RENAISSANCE RENAISSANCE

HISTORY 11HISTORY 11

What period of time does What period of time does the Renaissance take the Renaissance take placeplace Between 1350 to 1550 – this period of Between 1350 to 1550 – this period of

time is generally accepted as the time is generally accepted as the Renaissance.Renaissance.

What does the term Renaissance What does the term Renaissance mean?mean?

Rebirth – applies to the renewed focus Rebirth – applies to the renewed focus on ancient Greco-Roman thinkers such on ancient Greco-Roman thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle and Cicero, as well as Plato, Aristotle and Cicero, as well as culture.as culture.

Humanism Humanism

The 14The 14thth century brought a renewed century brought a renewed focus on the study of humans and focus on the study of humans and human achievement. human achievement.

Humanism is the greatest lasting Humanism is the greatest lasting legacy of the Renaissancelegacy of the Renaissance

Concerned with the study of grammar, Concerned with the study of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophyphilosophy

It is reflected in the architecture, It is reflected in the architecture, paintings and sculptures paintings and sculptures

Artwork of the Artwork of the RenaissanceRenaissance

Da Vinci Da Vinci

The Reformation The Reformation

This period ultimately divided Europe This period ultimately divided Europe along religious linesalong religious lines

Many leading proponents of the reform Many leading proponents of the reform in the Catholic Church were influenced in the Catholic Church were influenced by the humanist philosophyby the humanist philosophy

Martin Luther – Martin Luther – Ninety – Five ThesesNinety – Five Theses Disliked the extravagance of the Disliked the extravagance of the

papacy and critical of the formalism of papacy and critical of the formalism of religious practicereligious practice

What did they prefer instead? What did they prefer instead? More human style of religion.More human style of religion.

Reformation Reformation

Also challenged the concept of the Church as Also challenged the concept of the Church as the intermediary between God and the the intermediary between God and the individual individual

Humans could come to God on their own Humans could come to God on their own How did the socio- economic and political How did the socio- economic and political

conditions in Northern Europe also contribute conditions in Northern Europe also contribute to the changes in the Christian world? to the changes in the Christian world?

Food shortages and famines were frequent Food shortages and famines were frequent Rich became less rich and the poor became Rich became less rich and the poor became

much poorer. Good time for a social much poorer. Good time for a social revolutionrevolution

Martin Luther’s Martin Luther’s ReformationReformation First confrontation with the Catholic First confrontation with the Catholic

Church came on October 31Church came on October 31stst, 1517, 1517 Posted Posted Ninety – Five ThesisNinety – Five Thesis on the on the

door of the university church in door of the university church in WittenbergWittenberg

Attacked abuses within the churchAttacked abuses within the church Lead to the excommunication in Lead to the excommunication in

15201520

What was What was Lutheranism?Lutheranism? Lutheran church would have no Lutheran church would have no

saints, relics, fasts, nor saints, relics, fasts, nor monasteries.monasteries.

Would allow the clergy to marryWould allow the clergy to marry God is merciful and that salvation God is merciful and that salvation

is granted through His mercyis granted through His mercy

The Reformation The Reformation SpreadsSpreads By 1530 people in many areas By 1530 people in many areas

throughout Europe let the struggle throughout Europe let the struggle to establish new reformed churches. to establish new reformed churches.

What were some of these divisions?What were some of these divisions?Anabaptist Anabaptist Anglicans Anglicans HuguenotsHuguenots Puritans Puritans Presbyterians Presbyterians Baptists Baptists

The Wars of ReligionThe Wars of Religion

Battles between Catholics and Protestant Battles between Catholics and Protestant reformers raged in many countries of Europe reformers raged in many countries of Europe for over a century. for over a century.

Why? Why? In France a series of 3 weak monarchs between In France a series of 3 weak monarchs between

1559 and 1589, left the country vulnerable 1559 and 1589, left the country vulnerable Many nobles adopted Calvinism as a symbol of Many nobles adopted Calvinism as a symbol of

their independence from the kingtheir independence from the king It was assumed that peaceful coexistence It was assumed that peaceful coexistence

between people of different faiths was between people of different faiths was impossible and the Reformation in France impossible and the Reformation in France ultimately led to a return to the feudal ultimately led to a return to the feudal conditionsconditions

ConflictsConflicts

This lead to many violent clashes.This lead to many violent clashes. Religious violence came to an end in 1589 Religious violence came to an end in 1589

Henry IV of Navarre. He wanted to unite Henry IV of Navarre. He wanted to unite France and chose to sacrifice religious France and chose to sacrifice religious principles out of political necessity principles out of political necessity

He converted to Catholicism He converted to Catholicism United the majority of people, who were United the majority of people, who were

Catholic, behind the king. Catholic, behind the king. Henry IV published Edict of Nantes – gave Henry IV published Edict of Nantes – gave

Huguenots freedom of conscience and public Huguenots freedom of conscience and public worshipworship

Other wars Other wars

Netherlands 1568 -1578Netherlands 1568 -1578 Spanish adherence to the Catholic faith Spanish adherence to the Catholic faith

clashed with Calvinism in the Netherlands clashed with Calvinism in the Netherlands Lead to war and the 17 provinces were Lead to war and the 17 provinces were

divideddivided Spanish Netherlands – Protestants were Spanish Netherlands – Protestants were

forced to become Catholic or leave forced to become Catholic or leave Seven northern provinces declared Seven northern provinces declared

independence from Spainindependence from Spain

Thirty Years WarThirty Years War

1618 – 16481618 – 1648 In 1555 the Peace of Augsburg In 1555 the Peace of Augsburg

recognized the independent recognized the independent powers of German princes powers of German princes

The prince would now impose his The prince would now impose his religion strictly on his subjects religion strictly on his subjects

Limited to Lutheranism and Limited to Lutheranism and CatholicismCatholicism

Why did the war Why did the war happen?happen? Ferdinand of Styria became king of Bohemia in Ferdinand of Styria became king of Bohemia in

1617 and began closing Protestant Churches 1617 and began closing Protestant Churches The Bohemians had religious freedom up to this The Bohemians had religious freedom up to this

point and were then outraged when churches point and were then outraged when churches were closedwere closed

On May 23On May 23rdrd 1618 angry Protestants hurled two 1618 angry Protestants hurled two of Ferdinand’s officials from a castle window.of Ferdinand’s officials from a castle window.

Eventually brought ann end to the religious Eventually brought ann end to the religious strife that had decimated over Europe for over a strife that had decimated over Europe for over a century century

France emerged from the war as the dominant France emerged from the war as the dominant European power of the seventeenth century.European power of the seventeenth century.

The Scientific The Scientific RevolutionRevolution Scientific observation was not new in the 16Scientific observation was not new in the 16thth

century century What was new were the methods and What was new were the methods and

questions the scientists were asking. questions the scientists were asking. Middle ages they believed the planet follows Middle ages they believed the planet follows

a circular orbit because the circle was a a circular orbit because the circle was a perfect pattern created by Godperfect pattern created by God

Middle Age scientists believed that the earth Middle Age scientists believed that the earth was the center of the universe and the was the center of the universe and the reason objects fell to the earth when reason objects fell to the earth when dropped was because they sought the place dropped was because they sought the place of greatest heaviness in the universe : the of greatest heaviness in the universe : the EarthEarth

Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus

Put forth the idea of a heliocentric Put forth the idea of a heliocentric universe: the planets revolved around universe: the planets revolved around the sun, not the earththe sun, not the earth

Also suggested that the earth rotated Also suggested that the earth rotated on its axis every twenty four hourson its axis every twenty four hours

Based on philosophical deductions Based on philosophical deductions rather than astronomical rather than astronomical observationsobservations

Galileo Galileo

Who was he?Who was he? Florentine astronomerFlorentine astronomer Came up with great astronomical Came up with great astronomical

evidence to support Copernicus’s ideasevidence to support Copernicus’s ideas Galileo was advised by Pope Paul V not Galileo was advised by Pope Paul V not

to defend his theoriesto defend his theories Galileo published his findings in 1632Galileo published his findings in 1632 Was brought before the Holy Inquisition Was brought before the Holy Inquisition What was the Holy Inquisition – Roman What was the Holy Inquisition – Roman

Catholic institution for punishing Catholic institution for punishing heretics heretics

What happened to What happened to Galileo?Galileo? He was coerced into recanting his He was coerced into recanting his

beliefs and was then confined to beliefs and was then confined to his house for life. his house for life.

The Church silenced one of the The Church silenced one of the most brilliant astronomers of all most brilliant astronomers of all timestimes

Has the Church silenced any Has the Church silenced any individuals lately?individuals lately?

Johannes Kepler & Johannes Kepler & Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton Finally arrived at an understanding of how Finally arrived at an understanding of how

the universe functionsthe universe functions Kepler’s first law states that planets move in Kepler’s first law states that planets move in

elliptical orbits, with the sun at one focus of elliptical orbits, with the sun at one focus of the ellipsesthe ellipses

Kepler’s second law states that, as a planet Kepler’s second law states that, as a planet draws closer to the sun, it moves faster and draws closer to the sun, it moves faster and as it moves further away from the sun it as it moves further away from the sun it moves more slowlymoves more slowly

Kepler’s third law states the relationship Kepler’s third law states the relationship among movements of all planets as opposed among movements of all planets as opposed to the motion of an individual planet.to the motion of an individual planet.

Isaac Newton Isaac Newton

English scientist born in 1642English scientist born in 1642 Three laws of motion: what are they?Three laws of motion: what are they? If no force acts on an object, it will remain at If no force acts on an object, it will remain at

rest or maintain its constant motion in a rest or maintain its constant motion in a straight linestraight line

Every change of motion or acceleration of a Every change of motion or acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force that body is directly proportional to the force that caused the change and inversely caused the change and inversely proportional to the objects massproportional to the objects mass

For every action force, there is an equal For every action force, there is an equal reaction force in the opposite directionreaction force in the opposite direction

The Revolution in The Revolution in AnatomyAnatomy Andreas Vesalius – Andreas Vesalius – On the Structure of the On the Structure of the

Human BodyHuman Body He found that there were two kinds of blood He found that there were two kinds of blood

in the body: venous and arterial.in the body: venous and arterial. Venous blood – drawn from the right Venous blood – drawn from the right

chamber of the heart and seeped through a chamber of the heart and seeped through a thick wall, was enriched by the “vital spirits” thick wall, was enriched by the “vital spirits” from the air before passing on to the arteriesfrom the air before passing on to the arteries

The might power of God was able to make The might power of God was able to make the blood pass through the solid walls of the the blood pass through the solid walls of the heart. heart.

William HarveyWilliam Harvey

Who was he?Who was he? Brilliant English physician who was not satisfied Brilliant English physician who was not satisfied

with Vesalius resorting to divine power to explain with Vesalius resorting to divine power to explain the workings of the heartthe workings of the heart

On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals --16281628

He said the heart was a pump rather than a He said the heart was a pump rather than a filtration plantfiltration plant

He also discovered that in a single hour the heart pumped He also discovered that in a single hour the heart pumped out more than a person’s mass in blood and therefore the out more than a person’s mass in blood and therefore the veins would burst if the blood was not somehow circulatingveins would burst if the blood was not somehow circulating

It would take almost a half a century to win It would take almost a half a century to win acceptance acceptance

New questions and problems about human New questions and problems about human anatomyanatomy

Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution

Laid the foundations for Laid the foundations for revolutions in politics, culture, revolutions in politics, culture, and religionand religion

Openly challenged the BibleOpenly challenged the Bible Science and religion would be Science and religion would be

reconciled with God as the great reconciled with God as the great mechanic who designed and built mechanic who designed and built the universe.the universe.

The Age of AbsolutismThe Age of Absolutism

Revolution politicsRevolution politics What is absolutism? What is absolutism? Kings claimed to rule by divine right: Kings claimed to rule by divine right:

they were accountable to no one but they were accountable to no one but God God

They controlled competing interest They controlled competing interest groups and regulated all religious sects groups and regulated all religious sects

Louis XIV was able to gain control over Louis XIV was able to gain control over the nobility – historically poses a threat the nobility – historically poses a threat to the crownto the crown

How was absolutism How was absolutism different from the different from the Medieval times?Medieval times? Medieval – European monarchies had Medieval – European monarchies had

temporary armies raised by feudal temporary armies raised by feudal lords lords

War was over soldiers returned to their War was over soldiers returned to their jobs. jobs.

Led to problems if the nobility Led to problems if the nobility withdrew supportwithdrew support

Absolute monarchs created permanent Absolute monarchs created permanent standing armies recruited, paid and standing armies recruited, paid and trained by the state. trained by the state.

L’etat, c’est moi! (I am the state)L’etat, c’est moi! (I am the state)

Foundations of Foundations of Absolutism in FranceAbsolutism in France How did France become absolutist How did France become absolutist

under Louis XIV ‘s rule?under Louis XIV ‘s rule? He inherited rather than created He inherited rather than created

absolutismabsolutism How?How? Louis XIII – Secularism – Cardinal Louis XIII – Secularism – Cardinal

Richelieu – first loyalty was to the stateRichelieu – first loyalty was to the state Richelieu used his influence over Louis Richelieu used his influence over Louis

XIII to promote the French monarchy XIII to promote the French monarchy as the embodiment of the French stateas the embodiment of the French state

How did Richelieu lay How did Richelieu lay the basis for the basis for absolutismabsolutism Challenged and alienated the nobility Challenged and alienated the nobility Divided the country into 32 districts each Divided the country into 32 districts each

which had a royal attendant with extensive which had a royal attendant with extensive powers over justice, police and finances. powers over justice, police and finances.

Both Louis III and Richelieu died in 1643 and Both Louis III and Richelieu died in 1643 and were succeeded by Jules Mazarin and Louis were succeeded by Jules Mazarin and Louis XIVXIV

Mazarin raised taxes and it led to civil war that Mazarin raised taxes and it led to civil war that went on for 12 years - Fronde went on for 12 years - Fronde

The 12 year Fronde convinced Louis XIV that The 12 year Fronde convinced Louis XIV that the only alternative to chaos and monarchy the only alternative to chaos and monarchy was absolute monarchywas absolute monarchy

The Reign of the Sun The Reign of the Sun KingKing Who was the Sun King and why Who was the Sun King and why

was he known as that?was he known as that? Louis XIV (1643 -1715) Louis XIV (1643 -1715) Formed national pride Formed national pride Everything revolved around Louis Everything revolved around Louis

XIVXIV

Consolidating PowerConsolidating Power

At age 23 Louis XIV centralized powerAt age 23 Louis XIV centralized power He created a permanent armyHe created a permanent army Hired Francois Le Tellier as secretary of war – Hired Francois Le Tellier as secretary of war –

created first modern armycreated first modern army Why was it considered to be modern?Why was it considered to be modern? Permanent, professional, well trained, and Permanent, professional, well trained, and

good administrationgood administration Ambulance corps was designed to look after Ambulance corps was designed to look after

the wounded, uniforms, and weapons were the wounded, uniforms, and weapons were standardized, promotion, discipline, rational standardized, promotion, discipline, rational system of recruitment system of recruitment

Louis XIV Centralized Louis XIV Centralized GovernmentGovernment Three councils: court of the state, the Three councils: court of the state, the

Court of Finances, and the Court of Court of Finances, and the Court of Disciplines – responsible for the Disciplines – responsible for the administration of lawadministration of law

By meeting with high government By meeting with high government officials at least once a week Louis XIV officials at least once a week Louis XIV was able to retain absolute control over was able to retain absolute control over the government. He asked them to stay the government. He asked them to stay at the palace of Versailles for part of the at the palace of Versailles for part of the year.year.

Colbert’s Economic Colbert’s Economic ReformReform Who Jean Baptiste Colbert – troller generalWho Jean Baptiste Colbert – troller general Mercantilism – a system which the Mercantilism – a system which the

government regulates economic activity government regulates economic activity based on the premise that international based on the premise that international power is a product of its wealthpower is a product of its wealth

He promoted the creation of domestic He promoted the creation of domestic industries and discouraged imports of industries and discouraged imports of good. Why? Wanted to limit the export of good. Why? Wanted to limit the export of moneymoney

Created the powerful merchant marine Created the powerful merchant marine which was crucial to France’s positive which was crucial to France’s positive balance of trade.balance of trade.

Colbert Colbert

Colonization of New France was Colonization of New France was encouragedencouraged

The primary goal for Colbert’s The primary goal for Colbert’s domestic taxation policy was to domestic taxation policy was to provide more money for the royal provide more money for the royal treasury.treasury.

He attempted to improve He attempted to improve domestic trade by reducing domestic trade by reducing internal tariffs. internal tariffs.

England: The Anti England: The Anti Absolutist StateAbsolutist State 1688 – England was a constitutional monarchy – 1688 – England was a constitutional monarchy –

Parliament had achieved supremacy over the Parliament had achieved supremacy over the crowncrown

Henry VIII was forced to appeal to Parliament for Henry VIII was forced to appeal to Parliament for support in his struggle against the papacy over his support in his struggle against the papacy over his divorce. divorce.

Elizabeth I failed to deal with the rise of Puritanism Elizabeth I failed to deal with the rise of Puritanism The absence of a standing army left the monarchy The absence of a standing army left the monarchy

dependant on the questionable loyalty of the dependant on the questionable loyalty of the militiamilitia

England was essentially an absolute state England was essentially an absolute state governed by a constitutional monarchygoverned by a constitutional monarchy

James IJames I

Son of Mary Queen of Scots – Bloody Mary; inherited Son of Mary Queen of Scots – Bloody Mary; inherited the throne in 1603 when Elizabeth died. the throne in 1603 when Elizabeth died.

Looked to other methods of getting revenue because Looked to other methods of getting revenue because he was in debt. he was in debt.

Brought back dues that required the people to pay Brought back dues that required the people to pay money in order for their children to marry money in order for their children to marry

Sold titles – baron, earl, and dukeSold titles – baron, earl, and duke Sold monopolies Sold monopolies Forced people to lend money to the crown or they will Forced people to lend money to the crown or they will

face a fine. face a fine. People did not like him and he was in constant People did not like him and he was in constant

struggle with Parliament struggle with Parliament Fascinated with witches, was lazy and spent a lot of Fascinated with witches, was lazy and spent a lot of

moneymoney

Charles I Charles I

Was not willing to compromise and Was not willing to compromise and Parliament disliked him as a result.Parliament disliked him as a result.

In 1629 Charles suspended Parliament In 1629 Charles suspended Parliament bringing England the closest it would ever bringing England the closest it would ever come to absolutism – known as Eleven come to absolutism – known as Eleven Years of TyrannyYears of Tyranny

Ongoing war with Ireland had drained the Ongoing war with Ireland had drained the treasury to the point where Charles was treasury to the point where Charles was forced to recall parliament for its supportforced to recall parliament for its support

Charles tried to Charles tried to capture Parliament capture Parliament Stormed in Parliament with 1500 Stormed in Parliament with 1500

horsemen and tried to arrest member of horsemen and tried to arrest member of the House of Commonsthe House of Commons

1643-1649 – Royalists and Roundheads 1643-1649 – Royalists and Roundheads battled for control over the governmentbattled for control over the government

Captured Charles I and he would not Captured Charles I and he would not compromise so they tried him for treason compromise so they tried him for treason and he was beheaded on January 30and he was beheaded on January 30thth, , 16491649

Did they deserve to put Charles I to Did they deserve to put Charles I to death?death?

After the death of After the death of Charles ICharles I England was a parliamentary republic England was a parliamentary republic

from 1649 to 1658 under the leadership of from 1649 to 1658 under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell – not a radically different Oliver Cromwell – not a radically different government except there wasn’t a government except there wasn’t a monarchmonarch

Cromwell refused the crown when offered Cromwell refused the crown when offered and his death in 1658 left England without and his death in 1658 left England without a leader.a leader.

His son Richard was not a favorite among His son Richard was not a favorite among the people awarded Charles II the throne . the people awarded Charles II the throne . He sought refuge in France for 11 yearsHe sought refuge in France for 11 years

James IIJames II

Came to the throne in 1685 Came to the throne in 1685 following the death of his brother following the death of his brother Charles IICharles II

Confrontational behavior Confrontational behavior alienated the English – a group of alienated the English – a group of citizens opposed himcitizens opposed him

William of Orange invaded William of Orange invaded England England