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7/24/2019 Report Extension

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REPORT

Topic : Solar Powered Electric Car

Group No : 2

Students : 1. Mr. Dheeraj Kumar P (Roll No. 1!

2. Mr. Na"een K.P (Roll No. #!

#. Mr.Ni"ed $a%u & (Roll No. '2!

'. Mr. Shamra) $ Nam%iar (Roll No.*1!

OBJECTIVES

To desi)n a D+ $uc, con"erter -or the speed controllin) o- D+ series motor

To implement solar panel -or the char)in) o- the ead acid %atter


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BLOCK DIAGRAM

Workin

D+/D+ Re)ulator is used to control the "olta)e to the motor 0that is0 a %uc, action. Simpl a

sitchin) re)ulator is a circuit that uses a poer sitch0 an inductor and a diode to trans-er

ener) -rom input to output. ere in0 $uc, con"erter3s control unit0 hich is usuall a Pulse

4idth Modulation(P4M! techni5ue0 selects the appropriate sitchin) action. Poer transistors

or M6S7&T is emploed as a sitchin) transistor0 hich continuousl sitches on and o-- ith

constant -re5uenc . $ controllin) the on period0 that is dut ratio0 the tri))erin) o- the

sitchin) re)ulator can %e controlled and hence the output "olta)e. Thus the speed o- the D+

series motor can %e controlled "er smoothl and e--icientl % controllin) its input "olta)e.

To maintain a continues output0 the circuit uses the ener) stored in the inductor 0durin) the on

period o- the sitch. This circuit operation depends on hat is sometimes also called a -lheel


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+ircuit. This is %ecause the circuit acts rather li,e a mechanical -lheel that0 )i"en re)ularl

spaced pulses o- ener) ,eeps spinnin).

ardare unit listed as -ollos:

1. P4M Generatin) and controllin) unit.

2. $uc, re)ulator

#. 8nput "olta)e suppl

'. The D+ Motor load

*. 6ptocoupler

The motor speed controller is a ,e element in the electrical dri"e sstem o- an electric

"ehicle.The output "olta)e o- a dc/dc con"erter is controlled by operating it in the open

loop0 and alterin) its M6S7&T (sitch! )ate si)nal accordin)l. 8t is %asicall )o"erned % a

sitchin) lo)ic0 thus constitutin) a set o- su%sstems dependin) upon the status (on/o--! o- the

sitch. 8n the ell/,non pulse idth modulation (P4M! techni5ue0 the control is

accomplished % "arin) the dut ratio o- an e9ternal -i9ed -re5uenc cloc,

PWM Generatin and controllin !nit

Speed o- an D+ motor is proportional to the "olta)e input to the motor. 4e can de-initel control

speed o- a motor ith a Potentiometer 0 %ut this astes poer and ener) in terms o- heat across

the resistor in series does ha"e a "olta)e drop0 hence heat loss0

a"in) P4M means there is no resistance in series 0meanin) no asta)e o- ener) in the -orm

o- heat. The speed control usin) P4M or,s % dri"in) the motor ith a series o- 6N/677;

pulses and "arin) the dut ccle0 the -raction o- time that the output "olta)e is 6N;

compared to hen it is 677;0 o- the pulses hile ,eepin) the -re5uenc constant. The poer

applied to the motor can %e controlled % "arin) the idth o- these applied pulses and there%

"arin) the a"era)e D+ "olta)e applied to the motors terminals. $ chan)in) or modulatin) the

timin) o- these pulses0 the speed o- the motor can %e controlled0 ie0 the lon)er the pulse is 6N;0


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the -aster the motor ill rotate and li,eise0 the shorter the pulse is 6N; the sloer the motor

ill rotate.

8n other ords0 the ider the pulse idth0 the more a"era)e "olta)e applied to the motor

terminals0 the stron)er the ma)netic -lu9 inside the armature indin)s and the -aster the motor

ill rotate this is shon %elo

7i) 2 Dut ratio control

The P4M )eneratin) and controllin) unit is a s5uare pulse source in hich there is

arran)ement -or pulse idth "ariation. The circuit is setup usin) 8+ ***


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8n Pulse Generator usin) 8+***0P1 and P2 are potentiometers here P1 is used to control the

-re5uenc o- tri))erin) pulses and P2 is used to control the dut ratio. = Tistin) throttle or

handle0 shon in -i)ure %elo0 is %e used as potentiometer P20-rom hich smooth control o- the

speed can %e o%tained.

7i) Tistin) throttle or handle

B!ck re!lator

$uc, re)ulator is a simple D+ D+ Re)ulator in hich the output "olta)e is less than the input"olta)e . 8t consists o- a sitchin) transistor to)ether ith a -lheel circuit . The sitchin)

transistor %eteen the input and output continuousl sitches on and o-- at hi)h -re5uenc 0 to

maintain a continuous output 0 the circuit uses the ener) stored in the inductor 0 durin) on period

o- the transistor 0 to continue supplin) the load durin) the o-- periods . the circuit operation

depends on hat is sometimes called a -lheel circuit . This is %ecause the circuit acts rather

li,e a mechanical -lheel that0 )i"en re)ularl spaced pulses o- ener) ,eeps spinnin)

smoothl at a stead rate .

The -undamental circuit -or an ideal step/don (%uc,! con"erter is shon %elo. The actual

inte)rated circuit sitchin) re)ulator contains the sitch control circuit and ma or ma not

include the sitch (dependin) upon the output current re5uirement!. The inductor0 diode0 and

load %pass capacitor (-lheel circuitr! are e9ternal.


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7i). 1 $asic +ircuit dia)ram

The output "olta)e is sensed and then re)ulated % the sitch control circuit. The sitch is

controlled % a pulse idth modulator (P4M! operatin) at a -i9ed -re5uenc0 -.

O"toco!"ler

=n 6ptocoupler0 also ,non as an opto isolator consists o- a li)ht emitter0 the &D and a li)htsensiti"e recei"er hich can %e a sin)le photodiode . 8t is an electronic components that

interconnects to separate electrical circuits % means o- a li)ht sensiti"e optical inter-ace.=n

optocoupler 8+ -or electrical insulation %eteen P4M )enerated )ate pulse and the %uc,

con"erter circuit.

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