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Remote Sensing of the Changing Oceans
DanLing (Lingzis) TangEditor
Remote Sensing of theChanging Oceans
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EditorsDanLing (Lingzis) TangResearch Center for Remote Sensing and
Marine Ecology/Environment (RSMEE)Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine
Environmental DynamicsSouth China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesNo.164 West Xingang Road510301 GuangzhouPeople’s Republic of [email protected]@scsio.ac.cn
James (Jim) GowerInstitute of Ocean SciencesFisheries and Oceans CanadaMarine Environmental Quality SectionWest Saanich Road 9860V8L 4B2 Sidney British [email protected]
Gad LevyNorthWest Research AssociatesSeattle Division4118 148th Ave NE98052 [email protected]
Kristina B. KatsarosDivision of Applied Marine PhysicsRosenstiel School of Marine
and Atmospheric Science CampusUniversity of Miami4600 Rickenbacker Causeway33149 [email protected]
Malcolm HeronMarine Geophysical LaboratorySchool of Computer Science, MathematicsJames Cook [email protected]
Ramesh SinghSchmid College of ScienceChapman UniversityOne University Drive92866 [email protected]
ISBN 978-3-642-16540-5 e-ISBN 978-3-642-16541-2DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-16541-2Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material isconcerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publicationor parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violationsare liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does notimply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Cover design: deblik, Berlin
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Ocean Satellite
Remote in space, I keep my constant watch,Sensing your color, temperature, height and texture,Of all possible viewpoints, mine is the best. Now,The humans are changing the atmosphere,Changing the way you live and breathe.Oceans, caring for you is my only mission. My eyes are only on you.
Guangzhou, China DanLing (Lingzis) Tang, James (Jim) GowerNovember, 2010
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Acknowledgements
The successful completion of this work “Remote Sensing of the Changing Oceans”is the result of the cooperation, confidence, and endurance of many people. Thisbook is also an achievement in relation to the 9th Pan Ocean Remote SensingConference-PORSEC2008, which, through the help and support of many tal-ented people, institutions and government departments, was successfully held inGuangzhou, China in December 2008.
All the authors were participants of PORSEC2008. I thank the authors for theirgreat contributions and their patience and effort to revise their chapters.
I appreciate our editorial board members Drs. James (Jim) Gower, Gad Levy,Kristina B. Katsaros, Malcolm Lewis Heron, and Ramesh Singh, as well as all theother reviewers for their time, passion and ability to improve the book. I would alsolike to express my gratitude to Miss Paula Lei for her constant assistance during theentire process. Thanks to my team members.
My heartfelt thanks also go to Dr. Johanna Schwarz for her coordination andpatience, and to the Springer production team for taking care of the typesetting andlayout of the book.
We thank National Natural Science Foundation of China (40576053,40811140533, 40976091, and 31061160190), Chinese Academy of Sciences(kzcx2-yw-226), and Guangzhou Association for Science and Technology, China,and Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (8351030101000002, 40976091,2010B031900041), for their generous support for PORSEC2008 and for relatedresearch projects.
Last but not least, I must thank Professor Sui GuangJun and Mr Sui Yi, for theirunderstanding and support for my work.
May, 2010 DanLing (Lingzis) TangGuangzhou, China
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Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1DanLing (Lingzis) Tang and Gad Levy
Part I Satellite Observation System and International Cooperation
2 Climate Data Issues from an Oceanographic RemoteSensing Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Kristina B. Katsaros, Abderrahim Bentamy, Mark Bourassa,Naoto Ebuchi, James (Jim) Gower, W. Timothy Liu,and Stefano Vignudelli
3 Altimeter Observations of Sea Level and Currents offAtlantic Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Guoqi Han
4 Eddy Statistics for the Black Sea by Visible and InfraredRemote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Svetlana Karimova
5 Passive Ocean Remote Sensing by Near-SpaceVehicle-borne GPS Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Wen-Qin Wang, Jingye Cai, and Qicong Peng
Part II Global Changes
6 A Global Survey of Intense Surface Plankton Bloomsand Floating Vegetation Using MERIS MCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99James (Jim) Gower and Stephanie King
7 Evaluating Sea Ice Deformation in the Beaufort SeaUsing a Kinematic Crack Algorithm with RGPS Data . . . . . . . 123K. Peterson and D. Sulsky
8 Satellite Air – Sea Fluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Abderrahim Bentamy, Kristina B. Katsaros, and Pierre Queffeulou
9 Remote Sensing of Oil Films in the Context of Global Changes . . 169Andrei Yu. Ivanov
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Part III Coastal Environment
10 Coastal Monitoring by Satellite-Based SAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Antony K. Liu
11 Satellite Altimetry: Sailing Closer to the Coast . . . . . . . . . . . 217Stefano Vignudelli, Paolo Cipollini, Christine Gommenginger,Scott Gleason, Helen M. Snaith, Henrique Coelho,M. Joana Fernandes, Clara Lázaro, Alexandra L. Nunes,Jesus Gómez-Enri, Cristina Martin-Puig, Philip Woodworth,Salvatore Dinardo, and Jérôme Benveniste
12 Low Primary Productivity in the Chukchi Sea Controlledby Warm Pacific Water: A Data-Model Fusion Study . . . . . . . . 239Kohei Mizobata, Jia Wang, Haoguo Hu, and Daoru Wang
13 Medium Resolution Microwave, Thermal and OpticalSatellite Sensors: Characterizing Coastal EnvironmentsThrough the Observation of Dynamical Processes . . . . . . . . . . 251Domingo A. Gagliardini
Part IV Regional Observation
14 Satellite Observation on the Exceptional Intrusion of ColdWater and Its Impact on Coastal Fisheries AroundPeng-Hu Islands, Taiwan Strait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Ming-An Lee, Yi Chang, Kuo-Wei Lan, Jui-Wen Chan,and Wei-Juan Hsieh
15 Comparison of the Satellite and Ship Estimatesof Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Sea of Japan . . . . . . . . . 293Elena A. Shtraikhert, Sergey P. Zakharkov,and Tatyana N. Gordeychuk
16 Observed Interannual Variability of the ThermohalineStructure in the South Eastern Arabian Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Nisha Kurian, Joshua Costa, V. Suneel, V.V. Gopalakrishna,R.R. Rao, K. Girish, S. Amritash, M. Ravichandran, Lix John,and C. Ravichandran
Part V Natural Hazards
17 Satellite Observations Defying the Long-Held TsunamiGenesis Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327Y. Tony Song and Shin-Chan Han
18 Tsunami Source Reconstruction by Topex/Poseidon Data . . . . . . 343Vladimir V. Ivanov
Contents xi
19 Scientific Research Based Optimisation andGeo-information Technologies for IntegratingEnvironmental Planning in Disaster Management . . . . . . . . . . 359Hussain Aziz Saleh and Georges Allaert
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
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Contributors
Georges Allaert Institute for Sustainable Mobility, Ghent University,Vrijdagmarkt 10/301, 9000 Gent, Belgium, [email protected]
S. Amritash National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, India,[email protected]
Abderrahim Bentamy Institut Français pour la Recherche et l’Exploitation dela MER (IFREMER), Plouzané, France, [email protected]
Jérôme Benveniste European Space Agency/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy,[email protected]
Mark Bourassa COAPS and Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA,[email protected]
Jingye Cai School of Communication and Information Engineering, University ofElectronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China,[email protected]
Jui-Wen Chan Remote Sensing Laboratory, National Applied ResearchLaboratories, Taiwan Ocean Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan,[email protected]
Yi Chang Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, NationalTaiwan Ocean University, Pei-Ning Rd. Keelung 20224, Taiwan,[email protected]
Paolo Cipollini Ocean Observing and Climate, National Oceanography Centre,Southampton, UK, [email protected]
Henrique Coelho Hidromod, Lisbon, Portugal, [email protected]
Joshua Costa National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India,[email protected]
Salvatore Dinardo Serco/ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, [email protected]
Naoto Ebuchi Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University,Sapporo, Japan, [email protected]
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xiv Contributors
M. Joana Fernandes Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto,Portugal, [email protected]
Domingo A. Gagliardini IAFE, Casilla de Correo 67, Suc. 28 (C1428ZAA)Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, [email protected]
K. Girish National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, India,[email protected]
Scott Gleason Ocean Observing and Climate, National Oceanography Centre,Southampton, UK, [email protected]
Jesus Gómez-Enri Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain, [email protected]
Christine Gommenginger Ocean Observing and Climate, NationalOceanography Centre, Southampton, UK, [email protected]
V.V. Gopalakrishna National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India,[email protected]
Tatyana N. Gordeychuk Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch ofthe Russian Academy of Sciences, 43 Baltiyskay Street, Vladivostok 690041,Russia, [email protected]
James (Jim) Gower Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada,Sidney, BC, Canada, [email protected]
Guoqi Han Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre,St. John’s, NL, Canada, [email protected]
Shin-Chan Han Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration, [email protected]
Wei-Juan Hsieh Remote Sensing Laboratory, Taiwan Ocean Research Institute,National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan,[email protected]
Haoguo Hu School of Natural Resources and Environment, Cooperative Institutefor Limnology and Ecosystems Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,USA, [email protected]
Andrei Yu. Ivanov P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy ofSciences, Nakhimovsky prospect, 36, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation,[email protected]
Vladimir V. Ivanov Institute of Marine Geology & Geophysics,Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia, [email protected]
Lix John National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi, India,[email protected]
Contributors xv
Svetlana Karimova Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy ofSciences, 84/32 Profsoyuznaya St., Moscow, 117997, Russia, [email protected]
Kristina B. Katsaros Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences,University of Miami, Miami, Florida and Northwest Research Associates,Bellevue, Washington, USA, [email protected]
Stephanie King Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada,Sidney, BC, Canada, [email protected]
Nisha Kurian National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India,[email protected]
Kuo-Wei Lan Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science,National Taiwan Ocean University, Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung, 20224, Taiwan,[email protected]
Clara Lázaro Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,[email protected]
Ming-An Lee Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science,National Taiwan Ocean University, Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan;Remote Sensing Laboratory, National Applied Research Laboratories, TaiwanOcean Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan, [email protected]
Gad Levy NorthWest Research Associates, Seattle Division, 4118 148th Ave NE,98052 Redmond, USA, [email protected]
Antony K. Liu National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; NASAGoddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA, [email protected]
W. Timothy Liu Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA,[email protected]
Cristina Martin-Puig Starlab Barcelona S.L., Barcelona, Spain,[email protected]
Kohei Mizobata Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of MarineScience and Technology, 4-5-7, Kounan, Minato-ku, 108-8477 Tokyo, Japan,[email protected]
Alexandra L. Nunes Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Instituto Superior deEngenharia, Porto, Portugal, [email protected]
Qicong Peng School of Communication and Information Engineering, Universityof Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China,[email protected]
K. Peterson Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA,[email protected]
xvi Contributors
Pierre Queffeulou Institut Français pour la Recherche et l’Exploitation de laMER (IFREMER), Plouzané, France, [email protected]
R.R. Rao Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory, Kochi, India,[email protected]
C. Ravichandran National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre,Kochi, India, [email protected]
M. Ravichandran Indian National centre for Ocean Information Services,Hyderabad, India, [email protected]
Hussain Aziz Saleh Higher Commission for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 30151,Damascus, Syria; Institute for Sustainable Mobility, Ghent University, Gent,Belgium, [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]
Elena A. Shtraikhert V.I.Il`ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far EasternBranch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 43, Baltiyskaya Street,Vladivostok 690041, Russia, [email protected]
Helen M. Snaith Ocean Observing and Climate, National Oceanography Centre,Southampton, UK, [email protected]
D. Sulsky Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico,Albuquerque, NM, USA, [email protected]
V. Suneel National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India,[email protected]
Y. Tony Song Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,Pasadena, CA 91109, USA, [email protected]
DanLing (Lingzis) Tang Research Center for Remote Sensing and MarineEcology/Environment (RSMEE), LED, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China, [email protected];[email protected]
Stefano Vignudelli Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy,[email protected]
Jia Wang NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL),4840 S. State Road, 48108 Ann Arbor, MI, USA, [email protected]
Daoru Wang Hainan Marine Development and Design Institute, Hainan, China,[email protected]
Wen-Qin Wang School of Communication and Information Engineering,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China,610054; Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy ofSciences, Qingdao, P. R. China, 266071, [email protected]
Contributors xvii
Philip Woodworth Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Liverpool, UK,[email protected]
Sergey P. Zakharkov Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of theRussian Academy of Sciences, 43 Baltiyskay Street, Vladivostok 690041, Russia,[email protected]
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Reviewers
Bayler, Eric National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA), USA
Berkelmans, Ray Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS),Australia
Brinkman, Richard Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS),Australia
Businger, Steven University of Hawaii, USACherniawsky, Josef Institute of Ocean Sciences, CanadaEvans, Wayne NorthWest Research Associates (NWRA), USAGower, James (Jim) Institute of Ocean Sciences, CanadaHeron, Malcolm Lewis James Cook University, AustraliaIanson, Debby Institute of Ocean Sciences, CanadaKatsaros, Kristina University of Miami, USAKepert, Jeff Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, AustraliaKwok, Ron Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, USALevy, Gad NorthWest Research Associates (NWRA), USALiu, Cho Teng Taiwan UniversityLough, Janice Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS),
AustraliaMests-Nunez, Alberto Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, USAMeyers, Gary Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization (CSIRO), AustraliaRothlisberg, Peter Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization (CSIRO), AustraliaRoughan, Moninya University of New South Wales (UNSW), AustraliaSingh, Ramesh Chapman University, USASkirving, William National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), USATang, DanLing (Lingzis) South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, ChinaTory, Kevin Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, AustraliaTrinanes, Joaquin National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), USATroitskaya, Yuliya Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Russia
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Acronyms
ACO Ant Colony OptimizationADCP Acoustic Doppler Current ProfilerADEOS ADvanced Earth Observing SatelliteADEOS-1/2 ADvanced Earth Observing Satellites 1 and 2ALBICOCCA ALtimeter-Based Investigations in COrsica, Capraia and
Contiguous AreasALTICORE value added satellite ALTImetry for COastal REgionsAMSRs Advanced Microwave Scanning RadiometersAO Announcement of OpportunityAPT Automatic Picture TransmissionASCAT Advanced SCATterometerASF Alaska Satellite FacilityAVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution RadiometerAVISO Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite
Oceanographic dataAZMP Atlantic Zone Monitoring ProgramBoB Bay of BengalBPSK Binary Phase Shift-KeyedBT Brightness TemperatureCDOM Colored Dissolved Organic MaterialCDRs Climate Data RecordsCEOS Committee on Earth Observation SatellitesCERSAT(IFREMER) Centre ERS d’Archivage et de Traitement (IFREMER)CGDR Coastal Geophysical Data RecordCGDRs Coastal Geophysical Data RecordsCIOM Coupled Ice-Ocean ModelCMORPH CPC MORPHing techniqueCNES Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (French Space
Agency)COASTALT ESA Development of COASTal ALTimetryCONAE COmisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (Argentine
Agency for Space Activities)CPC Climate Prediction Center
xxi
xxii Acronyms
CSA Canadian Space AgencyCTD Conductivity-Temperature-DepthCTPR Clutter-to-Target Power RatioCYR Chang-Yuen RidgeCZCS Coastal Zone Color ScannerDEM Digital Elevation ModelDIRTH Direction Interval Retrieval with Threshold NudgingDLM Dynamically Linked ModelDMU De Montfort UniversityDORIS Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by
SatelliteECDIS Electronic Chart Display and Information SystemECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather ForecastsEICC East India Coastal CurrentEPA Environmental Protection AgencyEP-TOMS Earth Probe – Total Ozone Mapping SpectrometerERS European Remote-sensing SatelliteERS-1/2 European Remote-sensing Satellites 1 and 2ESA European Space AgencyESDRs Earth System Data RecordsEUMETSAT EUropean Organization for the Exploitation of
METeorological SATellitesEW Early WarningFOCI Fisheries-Oceanography Coordinated InvestigationGAC Global Area CoverageGAs Genetic AlgorithmsGCOS Global Climate Observing SystemGDR Geophysical Data RecordGDRs Geophysical Data RecordsGEO Group on Earth ObservationsGEOSS Global Earth Observation System of SystemsGHRSTT Group for High Resolution SSTGIM Global Ionosphere MapGIMs GPS Ionosphere MapsGIS Geographic Information SystemGLONASS GLObal NAvigation Satellite SystemGM ERS-1 Geodetic MissionGMES Global Monitoring for Environment and SecurityGMF Global Model FunctionGNSS Global Navigation Satellite SystemGOCE Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation ExplorerGODAE Global Ocean Data Assimilation ExperimentGOSUD Global Ocean Surface Underway DataGPD GNSS-derived Path DelayGPM Global Precipitation Measuring missionG-POD GRID Processing On Demand
Acronyms xxiii
GPS Global Positioning SystemsGRACE Gravity Recovery And Climate ExperimentGRIP Government Related Initiative ProgramGSFC NASA/Godard Space Flight CenterGSHHS Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High resolution
Shoreline DatabaseGSL Gulf of St. LawrenceHABs Harmful Algal BloomsHF High-FrequencyHPT Handicapped Person TransportationHY-2 HaiYang (for Ocean in Chinese) satellite missionIARC International Arctic Research CenterICT Information Communication TechnologyIFREMER Institut Francais de Recherche et de L’Exploitation de
la MerIGDR GFO Intermediate Geophysical Data RecordIJIS IARC-JAXA Information SystemIJPS Initial Joint Polar SystemIMAR ENVISAT RA-2 Intermediate Marine Abridged RecordINPE Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas EspaciaisINU Inertial Navigation UnitsIOCCG International Ocean Colour Coordinating GroupIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIRD Institut pour la Recherche et le DéveloppementISCCP International Satellite Cloud Climatology ProjectISLR Integrated Side Lobe RatioJAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration AgencyJPL Jet Propulsion LaboratoryLEO Low Earth OrbitLIDAR Light Detecting And RangingMCI Maximum Chlorophyll IndexMCSST Multi Channel Sea Surface TemperatureMEaSUREs Making Earth System data records for Use in Research
EnvironmentsMEO Middle Earth OrbitMERIS MEdium Resolution Imaging SpectrometerMetOp Meteorological OperationalM-GDR TOPEX-Poseidon Merged Geophysical Data RecordMI Massive InfluxMIZ Marginal Ice ZoneMLAC Merged Local Area CoverageMLCs Mushroom-Like CurrentsMLD Mixed Layer DepthMLE Maximum Likelihood EstimatorMODIS MODerate-resolution Imaging SpectroradiometerMOPs Multi-objective Optimisation Problems
xxiv Acronyms
MPL Main Processing LoopMSFC NASA Marshall Space Flight CenterMWR Microwave RadiometerNAEs Near-shore Anticyclonic EddiesNAO North Atlantic OscillationNASA National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNCEP National Center for Environmental PredictionNCAR National Center for Atmospheric ResearchNDBC National Data Buoy CenterNESZ Noise Equivalent Sigma ZeronetCDF network Common Data FormNOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNODC National Ocean Data CenterNPOESS National Polar- Orbiting Operational Environmental
Satellite SystemNW North WesternNWP Numerical Weather PredictionO&SI SAF Ocean & Sea Ice Satellite Application FacilityOA Objective AnalysisOC4L Ocean Color 4 version 4 LinearODAS Ocean Data Acquisition SystemONI Oceanic Niño IndexONR U.S. Office of Naval ResearchOOPC Ocean Observations Panel for ClimateOPR-2 Ocean PRoduct level 2OST Ocean Surface TopographyOSTM Ocean Surface Topography MissionOSTST Ocean Surface Topography Science TeamOSVW Ocean Surface Vector WindPHI Peng-Hu IslandsPIRATA Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical AtlanticPISTACH Prototype Innovant de Système de Traitement pour les
Applications Côtières et l’HydrologiePMEL NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental LaboratoryPO.DAAC Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive CenterPOC Particulate Organic CarbonPRN Pseudo-random NoiseQC Quality ControlRA-2 Radar Altimeter 2nd generation on EnvisatRAIES Envisat RA-2 Individual Echo and S-band data for oceanRCS Radar Cross SectionRGPS RADARSAT Geophysical Processor SystemRMS Root-Mean-SquareRR Reduced ResolutionRS Remote Sensing
Acronyms xxv
SA Simulated AnnealingSAMOS Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic
SystemSAR Synthetic Aperture RadarSBI Shelf-Basin InteractionsSCS South China SeaSEAS South Eastern Arabian SeaSeaWiFS Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view SensorSGDR Sensor Geophysical Data RecordSMMR Scanning Multichannel Microwave RadiometerSMS Short Message ServiceSNR Signal-to-Noise RatioSRTM Shuttle Radar Topography MissionSSH Sea Surface HeightSSM/I Special Sensor Microwave ImagerSSS Sea Surface SalinitySST Sea Surface TemperatureSVD Singular Value DecompositionSWH Significant Wave HeightSWOT Surface Water and Ocean TopographyT/P TOPEX/PoseidonTAO Tropical Atmosphere OceanTEC Total Electron ContentTM/ETM+ Thematic Mapper/ Enhanced Thematic Mapper PlusTOA Top of the AtmosphereTOGA Tropical Ocean Global AtmosphereTRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring MissionTS Tabu SearchTS Taiwan StraitUCGC User-defined Coastal Geophysical CorrectionsVCA Voltage Controlled AttenuatorVMS Vessel Monitoring SystemVV Vertical PolarizationWCR Warm Core RingsWLR Normalized Water-Leaving RadianceWMC Winter Monsoon CurrentWNF WiNd FieldWOCE World Ocean Circulation ExperimentWVC Wind Vector CellZHD Zenith Hydrostatic DelayZTD Zenith Total DelayZWD Zenith Wet Delay