the primary liturgical collection, includes theGathas.The Visperad, a collection of supplements to the Yasna.The Yashts, hymns in honor of the divinities.The Vendidad, describes the various forms of evil spiritsand ways to confound them.shorter texts and prayers, the Yashts the five Nyaishes("worship, praise"), the Sirozeh and the Afringans(blessings).

There are some 60 secondary religious texts, none of which are considered scripture. The mostimportant of these are:

The Denkard (middle Persian, 'Acts of Religion'),The Bundahishn, (middle Persian, 'Primordial Creation')The Menog-i Khrad, (middle Persian, 'Spirit of Wisdom')The Arda Viraf Namak (middle Persian, 'The Book of Arda Viraf')The Sad-dar (modern Persian, 'Hundred Doors', or 'Hundred Chapters')The Rivayats, 15th-18th century correspondence on religious issues

For general use by the laity:The Zend (lit. commentaries), various commentaries on and translations of the Avesta.The Khordeh Avesta, Zoroastrian prayer book for lay people from the Avesta.

See also

References1. ^ "Princess, priestess, poet: the Sumerian temple hymns of Enheduanna - Enheduanna, Betty De Shong Meador -

Google Boeken" (http://books.google.com/books/about/Princess_priestess_poet.html?id=X3ALAQAAMAAJ).Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-03-30.

2. ^ The oldest mention of Rigveda in other sources dates from 600 BCE, and the oldest available text from 1,200CE. Oberlies (1998:155) gives an estimate of 1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book 10. Estimates for aterminus post quem of the earliest hymns are far more uncertain. Oberlies (p. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence'

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sets wide range of 1700–1100. The EIEC (s.v. Indo-Iranian languages, p. 306) gives 1500–1000. It is certain thatthe hymns post-date Indo-Iranian separation of ca. 2000 BC and probably that of the Indo-Aryan Mitannidocuments of c. 1400 BCE. Philological estimates tend to date the bulk of the text to the second half of the secondmillennium. Compare Max Müller's statement "the hymns men of the Rig-Veda are said to date from 1500 B.C."('Veda and Vedanta', 7th lecture in India: What Can It Teach Us: A Course of Lectures Delivered Before theUniversity of Cambridge, World Treasures of the Library of Congress Beginnings by Irene U. Chambers, MichaelS. Roth. Some writers out of the mainstream claim to trace astronomical references in the Rigveda, dating it to asearly as 4000 BC, a date corresponding to the Neolithic late Mehrgarh culture; summarized by Klaus Klostermaierin a 1998 presentation (http://content.iskcon.com/icj/6_1/6_1klostermaier.html)

3. ^ McDermott, John J., "Reading the Pentateuch: a historical introduction" (Pauline Press, 2002)p.21(http://books.google.com/?id=Dkr7rVd3hAQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reading+the+Pentateuch:+a+historical+introduction#v=onepage&q&f=false). Books.google.com.au. 2002-10. ISBN 978-0-8091-4082-4. Retrieved 2010-10-03.

4. ^ Gordon Wenham, "Pentateuchal Studies Today(http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_pentateuch_wenham.html)," Themelios 22.1 (October 1996): 3-13.

5. ^ British Library (http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/themes/landmarks/diamondsutra.html)6. ^ chondogyo.or.kr (http://www.chondogyo.or.kr/new/chon/ce008.htm#70)7. ^ Eastern Orthodox also generally divide Baruch and Letter of Jeremiah into two books instead of one. The

enumeration of the Books of Ezra is different in many Orthodox Bibles, as it is in all others: see Wikipedia's articleon the naming conventions of the Books of Esdras.

External linksReligious full text online library (http://www.holybooks.com)Ancient texts library (http://www.ancienttexts.org/index.html)Internet Sacred Text Archive (http://www.sacred-texts.com/index.htm)

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