Reformation and Reformation and Scientific Scientific

RevolutionRevolutionWorld HistoryWorld History

Reformers become Reformers become radicalradical

Following the rise of Martin Luther and John Following the rise of Martin Luther and John Calvin, hundreds of protestant sects were Calvin, hundreds of protestant sects were created.created.

These sects had extreme ideas that were These sects had extreme ideas that were opposite from the Roman Catholic Church.opposite from the Roman Catholic Church.

The Anabaptists were one of the most important The Anabaptists were one of the most important radical groups, they believed that only adults radical groups, they believed that only adults should be baptized. should be baptized.

Anabaptists wanted social reforms but they Anabaptists wanted social reforms but they preached non-violence and toleration of other preached non-violence and toleration of other religions.religions.

Modern Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and Modern Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and Amish trace their roots to the Anabaptists.Amish trace their roots to the Anabaptists.

English ReformationEnglish Reformation

Religious leaders in Religious leaders in England had called England had called for reforms since the for reforms since the 1300’s.1300’s.

The break with the The break with the Catholic Church Catholic Church would not come from would not come from religious leaders but religious leaders but from a King.from a King.

King Henry VIII, to King Henry VIII, to be exact.be exact.

From “Defender of the From “Defender of the Faith” to head of the Faith” to head of the Church of EnglandChurch of England

King Henry VIII violently defended King Henry VIII violently defended the Roman Catholic Church at first.the Roman Catholic Church at first.

The pope gave him the title The pope gave him the title “Defender of the Faith” to reward “Defender of the Faith” to reward his loyalty to the Church.his loyalty to the Church.

However Henry VIII had a personal However Henry VIII had a personal issue……issue……

NO HEIR!!!!NO HEIR!!!!

In 1527, Henry VIII In 1527, Henry VIII asked the pope to asked the pope to annul his marriage to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon Catherine of Aragon because she had not because she had not bore him a son.bore him a son.

The pope refused The pope refused because he did not because he did not want to upset Holy want to upset Holy Emperor Charles V, Emperor Charles V, Catherine’s nephew.Catherine’s nephew.

What is a King to do???What is a King to do??? Henry VIII was furious Henry VIII was furious

and he decided to take and he decided to take over the English Church.over the English Church.

With the help of the With the help of the English Parliament, laws English Parliament, laws were passed that made were passed that made Henry VIII the sole head Henry VIII the sole head of the Church of England.of the Church of England.

Henry VIII then Henry VIII then appointed a new appointed a new archbishop who quickly archbishop who quickly annulled the King’s annulled the King’s marriage.marriage.

King King Henry’Henry’

s s WivesWives

The legacy of King Henry The legacy of King Henry VIIIVIII

After his death in 1547, the rule went After his death in 1547, the rule went to his ten year old son, Edward VI. to his ten year old son, Edward VI. Edward died in his teens and the Edward died in his teens and the throne goes to his catholic sister Mary.throne goes to his catholic sister Mary.

Mary converts England back to the Mary converts England back to the Catholic Church.Catholic Church.

In 1558, Mary dies and Elizabeth In 1558, Mary dies and Elizabeth becomes queen. She brings back the becomes queen. She brings back the protestant Church of England and protestant Church of England and moderate reforms.moderate reforms.

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation

While England was on the protestant While England was on the protestant roller-coaster, a wave of religious roller-coaster, a wave of religious wars swept over the rest of Europe.wars swept over the rest of Europe.

In order to weed out the protestant In order to weed out the protestant religions, the Catholic Church religions, the Catholic Church started a wave of reforms. The started a wave of reforms. The Council of Trent in 1545, was a Council of Trent in 1545, was a meeting of Church leaders to plan meeting of Church leaders to plan how to reform the Church.how to reform the Church.

ReformsReforms

To combat the protestant competition, To combat the protestant competition, the pope strengthened the inquisition, the pope strengthened the inquisition, a secret court that used testimony, a secret court that used testimony, torture, and execution against torture, and execution against protestants. The Index of Forbidden protestants. The Index of Forbidden Books was created by the inquisition.Books was created by the inquisition.

To spread the Catholic faith, the pope To spread the Catholic faith, the pope adopted the Ignatius of Loyola or the adopted the Ignatius of Loyola or the Jesuit order. Missionaries traveled the Jesuit order. Missionaries traveled the world spreading the Catholic faith.world spreading the Catholic faith.

Age of PersecutionAge of Persecution As Europe became As Europe became

divided into a divided into a protestant North and protestant North and a Catholic South, a Catholic South, both sides persecuted both sides persecuted the other.the other.

Witch Hunts started Witch Hunts started in the 1450’s for in the 1450’s for many reasons: 1) a many reasons: 1) a common belief in common belief in magic/spirits, and 2) magic/spirits, and 2) a need to blame a need to blame someone for the someone for the problems of the problems of the church.church.

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution Profound change in the European world-Profound change in the European world-

view in the late 16view in the late 16thth and 17 and 17thth centuries centuries Primary cause was the Primary cause was the Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

(1543-present)(1543-present) The most profound change in human The most profound change in human

history?history? New intellectual climate differed from New intellectual climate differed from

medieval & early modern world-view:medieval & early modern world-view: Rejection of authorityRejection of authority ““Best” knowledge was practicalBest” knowledge was practical Demystification of the universeDemystification of the universe

Scientists of this era differed from Scientists of this era differed from predecessors in combining predecessors in combining mathematicsmathematics and and experimentexperiment

IntroductionIntroduction

RootsRoots – science & technology from: – science & technology from: Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt – pyramids, – pyramids,

mathematicsmathematics ChinaChina – movable type, paper, – movable type, paper,

astronomyastronomy IslamIslam – medicine, ancient Greek texts, – medicine, ancient Greek texts,

astronomy, mathematicsastronomy, mathematics Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe – alchemy, herbalists, – alchemy, herbalists,

cathedralscathedrals

NicolausNicolaus Copernicus (1473- Copernicus (1473-1543)1543)

Polish monkPolish monk Observed patterns of Observed patterns of

star and planet star and planet movementmovement

On the Revolutions of On the Revolutions of Celestial BodiesCelestial Bodies (1543)(1543)

HeliocentrismHeliocentrism Called into question Called into question

the literal truth of the the literal truth of the ScripturesScriptures

Copernicus waited Copernicus waited until he was near until he was near death to publish his death to publish his findingsfindings

The Heliocentric (Copernican) UniverseThe Heliocentric (Copernican) Universe

Galileo Galilei (1564-Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)1642)

Italian scientistItalian scientist Improved the telescopeImproved the telescope Made observations that Made observations that

proved the Copernican proved the Copernican view of the universeview of the universe MoonMoon PlanetsPlanets StarsStars SunspotsSunspots

Wrote in the vernacularWrote in the vernacular 16331633 – Church forced – Church forced

Galileo to recant; Galileo to recant; placed under house placed under house arrestarrest

Letter to the Grand Duchess Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of TuscanyChristina of Tuscany (1615) (1615)

Written to address the Written to address the conflict between the conflict between the Bible and heliocentric Bible and heliocentric theorytheory

Argued that the Bible Argued that the Bible must be interpreted in must be interpreted in light of scientific light of scientific knowledgeknowledge

Argued for a non-Argued for a non-literal interpretation of literal interpretation of the Biblethe Bible

Galileo declared the Galileo declared the Bible teaches how to Bible teaches how to go to heaven, not how go to heaven, not how the heavens gothe heavens go

The letter began The letter began Galileo’s troubles with Galileo’s troubles with the Catholic Churchthe Catholic Church

RenRené Descartes (1596-é Descartes (1596-1650)1650)

French French mathematician and mathematician and philosopherphilosopher

A transitional figure A transitional figure between the between the medieval past and medieval past and modern sciencemodern science

A A rationalistrationalist Promoter of Promoter of

deductive deductive reasoningreasoning, , predicting predicting particular results particular results from general from general principlesprinciples

Discourse on MethodDiscourse on Method (1637)(1637)

Descartes wished to Descartes wished to develop a method develop a method that could be used that could be used to yield scientific to yield scientific truthtruth

Argued that Argued that abstract reasoning abstract reasoning and math were a and math were a more reliable path more reliable path to truth; our senses to truth; our senses could deceive uscould deceive us

Cogito ergo sum Cogito ergo sum (“I (“I think, therefore I think, therefore I am”)am”)

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton

Discovered gravity.Discovered gravity. English student, English student,

achieved fame at achieved fame at the age of 24.the age of 24.

Important Important mathematician and mathematician and scientist.scientist.

Newton also Newton also developed Calculus.developed Calculus.

Significance of the Significance of the Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

Contributions of these scientists made the Contributions of these scientists made the universe comprehensible for the first timeuniverse comprehensible for the first time

The individual became much more The individual became much more important; collective authority was not important; collective authority was not the source of wisdom…individual intellect the source of wisdom…individual intellect waswas

After the Revolution, God was viewed by After the Revolution, God was viewed by many as either a remote “master many as either a remote “master mechanic”, or his existence began to be mechanic”, or his existence began to be doubteddoubted

Began long adversarial relationship Began long adversarial relationship between science and religionbetween science and religion

The Revolution laid the foundation for the The Revolution laid the foundation for the Enlightenment of the 18Enlightenment of the 18thth century… century…