remote-controlled curtailment options for solar pv system ... · expert training course ......
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International Solar AllianceExpert Training Course
Remote-controlled curtailment options for solar PV system integration / Power plant controllers
In partnership with the Clean Energy Solutions Center (CESC)
Professor Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt September 2019
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Supporters of this Expert Training Series
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Professor in the Electrical Power Department of TechnicalUniversity of Catalonia (UPC)
Directive board member of the research group CITCEA-UPC,where he leads the group of power systems dominated bypower electronics, including renewable energy (PV and wind),HVDC transmission systems and other power converter basedsystems (energy storage, EV chargers)
20+ years of experience in the fields of renewable energy, powerelectronics and power systems. Involved in a number of researchprojects and contracts of technology transfer to industry.
Coauthor of 3 books, 7 patents and > 100 journal publications,mainly in the field of power electronics in power systems andgrid integration of renewables.
Supervision of 18 doctoral theses and >60 Bachelor and Mastertheses.
Expert Trainer: Prof Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt
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This Training is part of Module 4, and focuses on the issue ofremote-controlled curtailment options for solar PV system integration and power plant controllers
Overview of Training Course Modules
4
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Outline
Remote control of PV power plantsStructure of power plant controllersPPC for reactive power controlPPC for active power controlExamples
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Context
• Power plant controllers are the overall plant controllers that ensure grid-friendly integration of the PV power plant.
• The PPC control the overall plant considering the distributed nature of the system.
• The PPC dispatches active and reactive power set-points to all the inverters and additional equipment to ensure the grid requirements in the point of connection.
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System operation communication with PV power plants
Skytron
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System operation communication with PV power plants• The system operator receives information on the PV
power plant state and sends set-points related to active and reactive power exchange.
• A typical example is a command of active power curtailment, to avoid congestions in the power system.
• The set-points of the grid-code requirements can be also adjusted through this communications channel.
• The power plant controller of the PV power plant is the responsible to coordinate the required actions internally in the plant.
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Power plant controller
E Bullich, CITCEA
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Physical implementation
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Redundancy
Plant devices
PPC BackupPPC Main
R ChK Main
SCADA/TSO
Set point
R ChK Backup
Set point
Internal Set point
Set point
Internal Set point
Double check status
Main Status? Main Status?
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Power plant control design process12
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Grid code requirements
Grid code requirements• Voltage regulation
• Reactive power set-point• Droop Curve• Power Factor set-point
• Frequency regulation• Active power curtailment• Droop Curve
• Active and reactive ramp rate restrictions
• Fault ride through (inverter local controls)
Frequency Droop curveSouth Africa Grid Code
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PV Power plant control
• Active power control
– Power curtailment and frequency droop are applied together– Ramp rate limitation only applied to the curtailment contribution– A PI controller computes the total power that PV inverters must
generate– Possible optimization
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– Similar method compared to active power control– Considering capacitor banks and FACTS devices a priority
criteria is established– If the plant is equipped with capacitor banks a filter is required
before performing the voltage droop control– Possible optimization (losses minimization)
PV Power plant control – Reactive power
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Modelling and simulation16
• Software used: PSS/E® ,DIgSILENTPower Factory ®, EMTP-RV® or others
• Typical software used by distribution and transmission companies
• Mandatory in some cases • Inverter manufacturers provide a
model• Plant modelling:
• Short circuit power at PCC • Cables, transformers and PV plant
protection• Inverter models • Internal grid configuration • Power Plant Control model
PSS/E. Fraction of a PV plant layout
DIgSILENT Power Factory. Active Power control scheme
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Modelling and simulation
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Modelling and simulation18
Frequency Droop (activated at t=200s)
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Modelling and simulation19
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Implementation20
Scheme of Power Plant Control implementation
• PV SCADA– Display PV plant status in real
time– Set control mode and local
setpoints
• Smart Bridge– Receives data from GPM PV
SCADA and from TSO– Interacts with PPC controller– Sends all PPC orders (inverters,
capacitor banks, etc.)
• Power Plant Controller– Receives setpoints (from SCADA
or TSO)– Receives measurements from
PCC– Executes the control algorithm
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Example real results
Example PV Plant• 9.6 MW
• 15 inverters (SMA)
• Ramp rate: +/-1 MW/min
• Grid Code Requirements:
• Power Curtailment
• Q setpoint
• PF setpoint
• Loop time: 1 second
• Communication delays: 200 ms
• Without Capacitor Banks, STATCOMS or batteries
9.6 MW PV power plant
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Results - Active Power Output
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 80000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Time [s]
Act
ive
Pow
er [k
W]
Measured Active Power
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 80000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Time [s]
Act
ive
Pow
er [
kW]
Measured Active PowerTSO setpoint
5800 5900 6000
2500
3000
3500
Time [s]
Act
ive
Pow
er [
kW]
6600 6800 70001500
2000
2500
3000
Time [s]8200 8300 8400 8500
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
Time [s]
Results - Active Power Output
1 2 3
1 2 3
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Results - Active Power Output
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
Time [s]
Rea
ctiv
e P
ower
[kV
ar]
Measured Reactive PowerTSO setpoint
3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200-1500
-1000
-500
0
Time [s]
Rea
ctiv
e P
ower
[MV
ar]
4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 5000-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
Time [s]
Results - Reactive Power
1 2
1 2
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8000 8050 8100 8150 8200 8250 8300 8350 8400 8450 85000.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
Time [s]
Pow
er F
acto
r
Measured PF at PCCPF setpoint
8000 8050 8100 8150 8200 8250 8300 8350 8400 8450 8500-1000
-500
0
500
Time [s]
Rea
ctiv
e P
ower
[kV
ar]
Measured Reactive PowerCalculated setpoint
8000 8050 8100 8150 8200 8250 8300 8350 8400 8450 85002000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Time [s]
Act
ive
Pow
er [k
W]
Measured Active PowerActive Power setpoint
Results – Power factor
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Power plant control with energy storage
• Energy storage systems allow more flexible power regulation
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Power plant control with energy storage
• Ramp rate control strategies
1. Power filtering with a low pass filter
2. Direct ramp control1. Ramp-rate calculation2. Battery set-point definition
Rr-up y Rr-down ramp rate limits
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Power plant control with energy storage
• Power filtering example
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Example of AES Ilumina PV Power Plant
Advanced Grid-Friendly Controls Demonstration Project for Utility-Scale PV Power PlantsVahan Gevorgian and Barbara O’Neill, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
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Single-line diagram of Ilumina’s 20-MVA utility interconnection
Advanced Grid-Friendly Controls Demonstration Project for Utility-Scale PV Power PlantsVahan Gevorgian and Barbara O’Neill, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
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Diagram of the Ilumina PV power plant’s remote terminal unit communications
Advanced Grid-Friendly Controls Demonstration Project for Utility-Scale PV Power PlantsVahan Gevorgian and Barbara O’Neill, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
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Tests on frequency control
Advanced Grid-Friendly Controls Demonstration Project for Utility-Scale PV Power PlantsVahan Gevorgian and Barbara O’Neill, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
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Example of Pecos Barilla PV power plant. Controls and interfaces.
Advanced Grid-Friendly Controls Demonstration Project for Utility-Scale PV Power PlantsVahan Gevorgian and Barbara O’Neill, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Image from First Solar
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Example of Pecos Barilla PV power plant. Controls and interfaces.
Advanced Grid-Friendly Controls Demonstration Project for Utility-Scale PV Power PlantsVahan Gevorgian and Barbara O’Neill, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Image from First Solar
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Example of Pecos Barilla PV power plant.Test results.
Advanced Grid-Friendly Controls Demonstration Project for Utility-Scale PV Power PlantsVahan Gevorgian and Barbara O’Neill, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
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Summary
• The operator receives information on the PV power plant state and sends set-points related to P and Q exchange.
• Power plant controllers are employed to control a number of different inverters and additional equipment to ensure that the overall power plant behaves as established in the grid codes.
• Active and reactive controllers are implemented centrally and the set-points are dispatches to the different equipment.
• Energy storage is managed when needed.
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Thanks for your attention!