renewable sources.docx

7/21/2019 Renewable sources.docx

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Renewable sources

Main articles: Renewable energyandRenewable energy commercialization

[[Image:Alternative Energies.jpg|thmb|!he wind"#n"andbiomassare three renewable energysorces$$

Renewable energy is energywhich comes %romnatral resorcessch as snlight" wind" rain"tides" and geothermal heat" which are renewable&natrally replenished.' Renewable energy is analternative to %ossil %els and nclear power" and was commonly called alternative energyin the()*+s and (),+s. In -++," abot () o% global %inal energy consmption came %rom renewables"with (/ coming %rom traditionalbiomass" which is mainly sed %or heating"and /.- %romhydroelectricity.[($0ew renewables&small hydro" modern biomass" wind" solar" geothermal" andbio%els' acconted %or another -.* and are growing very rapidly.[($!he share o% renewables inelectricity generationis arond (," with (1 o% global electricity coming %rom hydroelectricity

and / %rom new renewables.[($[-$

2ind poweris growing at the rate o% /+ annally" with a worldwide installed capacityo% (1,gigawatts&32' in -++)"[/$[4$and is widely sed in Erope"Asia" and the5nited #tates.[1$At theend o% -++)" cmlative globalphotovoltaic&67' installations srpassed -( 32[8$[*$[,$and 67power stationsare poplar in 3ermanyand #pain.[)$#olar thermal powerstations operate in the5#A and #pain" and the largest o% these is the /14 megawatt&M2' #E3#power plant in theMojave 9esert.[(+$!he worlds largest geothermal powerinstallation is !he 3eysersin ;ali%ornia"with a rated capacity o% *1+ M2.


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2ind power: worldwide installed capacity[(,$

2ind power harnesses the power o% the wind to propel the blades o% wind trbines. !hesetrbines case the rotation o% magnets"which creates electricity. 2ind towers are sally bilttogether on wind %arms. 2ind poweris growing at the rate o% /+ annally" with a worldwideinstalled capacityo% (1,gigawatts&32' in -++)"[/$[4$and is widely sed in Erope" Asia" and the5nited #tates.[1$

At the end o% -++)" worldwide wind %armcapacity was (1*")++ M2" representing an increase o%/( percent dring the year"[/$and wind power spplied some (./ o% global electricityconsmption.[()$2ind power acconts %or appro>imately () o% electricity se in 9enmar=" )in #painand 6ortgal" and 8 in 3ermanyand the Repblic o% Ireland.[-+$!he 5nited #tatesisan important growth area and installed 5.#. wind power capacity reached -1"(*+ M2 at the endo% -++,.[-($As o% 0ovember -+(+" theRoscoe 2ind arm&*,( M2' is the worlds largest wind%arm.[--$

[edit] Hydroelectric
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-GWEC_Market-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-GWEC_Market-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installed_wind_power_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-nine-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-Glob-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Wind_Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Wind_Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Wind_Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-GWEC_Market-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installed_wind_power_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-nine-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-Glob-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Wind_Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=3


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!he 3ordon 9amin !asmaniais a large conventional dammed?hydro %acility" with an installedcapacity o% p to 4/+ M2.Main article: Bydroelectricity

In hydro energy" the gravitationaldescent o% a river is compressed %rom a long rn to a single

location with a damor a %lme.!his creates a location where concentratedpressreand %lowcanbe sed to trn trbinesor water wheels" which drive a mechanicalmillor an electric generator.[-/$

In some cases with hydroelectric dams" there are ne>pected reslts. Cne stdy shows that ahydroelectric dam in the Amazon has /.8 times larger greenhose e%%ect per =2Dh than electricityprodction %rom oil" de to large scale emission o% methane%rom decaying organic material[-4$"thogh this is most signi%icant as river valleys are initially %looded" and are o% mch lessconseence %or more boreal dams.[-1$!his e%%ect applies in particlar to dams created by simply%looding a large area" withot %irst clearing it o% vegetation. !here are however investigationsinto nderwater trbinesthat do not reire a dam. Andpmped?storage hydroelectricitycan se

water reservoirsat di%%erent altitdes to store wind and solar power.

[edit] Solar

0ellis #olar 6ower 6lant" the third largestphotovoltaicpower plant in 0orth America.Main articles: #olar energyand6hotovoltaics

#olar power involves sing solar cellsto convertsnlightinto electricity" sing snlight hittingsolar thermal panels to convert snlight to heat water or air" sing snlight hitting aparabolicmirrorto heat water &prodcing steam'" or sing snlight entering windows %orpassive solarheating o% a bilding. It wold be advantageos to place solar panels in the regions o% highestsolar radiation.[-8$In the 6hoeni>" Arizona area" %or e>ample" the average annal solar radiation is1.* =2FhG&mHFday'"[-*$or -.( M2FhG&mHFyr'. Electricity demand in the continental 5.#. is

/.*(+(-

=2Fh per year. !hs" at -+ e%%iciency" an area o% appro>imately /1++ sare miles&/ o% Arizonas land area' wold need to be covered with solar panels to replace all crrentelectricity prodction in the 5# with solar power. !he average solar radiation in the 5nited#tates is 4., =2FhG&mHFday'"[-,$bt reaches ,J) =2hGmHGday in parts o% the #othwest.

At the end o% -++)" cmlative globalphotovoltaic&67' installations srpassed -( 32[8$[*$[,$and67 power stationsare poplar in3ermanyand#pain.[)$#olar thermal powerstations operate in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_flow_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_damshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damless_hydrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damless_hydrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellis_Solar_Power_Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_mirrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_mirrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-jr2010-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-re-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-fif-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-pvresources.com-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_flow_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_damshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damless_hydrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellis_Solar_Power_Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_mirrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_mirrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-jr2010-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-re-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-fif-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-pvresources.com-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_power


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the 5#A and #pain" and the largest o% these is the /14 megawatt&M2' #E3#power plant in theMojave 9esert.[(+$

;hina is increasing worldwide silicon wa%er capacity %or photovoltaics to -"+++ metric tons byKly -++," and over 8"+++ metric tons by the end o% -+(+.[-)$#igni%icant international investment

capital is %lowing into ;hina to spport this opportnity. ;hina is bilding large sbsidized o%%?the?grid solar?powered cities in Bangbaiyand 9ongtanEco ;ity. Mch o% the design was doneby Americans sch as 2illiam Mc9onogh.[/+$

[edit] Agricultural biomass

#gar canereside can be sed as a bio%el


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which power electric generators. 2hen the water temperatre is below the boiling point o% watera binary system is sed. A low boiling point liid is sed to drive a trbine and generator in aclosed system similar to a re%rigeration nit rnning in reverse. !here are also natral sorces o%geothermal energy: some can come %rom volcanoes" geysers" hot springs" and steam vents.[/($!heworlds largestgeothermal powerinstallation is !he 3eysersin ;ali%ornia" with a rated capacity

o% *1+ M2.

[edit] Tidal

Main article: !idal power

!idal power can be e>tracted %rom Moon?gravity?powered tidesby locating a water trbinein atidal crrent" or by bilding impondment pond dams that admit?or?release water throgh atrbine. !he trbine can trn an electrical generator" or a gas compressor" that can then storeenergy ntil needed. ;oastal tides are a sorce o% clean" %ree" renewable" and sstainable energy.[/-$

[edit] Fossil fuels

!he Moss @anding 6ower 6lantbrns natral gasto prodce electricity in ;ali%ornia.Main articles: ossil %eland 6ea= oil

ossil %els sorces brn coalor hydrocarbon%els" which are the remains o% the decompositiono% plants and animals. !here are three main types o% %ossil %els: coal"petrolem"and natral gas.Another %ossil %el" lie%ied petrolem gas&@63'" is principally derived %rom the prodction o%natral gas. Beat %rom brning %ossil %el is sed either directly %or space heating and processheating" or converted to mechanical energy %or vehicles" indstrial processes" or electrical powergeneration.

3reenhose gasemissions reslt %rom%ossil %el?based electricity generation. ;rrentlygovernments sbsidize %ossil %elsby an estimated L1++ billion a year.[//$

[edit] uclear

Main articles:0clear powerand6ea= ranim
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[edit] Fission

9iablo ;anyon 6ower 6lant0clear power station.

0clear power stationsse nclear %issionto generate energy by the reaction o% ranim?-/1inside a nclear reactor. !he reactor ses ranim rods" the atoms o% which are split in the

process o% %ission" releasing a large amont o% energy. !he process contines as a chain reactionwith other nclei.!he energy heats water to createsteam" which spins a trbinegenerator"prodcing electricity.

9epending on the type o% %ission %el considered" estimates %or e>isting spply at =nown sagerates varies %rom several decades %or the crrently poplar 5ranim?-/1 to thosands o% years%or ranim?-/,. At the present rate o% se" there are &as o% -++*' abot *+ years le%to% =nownranim?-/1reserves economically recoverable at a ranim price o% 5#L (/+G=g.[/4$!henclear indstry arge that the cost o% %el is a minor cost %actor %or %ission power" moree>pensive" more di%%iclt to e>tract sorces o% ranim cold be sed in the %tre" sch aslower?grade ores" and i% prices increased enogh" %rom sorces sch as granite and seawater.[/4$

Increasing the price o% ranim wold have little e%%ect on the overall cost o% nclear power adobling in the cost o% natral ranim wold increase the total cost o% nclear power by 1percent. Cn the other hand" i% the price o% natral gas was dobled" the cost o% gas?%ired powerwold increase by abot 8+ percent.[/1$

Cpponents on the other hand arge that the correlation between price and prodction is notlinear" bt as the ores concentration becomes smaller" the di%%iclty &energy and resorceconsmption are increasing" while the yields are decreasing' o% e>traction rises very %ast" and thatthe assertion that a higher price will yield more ranim is overly optimistic %or e>ample arogh estimate predicts that the e>traction o% ranim %rom granite will consme at least *+times more energy than what it will prodce in a reactor. As many as eleven contries have

depleted their ranim resorces" and only ;anada has mines le%t that prodce better than (concentration ore.[/8$#eawater seems to be eally dbios as a sorce.[/*$

0clear meltdownsand other reactor accidents" sch as the =shima I nclear accident&-+(('"!hree Mile Island accident&()*)' and the ;hernobyl disaster&(),8'" have cased mch pblicconcern. Research is being done to lessen the =nown problems o% crrent reactor technology bydeveloping atomated andpassively sa%ereactors. Bistorically" however" coal and hydropower
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power generation have both been the case o% more deaths per energy nit prodced than nclearpower generation.[/,$[/)$

0clear proli%erationis the spread o% nclear technology which may happen %rom nation tonation or throgh otherblac= mar=etchannels" inclding nclear power plants and related

technology inclding nclear weapons.

!he long?term radioactive wastestorage problems o% nclear power have not been solved.#everal contries have considered sing ndergrond repositories. 0clear waste ta=es p littlespace compared to wastes %rom the chemical indstry which remain to>ic inde%initely.[4+$#pent%el rods are now stored in concrete cas=s close to the nclear reactors. [4($!he amonts o% wastecold be redced in several ways. istingwaste. !he only long?term way o% dealing with waste today is by geological storage.

At present" nclear energy is in decline" according to a -++* 2orld 0clear Indstry #tatsReportpresented by the 3reensGEAgrop in the Eropean 6arliament. !he report otlines thatthe proportion o% nclear energy in power prodction has decreased in -( ot o% /( contries"with %ive %ewer %nctioning nclear reactors than %ive years ago. !here are crrently /- nclearpower plants nder constrction or in the pipeline" -+ %ewer than at the end o% the ())+s.[4/$[44$

!horim can be sed as %el in a nclear reactor. A thorim %el cycle o%%ers several potentialadvantages over a ranim %el cycleinclding mch greater abndanceon Earth" speriorphysical and nclear properties o% the %el" enhancedproli%erationresistance" and redcednclear waste prodction. 0obel lareate ;arlo Rbbiaat ;ER0&Eropean Crganization %or0clear Research'" has wor=ed on developing the se o% thorim as an alternative to ranim in

reactors. Rbbia states that a tonne o% thorim can prodce as mch energy as -++ tonnes o%ranim" or /"1++"+++ tonnes o% coal.[41$Cne o% the early pioneers o% the technology was 5.#.physicist Alvin 2einbergatCa= Ridge 0ational @aboratoryin !ennessee" who helped develop awor=ing nclear plant sing liid %el in the ()8+s.

!his section needs additional citationsfor verification. 6lease help improve thisarticleby adding reliable re%erences.5nsorced material may bechallengedandremoved.(April 2008)

[edit] Fusion

sion powercold solve many o% the problems o%%ission power&the technology mentionedabove' bt" despite research having started in the ()1+s" no commercial %sion reactor ise>pected be%ore -+1+.[48$Many technical problems remain nsolved. 6roposed %sion reactorscommonly se deterim" an isotopeo% hydrogen"as %el and in most crrent designs alsolithim. Assming a %sion energy otpt eal to the crrent global otpt and that this does notincrease in the %tre" then the =nown crrent lithim reserves wold last /+++ years" lithim%rom sea water wold last 8+ million years" and a more complicated %sion process sing onlydeterim %rom sea water wold have %el %or (1+ billion years.[4*$
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-wna04-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeder_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeder_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcritical_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Nuclear_Industry_Status_Reporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Nuclear_Industry_Status_Reporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Free_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_fuel_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium#Occurrencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rubbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rubbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-Pritchard-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Weinberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-wna04-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeder_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcritical_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Nuclear_Industry_Status_Reporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Nuclear_Industry_Status_Reporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Free_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_fuel_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium#Occurrencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rubbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-Pritchard-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Weinberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-46


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[edit] !ost by source

rther in%ormation: ;ost o% electricity by sorce

!he %ollowing chart does not inclde thee>ternal" weather?related costs o% sing %ossil %els.

@arge energy sbsidiesare present in many contries &istingpower plantso%ten can and sally are made more e%%icient with minor modi%icationsde to new technology. 0ew power plants may become more e%%icient with technology li=ecogeneration. 0ew designs %or bildings may incorporate technies li=epassive solar.@ight?emitting diodesare gradally replacing the remaining ses o% light blbs. 0ote that none o% thesemethods allowsperpetal motion" as some energy is always lost to heat.

Mass transportationincreases energy e%%iciency compared to widespread conventionalatomobile se while air travelis regarded as ine%%icient. ;onventional combstion engineatomobiles have continally improved their e%%iciency and may contine to do so in the %tre"%or e>ample by redcing weight with new materials.Bybrid vehiclescan save energy byallowing the engine to rn more e%%iciently" regaining energy %rom bra=ing" trning o%% the motor

when idling in tra%%ic" etc. More e%%icient ceramicor diesel enginescan improve mileage. Electricvehiclessch as Maglev" trolleybses" and 6BE7sare more e%%icient dring se &bt maybe noti% doing a li%e cycle analysis' than similar crrent combstion based vehicles" redcing theirenergy consmption dring se by (G- to (G4. Microcarsor motorcycles may replace atomobilescarrying only one or two people. !ransportation e%%iciency may also be improved by in otherways" see atomated highway system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_subsidieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_subsidieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-barker-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-barker-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-sciencedaily1-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_insulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogenerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_travelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_levitation_trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHEVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHEVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_highway_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_subsidieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-barker-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-sciencedaily1-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_insulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogenerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_travelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_levitation_trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHEVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_highway_system


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Electricity distribtionmay change in the %tre. 0ew small scale energy sorces may be placedcloser to the consmers so that less energy is lost dring electricity distribtion. 0ew technologyli=e spercondctivityor improvedpower %actor correctionmay also decrease the energy lost.9istribted generationpermits electricity Nconsmers"N who are generating electricity %or theirown needs" to send their srpls electrical power bac= into the power grid.

[edit] Transmission

An elevated section o% the Alas=a 6ipeline.#ee also: 6ipeline transport

2hile new sorces o% energy are only rarely discovered or made possible by new technology"distribtiontechnology continally evolves.[1+$!he se o% %el cellsin cars" %or e>ample" is ananticipated delivery technology.[citation needed$!his section presents some o% the more commondelivery technologies that have been important to historic energy development. !hey all rely insome way on the energy sorces listed in the previos section.

[edit] Water

rther in%ormation: 2ater cycleand6mped?storage hydroelectricity

!his section reires e>pansion.

[edit] Fossil fuels

#hippingis a %le>ible delivery technology that is sed in the whole range o% energy developmentregimes %rom primitive to highly advanced. ;rrently" coal"petrolemand their derivatives aredelivered by shipping via boat" rail"or road. 6etrolem and natral gas may also be delivered viapipelineand coal via a #lrry pipeline. Re%ined hydrocarbon %els sch asgasolineand @63mayalso be delivered via aircra%t. 0atral gas pipelines mst maintain a certain minimm pressre to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor_correctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurry_pipelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor_correctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(business)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurry_pipelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft


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%nction correctly. Ethanols corrosive properties ma=e it harder to bild ethanol pipelines. !hehigher costs o% ethanol transportation and storage are o%ten prohibitive.[1($

[edit] #lectricity

Electric 3rid: 6ilons and cables distribte power

Electricity grids are the networ=ssed to transmitand distribtepower%rom prodction sorceto end ser" when the two may be hndreds o% =ilometres away. #orces inclde electricalgeneration plants sch as anclear reactor"coal brning power plant" etc. A combination o% sb?

stations" trans%ormers" towers"cables"andpipingare sed to maintain a constant %low o%electricity. 3rids may s%%er %rom transientblac=otsandbrownots" o%ten de to weatherdamage. 9ring certain e>tremespace weatherevents solar windcan inter%ere withtransmissions. 3rids also have a prede%inedcarrying capacityor load that cannot sa%ely bee>ceeded. 2hen power reirements e>ceed whats available" %ailres are inevitable. !o preventproblems" power is then rationed.

Indstrialised contries sch as ;anada"the 5#"and Astraliaare among the highest per capitaconsmers o% electricity in the world" which is possible than=s to a widespread electricaldistribtion networ=. !he 5# grid is one o% the most advanced" althogh in%rastrctremaintenance is becoming a problem. ;rrentEnergyprovides a realtime overview o% the

electricity spply and demand %or ;ali%ornia" !e>as" and the 0ortheast o% the 5#. A%ricancontries with small scale electrical grids have a correspondingly low annal per capita sage o%electricity. Cne o% the most power%l power grids in the world spplies power to the state o%Oeensland" Astralia.

[edit] Storage
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_blackouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_outagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrying_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrying_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://currentenergy.lbl.gov/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_blackouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_outagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrying_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttp://currentenergy.lbl.gov/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_development&action=edit&section=18


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Main articles: Energy storageand grid energy storage

Methods o% energy storage have been developed" which trans%orm electrical energy into %orms o%potential energy. A method o% energy storage may be chosen on the basis o% stability" ease o%transport" ease o% energy release" or ease o% converting %ree energy %rom the natral %orm to the

stable %orm.

[edit] !hemical

#ome natral %orms o% energy are %ond in stable chemical componds sch as %ossil %els. Mostsystems o% chemical energy storage reslt %rombiologicalactivity" which store energy inchemical bonds. Man?made %orms o% chemical energy storage inclde hydrogen%el" synthetichydrocarbon %el"batteriesand e>plosivessch as corditeanddynamite.

[edit] Gravitational and hydroelectric

9amscan be sed to store energy" by singpmped?storage hydroelectricity" e>cess energy topmp water into the reservoir. 2hen electrical energy is reired" the process is reversed. !hewater then trns a trbine" generating electricity.Bydroelectricpower is crrently an importantpart o% the worlds energy spply" generating one?%i%th o% the worlds electricity.[1-$

[edit] Thermal

!here are several technologies tostore heat. !hermal energy %rom the sn" %or e>ample" can bestored in a reservoir or in the grond %or daily or seasonal se. !hermal energy %or cooling can bestored in ice.[1/$Many thermal power plants are set p near coal or oil %ields. !he thermal powerplant is sed since %el is brnt to prodce heat energy" which is converted into electrical energy .

[1/$

[edit] $echanical %ressure

Energy may also be stored inpressrizedgases or alternatively in a vacm. ;ompressed air" %ore>ample" may be sed to operate vehicles and power tools. @arge?scale compressed air energystorage%acilities are sed to smooth ot demands on electricity generation by providing energydring pea= hors and storing energy dring o%%?pea= hors. #ch systems save on e>pensivegenerating capacity since it only needs to meet average consmption rather than pea=consmption.[14$

[edit] #lectrical ca%acitance

Electrical energy may be stored in capacitors. ;apacitors are o%ten sed to prodce high intensityreleases o% energy &sch as a cameras %lash'.

[edit] Hydrogen

Main article: Bydrogen economy
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Bydrogen can be man%actred at roghly ** percent thermal e%%iciency by the method o% steamre%orming o% natral gas.[11$2hen man%actred by this method it is a derivative %el li=egasoline when prodced by electrolysis o% water" it is a %orm o% chemical energy storage as arestoragebatteries"thogh hydrogen is the more versatile storage mode since there are two options%or its conversion to se%l wor=: &(' a %el cellcan convert the chemicals hydrogenand o>ygen

into water" and in the process" prodce electricity" or &-' hydrogen can be brned &less e%%icientlythan in a %el cell' in an internal combstion engine.

[edit] &ehicles

Energy %low in the 5.#." -++,

[edit] Fossil fuels

6etrolem" coal and natral gas are sed to power most transportation and bildings.

[edit] 'atteries

Main articles:battery"battery electric vehicle


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Energy consmption %rom (),) to ()))

!he environmental movementemphasizes sstainabilityo% energy se and development.Renewable energyis sstainable in its prodction the available spply will not be diminished %orthe %oreseeable %tre ? millions or billions o% years. N#stainabilityN also re%ers to the ability o%the environment to cope with waste prodcts" especially air polltion.#orces which have nodirect waste prodcts &sch as wind" solar" and hydropower' are seen as ideal in this regard.

ossil %elssch aspetrolem" coal" and natral gasare not renewable. or e>ample" the timingo% worldwidepea= oilprodction is being actively debated bt it has already happened in some

contries. ossil %els also ma=e p the bl= o% the worlds crrentprimary energysorces. 2ithglobal demand %or energy growing" the need to adopt alternative energy sorces is also growing.ossil %els are also a major sorce o%greenhose gasemissions" leading to concerns abotglobal warmingi% consmption is not redced.

Energy conservationis an alternative or complementary process to energy development. Itredces the demand %or energy by sing it more e%%iciently.

[edit] Resilience

Energy consmptionper capita&-++('. Red hes indicate increase" green hes decrease o%consmption dring the ())+s.

#ome observers contend that the mch tal=ed abot idea o% Penergy independenceQ is annrealistic and opae concept. !hey o%%er Penergy resilienceQ as a more sensible goal and more

aligned with economic" secrity and energy realities. !he notion o% resilience in energy wasdetailed in the (),- boo=


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More recently %ormer Intel ;orporation;hairman and ;EC Andrew 3rovehas toted energyresilience" arging that complete independence is in%easible given the global mar=et %or energy.[1,$Be describes energy resilience as the ability to adjst to interrptions in the spply o% energy.!o this end he sggests the 5.#. ma=e greater se o% electricity.[1)$Electricity can be prodced%rom a variety o% sorces. A diverse energy spply will be less impacted by the disrption in

spply o% any one sorce. Be reasons that another %eatre o% electri%ication is that electricity isPstic=yQ J meaning the electricity prodced in the 5.#. is more li=ely to stay there becase itcannot be transported overseas. According to 3rove" a =ey aspect o% advancing electri%icationand energy resilience will be converting the 5.#. atomotive %leet %rom gasoline?powered toelectric?powered. !his" in trn" will reire the modernization and e>pansion o% the electricalpower grid. As organizations sch as the Re%orm Instittehave pointed ot" advancementsassociated with the developingsmart gridwold %acilitate the ability o% the grid to absorbvehicles en masse connecting to it to charge their batteries.[8+$

[edit] Future

2orld 6rimary Energy Ctloo= by EIA &as o% -+((?+8'

An increasing share o% world energy consmption is predicted to be sed by developing nations.

#orce: EIA.

E>trapolations %rom crrent =nowledge to the %tre o%%er a choice o% energy %tres.[8($#omepredictions parallel the Malthsian catastrophehypothesis. 0meros are comple> modelsbasedscenariosas pioneered byLimits to Growth. Modeling approaches o%%er ways to analyze diversestrategies"and hope%lly %ind a road to rapid and sstainable developmento% hmanity. #hortterm energy crisesare also a concern o% energy development. #ome e>trapolations lac=plasibility" particlarly when they predict a continal increase in oil consmption.
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Energy prodction sally reires an energy investment. 9rilling %or oil or bilding a windpower plant reires energy. !he %ossil %el resources&see above' that are le%t are o%tenincreasingly di%%iclt to e>tract and convert. !hey may ths reire increasingly higher energyinvestments. I% the investment is greater than the energy prodced" then the %ossil resorce is nolonger an energy sorce. !his means that a large part o% the %ossil %el resorces and especially

the non?conventional ones cannot be sed %or energy prodction today. #ch resorces may stillbe e>ploited economically in order to prodce raw materials %orplastics"%ertilizersor eventransportation %el bt now more energy is consmed than prodced. &!hey then become similarto ordinary miningreserves" economically recoverable bt not net positive energy sorces.' 0ewtechnology may ameliorate this problem i% it can lower the energy investment reired to e>tractand convert the resorces" althogh ltimately basic physics sets limits that cannot be e>ceeded.

renewable sources.docx

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