Report for Waterways Experiment Station

Q,ontract I 96l0123 OtM General, 01 (607-Yl60.6tW6Q)

An Annotated Bibliography

The Duwamish River - Elliott Bay Complex

with Special reference to biological

effects of dredge disposal

by

Suanne Y. Smith and George Snyder

Environmental Conservation Division Northwest Fia1-ries Center

National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin1atration

2725 Montlake Boulevard hat Seattle, Waah:lngtcm 98112

May 1976

TABLE OF C ONTENTS

I ntroduction • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Annotated Bibliography

Background References on the Duwamish River--Elliott Bay C omplex • • • • • • • • •

Benthic and Pelagic Assemblages in Puget Sound and the Northeastern Pacific Ocean: with general references to physical and chemical properties of Puget Sound. • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Polychlorinated Biphenyls: their occurrence in the environment and their effect on some marine

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• • • • 15

organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Effects of Trace Metals: mercury and cadmitnn. • 31

Life Histories and Distributions of I nvertebrates used in the Study • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40

f.· borealis, 40

Shrimp : Pandalus jordani, f.· platyceros • • • • • •

C lams: Venerupis j aponica, Mussel: Mytilus edulis • •

Prototheca staminea • • • 49 • • • • 55

Life Histories and Distributions of Finfish used in the Study. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 57

English sole (Parophrys vetulus) • • • •

Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus) • • •

Petrale sole (Eopsetta jordani) • •

• • • • • • 59 • • • • 63

• 65

C urrent Bibliographies and Literature Reviews • 67

Supplementary Reference List: miscellaneous studies (not annotated) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 76

INTRODUCTION

Thi s anno tated bi bliography wa s compi led f or the Dredged Materi a l s Re search Program of the Wat erways Expe riment Station ( WES ) and re lates to an on-going st udy of effect s of the di spo sal of dredged materi al into E l liott Bay, se lected marine organi sms with speci a l re ference to the uptake of pol ychlorinat ed bipheny l s ( PCB ' s) and trace meta l s . Thi s bi bliography wa s prepared from current lite rature ( s ince 1965) with a few exceptions for earlier pertinent work . No attempt wa s made to include foreign language publ icat ions or abstract s on dredge or di spo sal studie s; E l linger and Snyder ( 19 6 5 ) recent ly completed an annotated bi bliog raphy of effect s of dredging and dredge spoi l s on aquat ic organisms in the Paci f ic Northwe s t . Furthermore , due t o the large vo lume of information on other pha s e s of the prob lem, such as methods of ana lys i s, industri a l use s , and earlier publicat i ons, the reade r i s re fe rred t o the bibliographi e s and se lected re fe rence mat eri al li sted he rein.

The bibliography is divided into seven sect i on s . The first contains re ference s on the phy sical de scri ptions of the Duwami sh River - E l liott Bay complex such a s ci rcu lat i on and mixing , sediment tran sport and wat er qua l i ty . Other references speci fica l ly concerned wi th bi o l ogica l communiFies in ei ther the Duwami sh River or E l liott Bay are a l s o included here .

The second section contains informat ion on the bi ological communitie s of benthic and pe lagic organi sms in Pug et Sound and the Northeast Paci fic Ocean . General reference s to the phy sical and chemical properties of Puget Sound are a l so included.

The occurrence of PC B ' s and cert ain trace me ta l s ( mercury and cadmium) in the envi ronment and their e ffect s on marine organi sms form sections three and four. S ince few publicati ons exi st on studies of the organi sms used in the Elliott Bay study , uptake studi e s on closely re lated organi sms we re included. Other studi e s of intere st may be found in the se lect ed re ference list .

S ect i on five include s s tudi e s on the l i fe hi s tories of the invert ebrates used in the E l liott Bay study . Al so included are studies on the abundance and di stribution of these inve rtebrates in Puget S ound . P ara stichopus ca l ifornicus used a s a t e st organi sm for uptake s tudi e s in Elliott Bay lacks publi shed de scriptions of gene ra l di stribut i on and life hi st ory and the reader i s there fore re ferred t o genera l t ext s for thi s information.

The sixth sect i on contains studi e s on the l i fe hi s t ori e s , abundance and di st ributi on in the Pacific Northwe s t of the finfish se lected for thi s study . Studi e s on their behavior and migrat i on pat terns are also included.

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An annotat ed list of se lected bi bliographi e s and literature reviews since 1970 form the seventh section.

The supplementary re fe rence l i s t ( not anno tated) inc lude s those art icles that did not fit int o the above categori es and re la ted studie s done in othe r parts of the world.

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BACKGROUND REFERENCES ON THE DUWAMI SH RIVER�ELLIOTT BAY C OMPLEX

C H2M/Hill. Ongoing research. Duwamish Estuary Study. For, Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, I n: 1974 A Cornpenditun of Current Environmental studies in Puget Sound and Northwest Estuarine Waters.

A computer model was developed by CH2M/Hill for the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle (METRO) to simulate the hydrodynamics and water quality of the upper Duwamish River Estuary. The model was specifically designed to investigate the effects of future increases in discharge from the Renton Treatment Plant on water quality in the estuary.

Model structure consisted of two components: (1) hydrodynamics; and (2) quality. The hydrodynamic model, an adaptation of a U.S. Geological Survey program, simulated transient river and tidal flows found in the Duwamish Estuary through the use of a homogeneous one-dimensional flow system. The quality model simulated the physical, chemical and biological reactions taking place within the estuary. Twenty-six water quality parameters including temperature, DO, BOD, various nitrogen and phosphorous forms, phytoplankton, and the carbon cycle were simulated.

Hourly water quality input was required at both the head and the mouth of the estuary. A meteorologic data base consisting of daily values of air temperature, solar radiation, evaporation, dew point, etc., was also required. Subroutines within the model distributed the daily data over the day for hourly simulation. In addition, a total of five continuous point source discharges was allowed.

The hydrodynamic and quality models were calibrated to 1972 observed data. Following calibration , the models were used to simulate water quality for a l-in-10-year, low-flow period which occurred in 1967. Current treatment plant flows (35 cfs) and land use patterns of the Green-Duwamish River drainage basin were incorporated into the model. To evaluate the year 2000 water quality , simulations utilizing projected treatment plant flows of 123 cf s and future land use characteristics were compared to the 1967 simulations. The only major changes observed were two-fold increases in Po4, NH3, and NO concentrations. Phyto­plankton blooms did not increase substantiar ly, suggesting that nutrients were not the only limiting factors in this system.

Shortened Author's Abstract

Dawson, W.A. and L.J. Tilley. 1968. Measurement of Salt-Wedge Excursion Distance in the Duwamish River Estuary, Seattle, Washington, by Means of the Dissolved-Oxygen Gradient. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper. 1873-D, 27 pp.

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The Duwami sh River e s tuary ha s been the ob ject of a series of compre ­hens ive studies undertaken to predict the effect s of the chang ing character of wa ste-water inputs on the wat er quality of the estuary . Thi s report di scu sse s the fre sh- and sa lt-wat er re lations o f the estuary . The di stance that the sal t-wat er wedge in the e stuary move s upstream and downstream wi th the tide i s me asured by a me thod that ut i lizes the pe rsis tence of the longitudinal gradient of di ssolved oxygen in the salt water of the wedge s . The method , though unorthodox , can serve a s an independent check on any othe r me asurement s of tidal­excursion di stance . Typical va lue s obtained we re a 1-ki lometer excursion for a 1 . 3-meter tide range and a 3-ki lometer excursion for a 3-meter t i de range . Thi s me thod of tracing the wa ter movement seems to work becau se of two unusual aspects of the Duwami sh River e s tuary : ( 1 ) the channe l configurat i on i s simp le and we l l-suited t o synoptic me asure­ment and ( 2 ) t he physical propert ies of the ent ering salt water are nearly constant .

Author ' s Ab st ract

Edmonson , S . A . 1973 . Se dimen t t ran sp ort in the Duwami sh E stuary ( Seat t le ) . M. S . The si s , Unive rsity of Wa shington , Department of Civi l Enginee ring , Sea t t l e .

The obj ective of t h i s study wa s to det ennine the quality o f sedimen t being t ransported int o , re tained by , and out of the Duwami sh E stuary for a given average monthly inf l ow of fre shwat er in the Green River at the U . S . Ge ological Survey gaging st at ion at Auburn , Wa shington .

Fi scher , H. B. 19 7 5 . De scription of the Model , Part I of A Numerical mode l of mat erial t ransp ort in sal t-we dge estuarie s . U . S . Ge ol ogical Survey Prof. Paper . 9 1 7 : 1-8 .

Wat er in a salt-wedge e s tuary i dea l ly i s charact eri zed by an oscilating we l l-mixe d we dge of undi luted seawater t opped by a series of succes­sively more di lute overlying layers . In the wedge the flow i s back and forth , wi th a ne t landward comp onent t o rep lace water ent raine d upward into the overlying layer; in the overlying layers the flow a l so osci l lates , but wi�h a net seaward componen t because of the input of fre sh rive r water and en trained wedge wat er. The flow i s mode led by a computer prog ram , and the f l ow i s used a s an input t o the cons tituent-t ran sport mo de l . The compu ter prog ram then i s used t o de tennine the advection and di spersion of di ssolve d cons tituent s and p l ankton , and their concent rations throughout the sy stem in re sponse to given inpu t s . The rep ort de scribe s require d input dat a and me thod of operat ion of the computer prog ram.

Author' s Ab stract

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Fischer, H. B . 1968. Methods for Predicting Dispersion C oefficients in Natural Streams, with Applications to Lower Reaches of the Green and Duwamish Rivers, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper. 582-A , 27 PP•

Four dye disp ersion experiments were conducted in the Green and Duwamish Rivers, Wash. Longitudinal dispersion coefficients were obtained in two experiments, lateral concentration variations in the third, and aerial photographs in the fourth. The study reach was a section of meandering river, most of which is affected by tides during a p art of the tidal cycle. Dispersion was observed during normal riverflow and tidal reversals. I n normal �low of about 300 cf s the observed disp ersion coefficient was 7 0-90 ft per sec.

I n natural riverflow, lateral variation in velocity is hypothesiz ed to be the dominant mechanism for dispersion. With this hypothesis, G.I . Taylor's theory for turbulent dispersion in pip es may be applied to natural streamflo�. The resulting analysis predicts a dispersion coefficient of 88 ft per sec for a flow of 300 cf s in the Green and Duwamish Rivers.

A numerical solution to the convective diffusion equation is obtained, utiliz ing a high-speed electronic computer. Analysis of a two-dimensional flow with logarithmic velocity profile, for which a theoretical result is available, shows that the program produces accurate results. Analysis of the flow in the G2een and Duwamish Rivers predicts a qispersion coefficient of 91 ft per sec.

The analyses herein presented, both analytical and numerical, provide two ways of predicting a disp ersion coefficient for a natural stream. The prediction requires field measurement of channel geometry, shear stress, and cross-sectional distribution of velocity only. Hopefully, future field experiments will further confirm the two prediction methods.

Author's Abstract

Gibbs, C .V. and G.W. I saac. 1968. Metropolitan Seattle's Duwamish Estuary Water Quality Program. Journal Water Pollution C ontrol Federation, 40: 385-3 94.

This paper describes the METRO monitoring program on the Duwamish Estuary. The program was established to safeguard the river and its estuary from p ossible deleterious effects from the Renton Treatment Plant. I ncluded are discriptions of the diurnal, profile, and bio­logical studies being carried out.

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Haushi l d , W . L . and E . A. P rych. Ongoing re search. The influence of Industrial and Municipal Wastes on Estuarine and Offshore Waters. For , U. S. Geological Survey , i!!,: 19 7 4 A C ompendium of Current Envi ronmental Studies in Puge t Sound and N orthwe st Estuarine Waters .

The st udy dete rmine s t he effects of changes (made t hroug h t he com­pre hensive sewerage p l an of the Muni cipa lity of Metropoli tan Seat t le , METRO) , in the quality and quantity of municipal and indus trial wastes on t he quali ty of the receiving wat ers , the Duwami sh River estuary and Puget Sound. Inc luded in the study are the effects of change s in : ( 1) deg ree and type of wa ste treatment ; ( 2 ) quantity of treat ed and untreat ed wa ste eff luent s ; (3) geome try of the Duwami sh estuary throug h proposed widening and deepening of ship and barge channe l s ; and ( 4) quality of the wat e rs f l owing int o the Duwami sh es tuary from El liott Bay and the Green Ri ver.

Spat i al and temp oral variati ons of variable va lue s in the estuary and Puge t Sound are observed by continuous moni toring at several l ocat i ons and by data collected during fiel d inve s tigations . In addi t i on t o t he usua l graphical and stat i st i cal analysis and interpretat i on of dat a , a numerical ( digital) mode l of a sa lt-wedge estuary ha s been deve loped and applied t o t he Duwami sh e s tuary . The mode l ha s been calibrat ed and veri fied wi th observed dat a to compute di st ributi ons of salinity , temperature , chl orophy l l a (phytoplankton) concent rat i on , BOD , and d{s s olved-oxygen concent rat i o; in the e stuary . Al so di ssolve d� oxyg en concentrat i ons in the Duwami sh e s tuary when the Rent on Treatment Plant di scharge s a proposed future maximum of 223 cubic feet per second ( 6. 3 1 cubic meters per second) have been e s timated.

Aut hor's Abst ract

Le e, F.A. Ong oing re search. C i rcu lat i on and Mixing in Duwami sh Estuary. For , University of Washing t on, Department of Oceanography , !!!.= 19 7 4 A C ompendi um of Current Envi ronmental Studi e s in Puget Sound and Northwest Estuarine Waters .

Based on U.S.G . S. data on current and salini ty of Duwami sh Rive r. Both circulation and mixing mechani sms wi l l be inve stigated. A numerical model wi l l be constructed to simulate t he dynami c s of t he estuary.

Aut hor's Abst ract

Lenarz , W . H. 19 69 . Ana lys i s and eva luat i on of data obtained from automat i c water quality moni toring stat i ons on t he Duwami s h Es tuary , Seatt l e . P h.D . Thesi s , University of Washing ton , Col lege of Fi sheries , Seat tle. 189 pp.

6

A c ompletely computerized system for screening , summarizing and analyzing a cont inuous st ream of mu ltivariate envi rornnental data collected by a ne twork of remote e l ec tronic moni toring stations i s de scribe d . Thi s sy stem was trie d on data collected by the Municipality o f Met ro ­po li tan Seat t le i n the Green-Duwami sh River sy stem and i n the Duwami sh­Elliott Bay complex where hourly reading s of wat er tempe rature , conduc­t ivi t y , di s s o lved-oxygen , pH , and so lar radiat ion are recorde d. Included i s a seri e s of computer programs to carry ou t screening , sunmari zation and s tati stical analys e s involving both mu ltiple regre ssion and spec tral analysi s . A conside rab le amount of informat ion on the physical parameters is synthe sized t o describe their interactions wi th the bi ological component s .

Mat suda, R. I . Ongoing re search. Sea s ona l fluctuations and speci e s composition o f fi shes in the Duwami sh Waterway . For , Municipa l i ty of Met ropo li tan Seat t le , in: 1974 A C ompendium of Current Envirornnen tal Studi e s in Puget Sound and Northwe s t E stuarine Wat ers .

A one year study wa s carried ou t t o documen t sea sona l populat i on fluctuations and specie s compo sition of the fi she s in the Duwami sh Wat erway . Data col lec ted from thi s study wi l l be c ompared wi th data col lected from a previ ous s tudy t o det ermine if change s in the seas ona l fluc tuations and spec ie s compo sition have occurred and t o determine the po ssi ble reason s for the se change s .

D at a wa s also col lected on fi sh di sea ses ( i . e . , tumors and fin rot) .

Author' s Abstract

Mat suda , R. I . , G . W . I saac and R . D . Dal seg . 1968 . Fi she s of the Green­Duwami sh River. Municipa l i ty of Met ropo litan Seat t le , Water Qual i ty Serie s No . 4 , 3 8 PP•

Since no hi st orical in formation cou ld be found on the fi she s of the Green-Duwami sh River , Me tro ' s fi sh s tudi e s we re ini t i a l ly de signe d t o document the variou s fi she s inhabi ting the Green-Duwami sh River and Duwami sh wat erway . Thirty diffe rent fi sh species we re documen ted during the three-year ( 1964-66) study .

The sea s ona l and yearly populat ion fluc tuat i ons and trends of four specie s were studied to a s s e s s the effect s of effluent di scharged from the Rent on Treatment P lan t on the se popu lat ions . Two of the four specie s , the shiner perch and staghorn sculpin , increased in populat i on . The st arry flounder population remained cons tant and the chinook sa lmon fry and fingerling populat i on dec lined at one s tat i on and wa s vari ab le at the other.

Author ' s Ab stract

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Mi l ler , B. S . , R. C . Wingert and S . F. Bort on . 19 7 4. Ecological Survey of Demersal Fi she s in the Duwami sh River and at We st Point , (Jan-Dec 19 7 4). Municipality of Met ropoli tan Seat t l e , Contract No. 9 684. 3 5 pp .

During 19 7 4 , the Fi sheries Re search Institute at the University of Wa shingt on conducted samp ling of deme rsal fi she s in the Duwami sh Rive r and at We st Point . The obj ective s of both sampl ing programs we re to: ( 1) obtain data on species composition , di stribution , abundance , and communi ty s t ructure ; and ( 2 ) obtain informat ion on di sease incidence and parasite infe s tati on . Di sease studies have empha sized fin rot , tumors , and nematode paras ites. Thi s progre ss report de scribe s samp l ing p rocedure s and pre l iminary re su l t s on the se inve stigations for the year 19 7 4 .

Author ' s Int roduct i on

Murray , R. R . 19 7 2 . Study on Effe ct of Dredging on Water Qua lity and Sediment T ransport in the Duwami sh Estuary . U.S. Army C orp s of Engineers; C onsu l t . Rep . for the Seat t l e D i st ri ct Headquarters by Stevens , Thompson and Runyon , C ont ract No . DAC W67-7 2-C-0116.

The hydrology, sediment s , and wat e r quality of the Duwami sh estuary were studied in terms of the impact that dre dging and di sposal operat ions cou ld be expected to have on the se parameters . Be side s a di s cussion of the probab l e di rect impact of navigation projects in the e stuary, alternat ive s for dredging and di sposal operat i ons are given , and re commendations were pre sented for improve d methods of dredging and di sposal . Short term effe ct s of engineering activities in the es tuary would be a signi ficant increase in turbidity and a much sma l le r e ffect on di s solved oxygen and re lease of nut rient s and meta l s . Long term e ffe ct s woul d include change s in the hydrauli cs , sediment transp ort , and wat er quality of the e stuary .

Pry ch , E . A. , W.L . Hau shi l d and J . D . Stoner. 19 7 5. Numerical Mode l of the Salt-Wedge Reach of the Duwami sh Rive r Estuary, King C ounty , Washington . U. S . Geologica l Survey Open-fi l e Rep ort 7 5-13 .

A numerical mode l of a sal t-wedge e stuary deve loped by Fi scher ha s been expanded and used to ca l culate the di stribut i ons of sa l ini ty , temperature, chlorophy l l �concentrat i ons , biochemi cal oxygen demand , and di sso lved-oxygen concentrati ons i n the Duwami sh River estuary , King C ount y , Wash. Wi th thi s mode l , whi ch wa s calibrate d and veri fie d wi th observed data , compute r temperature s usua l ly agreed wi thin 2° C e l cius of observed temperature s . During a phytoplankton bl oom in the summer of 19 68 the computed ch lorophy l l a concentrat ions increased and decreased wi th the observed concentratio;s ; however , during t wo bl ooms in 19 67 the computed high concent rat ions persi sted farther

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downstream and lasted a few days longer than the observed concentra­tions. The computed and observed dissolved-oxygen concentrations usually agreed within 2 milligrams per litre, except during phyto­plankton blooms. During the blooms, the differences were often larger, especially when the computed chlorophyll �concentrations were larger than the observed concentrations.

The model was used to predict the dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the Duwamish River estuary when the Renton Treatment Plant sewage­effluent discharge is increased to its proposed maximum of 223 cubic feet per second ( 6.31 cubic meters per second) . The computed monthly average dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the estuary decreased by a maximum of 2 milligrams per litre when compared with computations for the surrmer of 1971, when the effluent discharge averaged 37 cubic feet per second ( l.05 cubic meters per second) . The increase in effluent discharge is not expected to cause large changes in phytoplankton concentrations in the estuary.

Author's Abstract

Rattray, M., Jr. and E. Mitsuda. 1974. Theoretical Analysis of Conditions in a Salt Wedge. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science. 2( 4) : 375-394.

Theoretical results are obtained for salt-wedge estuaries which give the velocity profile, stress distribution, shape and length of the wedge for steady-state flow conditions. It is assumed that the cross­section is rectangular. Cases are presented for both constant depth and uniformly sloping bottom. The dynamics resemble those found in open channel flow with the addition of a laminar boundary layer at the interface between the wedge and the upper layer.

The theory gives reasonable predictions for the length and shape of salt wedges observed in flumes and in the Mississippi and Duwamish Rivers.

Author's Abstract

Santos, J.F. and J.D. Stoner. 1972. Physical, Chemical, and Biological Aspects of the Duwamish River Estuary King County, Washington 1963-67. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper. 1873-C. 74 pp.

This report describes the significant results to 1967 of a comprehensive study that began in 1963 to evaluate what changes take place in an estuary as the loads of raw and partially treated industrial and municipal wastes are replaced by effluent from a secondary treatment plcint. _Thi::_ __ study area is the Duwamish River estuary .

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Four water-quality stations automatically monitor DO (dissolved oxygen), water temperature, pH, and specific conductance; at one station solar radiation also is measured. DO concentration in the surface layer decreases almost linearly in a downstream direction. Miniml.ll'll DO concen­tration in the surface layer is usually greater than 4 mg/l (milligrams per liter). The smallest DO values are consistently recorded in the bottom layer at the station 7. 7 kilometers above the mouth; monthly means of less than 3 mg/l of DO have occurred at this point. Manual sampling shows that the DO sag in the bottom layer oscillates between 7.7 and 10.4 kilometers above the mouth of the estuary. Multiple­regression analysis shows that the surface DO content can be estimated from the fresh-water inflow and water temperature. Tidal exchange and fresh-water inflow indirectly control the bottom DO content. Av�rage nitrate concentration in fresh water at station 16.2 has increased progressively since 1964, by amounts greater than those which can be attributed to the Renton Treatment Plant, 4. 3 kilometers upstream from station 16.2

The BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) in both surface and bottom layers is generally less than 4 mg/l of oxygen, but values greater than 6 mg/l have been measured during a period of phytoplankton bloom. Phytoplankton blooms can occur during periods of miniml.ll'll tidal exchange and fresh-water inflows of less than 300 cfs if solar radiation and water temperature are optimum. Nutritents (nitrogen and phosphorus compounds) do not control the occurrence of a blo9ffi, because sufficient

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quantities of these nutrients are always present. Nutrients in the treated effluent may increase the biomass of the bloom. Trace-element studies have not defined any role that these elements may play in algal growth.

The inflowing fresh water contains princiaplly calcium and bicarbonate and has a dissolved-solids content ranging from 33 to 71 mg/l. During the study period, concentrations of suspended sediment ranged from 20 to 1, 000 mg/l, and the maximum sediment load was 31, 000 tons per day. Because bottom deposits contain large amounts of coal from upstream sources, it was not possible to quantitatively determine other organic material by carbon analysis.

Shortened Author's Abstract

Schell, W.R. and E. E. Collias. Ongoing research. Trace Contaminants from Dredge Spoils in Elliott Bay. For, Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, in: 1974 A Compendium of Current Environmental Studies in Puget Sound and Northwest Estuarine Waters.

The Duwamish Waterway is presently being dredged; the accumulated dredge material is being dumped off Four Mile Rock in Elliott Bay. These activities pose the threat of possible interference with METRO interim studies now being conducted in the area of the dump site. The present study was initiated to measure the increase over ambient concentrations of trace constitutents in Elliott Bay and nearby waters due to the disposal operations. Transport of trace constitutents by the current and tidal circulation and the distribution of these constitutents within the biological system of the estuary are also under study.

Shortened Author's Abstract

Stoner, J. D. 1972. Determination of Mass Balance and Entrairunent in the Stratified Duwamish River estuary, King County, Washington. U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper. 1873-F. 17 pp.

During a study of the effects of waste-water input on the stratified Duwamish River estuary, intensive water-velocity and salinity measure­ments were made in both the lower salt wedge and the upper fresher water layer for tidal-cycle periods. The net movement of water and salt mass past a cross section during a tidal cycle was determined from integration of the measured rates of movement of water and salt past the section. The net volume of water that moved downstream past the section during the cycle agreed with the volume of fresh-water inflow at the head of the estuary within (1) 3.8 and 7. 2 percent, respectively, for two studies made during periods of maximum and minimum tidal-prism thickness and identical inflow rates of 312 cfs (cubic feet per second) , and (2) 15 percent for one study made during

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a period of average t ida l-pri sm t hi ckne s s and an inflow rate of 1,280 cfs . For the t hree studies, t he diffe rence be tween salt ma ss t ran sported up stream and downst ream during t he cy cle s ranged from 0.8 to 1 . 9 percent o f t he re spe ct ive mean sal t-mass t ransport . Water was en traine d from t he sal t-water wedge into t he overlying layer of mixed fre sh and salt water at tidal-cycle-average rat es of 3 0 and 69 cfs per mi llion square feet of interface for t he inflow rate s of 3 1 2 cfs, and 99 cfs per mi l l i on square feet of inte rface for an inflow rat e of 1 , 2 80 cfs. At a constant inflow rate, t he rate of ent rai nment of sal t-wedge water in t he Duwami sh Rive r e stuary more t han doubl e d for a doub ling of t i dal-pri sm t hi ckne s s . I t a l s o doubled for a quad­rup ling of inflow rate at abou t con stant tidal-pri sm t hi ckne s s .

Aut hor's Abstract

Stone r, J . D . 19 67 . Pre di cti on of Sal t-Water Int rusion in the Duwami s h River Es tuary , King County , Washing ton . Geologica l Survey Re search, U. S. Geolog i cal Survey Prof. Pape r. 57 5-D . pp . 253-255 .

Accurate pre di ctions of sal t-wate r intrusion 7 . 8 mi l e s ups tream from t he mouth of t he Duwami s h River can be made for the 3-foot surface laye r , using the re lat i onship be tween tide height and fre sh-wat e r di scharge . Int rusion occurs at t he si te regardl e s s of the high-ti de height , when di scharge i s le s s t han 625 cfs, whereas a di scharge of more than 1,000 cfs is suffi cient to prevent int rusion at any ti de stage . Between 625 and 1 , 000 cfs , int rusion i s dependent upon both di scharge and hi gh-t i de height .

Aut hor's Ab st ract

T i l ley, L . J . and W . A. Dawson . 197 1 . Plant nutrient s and t he e s tuary mechani sm in t he Duwamis h River est uary . U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 75 0-C . PP• 185-19 1 .

T he Duwami s h River e s tuary trap s plant nutrient s in t he water of its salt we dg e . Analyse s of input and ou tput of nut rient concent rati ons in t he e s tuary show a nearly two-fo l d increase in concentrat i ons of nut rient s in t he salt wedge . T he increase consi s t s of nutrients t rans ferre d from t he ou tflowing rive r water in amounts whi ch bare ly affect river-wat er concent rati ons .

Aut hor's Abst ract

We l ch, E. B . 1969 . Factors Ini ti ating Phytoplankt on Blooms and Re su lt ing Effect s on D i s so lved Oxygen in Duwami s h River Estuary, Seatt le , Wa sh­ington . U. S. Geo l og i cal Survey Wat e r-Supply Pape r 1873-A. 62 pp.

12

Phytoplankton productivity, standing stock, and related envirornnental factors were studied during 1964-66 in the Duwamish River estuary, at Seattle, Wash., to ascertain the factors that affect phytoplankton growth in the estuary; a knowledge of these factors in turn permits the detection and evaluation of the influence that effluent nutrients have on phytoplankton production. The factors that control the concen­tration of dissolved oxygen were also evaluated because of the importance of dissolved oxygen to the salmonid populations that migrate through the estuary.

Phytoplankton blooms, primarily of diatoms, occurred in the lower estuary during August 1965 and 1966. No bloom occurred during 1964, but the presence of oxygen-supersaturated surface water in August 1963 indicates that a bloom did occur then.

Nutrients probably were not the primary factor controlling the timing of phytoplankton blooms. Ammonia and phosphate concentrations increased significantly downstream from the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle's Renton Treatment Plant outfall after the plant began operation in June 1965 , and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were relatively high before operation of the Renton Treatment Plant and during nonbloom periods. The consistent coincidence of blooms with minimlllll fresh-water discharge and tidal exchange during August throughout the· study period indicates that bloom timing probably was controlled mostly by hydro­graphic factors that determine retention time and stability of the surface-water layer. This control was demonstrated in part by a highly significant correlation of gross productivity with retention time (as indicated by fresh-water discharge) and vertical stability (as indicated by the difference between mean surface and mean bottom temperatures). The failure of a bloom to develop in 1964 is related to a minimum fresh-water discharge that was much greater than normal during that sunmer. Hydrographic factors are apparently important because, as shown by studies of other estuarine environments by other workers, phytoplankton production increases when the zone of vertical turbulent mixing is not markedly deeper than the compensation depth.

Phytoplankton cells produced in the surface waters sink, therby con­tributing oxidizable organic matter to the bottom saline-water wedge. The maximlllll BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) in this bottom wedge occurs in the same section of the estuary and at the same time as the maximum phytoplankton biomass (as indicated by chlorophyll a) and minimlllll DO (dissolved oxygen). Other sources of BOD occur i; the estuary, and conditions of minimum discharge and tidal exchange assist in reducing DO. Nonetheless, the highly significant correlation of chlorophyll �with BOD throughout the summer indicates that respira­tion and decomposition of phytoplankton cells is clearly an important contributor of BOD.

13

Increases in the bi oma s s and re sul tant BOD of blooms because of increa sed effluent nutri ent s pre sumably woul d further decrea se the concent rat ion of DO . Thi s possible ef fect of eff luent nutrient s was eval uat ed by laboratory bi oassays and by a compari son of mean annual bi omasses in the estuary . A green algal populat i on in vi tro di d increase in re sponse to added e f fluent nutrient s; however , the available field dat a suggest that a 46-percent increase in e f f l uen t di s charge be tween 1965 and 1 9 66 di d not increase the estuary ' s phytoplankton bioma s s signi ficantly.

Author' s Abstract

We lch , E . B . 19 68 . Phyt oplankton and re lated water-qual i ty condi tion s in an enriched e s tuary . Water P o l lution C ont ro l Federati on , Journal , 40( 10) : 1 7 1 1-1 7 2 7 .

The purpose o f thi s study i s t o evaluate the infl uence o f nut rient addi t ive s from the eff luent of the recent ly comp leted Rent on Treatment P l ant on phyt oplankton standing st ock , product ivi ty and speci e s com­posi tion in the Duwami sh e stuary at Seat t le , Washington. Thi s eva luation i s done in re lation to physical and chemical factors t o evaluate possible change s in water quali ty as a re sult of phytoplankton blooms that might occur as the volume of the plant effluent increas e s .

Wi ll iams , J . R . 1967 . Movement and di spe rsion of a f l oure scent dye i n the Duwami sh River e s tuary , Wa shing ton. U.S. Geo logical Survey Prof . Paper 57 5-B . pp. 245-249 .

Rhodamine B wa s introduced 13 . l mi les above the Duwami sh River mouth on a fal ling tide , wi th a di scharge of ab out 7 00 cfs , and dye con­centrations were measured continuous ly for 67 hours at sit e s 5.4 and 8 . 3 mi les downst ream from the point of re lease . Time s of trave l to the 2 sites were 5 hours 2 minut e s and 1 8 hours and 40 minute s , re spective ly . Dye concentrat ions and trave l time s for a l l but the first peak at the up st ream si te we re affected by t i de . The di spersion coefficient at the downst ream si te ( 200 and 400 sq f t / sec) was con­si derably larger than that at the up stream site ( about 100 sq ft/ sec) because of the tidal action.

Author ' s Abstract

14

BENTHIC AND PELAGIC ASSEMBLAGES IN PUGET SOUND AND THE NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN: WITH GENERAL REFERENCES TO PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PUGET SOUND

Alverson, D.L., A.T. Pruter, and L.L. Ronholt. 1964. A study of demersal fishes and fisheries of the northeastern Pacific Ocean. R.R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Inst. Fish., 190 pp.

To evaluate the effects of fisheries on groundfish populations requires that all available facts be marshalled, including information on the fisheries themselves and on the distribution and relative abundance of the various species in time and space. The purpose of this report, therefore, is to (1) review the development and magnitude of demersal fisheries in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, (2) describe the gear and fishing techniques used to harvest the resources, (3) summarize results of exploratory fishing surveys to provide information on the distribution, relative abundance, and sizes of demersal fishes inhabiting the continental shelf and continental slope off North America from Oregon to the Bering Sea, and (4) consider the magnitude and current use of demersal fish stocks.

Collias, E.E., N. McGary and C.A. Barnes. 1974. Atlas of physical and chemical properties of Puget Sound and its approaches. Washington Sea Grant Publication WSG 74-1, University of Washington, Seattle, 235 pp.

This is a graphic presentation of the physical and chemical oceano­graphic data from Puget Sound and its approaches which provides a convenient and usable reference for defining the major features of water properties in Puget Sound. Water properties along 8 longitudinal profiles are presented for varying time intervals from 1952 through 1966. The major features of the distribution of properties can be followed as they change in space and time. Values for different years at corresponding seasons can be compared to give an insight into the year-to-year variations. Measurements were made along the major axes of the various channels and represent locally the background saline waters that feed the peripheral areas.

DeLacy, A. C., B. S. Miller and S.F. Borton. 1972. Checklist of Puget Sound Fishes. Washington Sea Grant Program, Division of Marine Resources, University of Washington, 43 pp.

The accompanying list of fishes constitutes a compilation of data on Puget Sound fish species distribution up to 1971. It is compiled from the literature; from unpublished catalogued entries in the Univer­sity of Washington collection of fishes; and from unpublished log records from the University of Washington College of Fisheries, Univer­sity of Washington Department of Oceanography, University of Washington

15

Fri day Harbor Laborat ories, Wa shington State Depart ment of Fi sheri e s , Nationa l Marine Fi sheries Servi ce, Muni cipa lity o f Metropoli tan Seat t le, and other less exten sive source s . We have tried t o avoid any dupl i cation of report s and have made the general nature of thi s list conservat ive, since we have att e mpted to avoid any report s of questionabl e va lidi ty . A t ot al o f 2 1 1 specie s of fi sh have been re corded i n thi s checkl i s t .

Shortened Author' s Introduct i on

DiDonat o, G . 19 7 1 . Groundfi sh Investigat i ons Progre ss Report - 19 7 0 . Wash­ingt on Depart ment of Fi sheries, Mari

,ne Fi sheri e s Inve s t igat i ons .

Thi s report contains a gene ral review of the 1970 Washington trawl fi shery Wi th re cords of groundfi sh tag re lease and recovery records . Reviews of pre sent studi e s and of interstate and internat i ona l meeting s as we l l as any regu lat i on changes are al so include d. Mi sce l laneou s other programs such as Puget Sound Eng l i sh sole st ock de lineat i on studi e s, Central Puget Sound trawl ve sse l sampl ing studies and Everett Bay dumping probl e m are di scus sed. Menti on of the report s fini she d and/ or publi shed during 1970 i s also made .

DiDonat o, G . 19 7 1 . Groundfi sh Inve st igations Progre ss Report - 1969 . Wash­ington Department of Fi sheri e s , Marine Fi sheries Inve stigat i ons.

Thi s report contains a general review of the 1969 Washingt on trawl fi shery al ong wi th tagging studi e s . Of main concern were the change s i n groundfi sh regu lations, the proposal s and their just i fications ba sed on areas of Puget Sound being fi shed and t o wha t extent . Other activities such as meeting reviews and mention of other programs, as we l l as tho se report s co mp leted and/ or publi shed during 1969 were di scu s s ed.

Federal Wat er Po l lution Cont rol Admini st rator. Conference on the matter of pol lution of the navigab le wat e rs of Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca and their tribut aries and es tuari es (Washington) . U.S. Depart ment of the Int eri or.

Thi s conference deal s wi th the mat ter of pol lution of navigable wat er of the Pug et Sound and surrounding area s . The purpos e of the confe rence i s t o bring toge ther authori tat ive and intere s t e d partie s t o review the e xi s ting situati on, progre s s and lay a ba s i s for furt her re search.

Fri ebert shau ser, M. and A.G. Duxbury . 197 2 . A water budget study of Puget Sound and i t s subregion s . Li mno l . Oceanogr. , 17 : 23 7-2 47 .

A wate r budget study for Puget Sound and i t s principa l subregi ons, ba se d on the fre shwater, seawater, and t otal wat er budget s, de termine s the mean fluxe s of water int o and out of the se regions, the fre shwater content, and the change in fre shwater cont ent by month and by year.

16

Data used to calculate the budgets include monthly mean values of precipitation, evaporation, runoff, changes in sea level, mean salt content, and the salinities of inflowing and outflowing waters for each subregion. The fluxes of water calculated in the budget analysis yield an approximation of flushing efficiency and replacement time for Puget Sound and its subregions. The monthly freshwater content, along with the fluxes of water and their salt load, indicates that river runoff does not by itself control the freshwater content of a particular subregion; considerable freshwater is added by the inflow of water from an adjacent embayment.

Grinols, R.B. 1965. Checklist of the offshore marine fishes occurring in the NE Pacific Ocean, principally off the coasts of British Coltnnbia, Washington, and Oregon. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, College of Fisheries, Seattle, 217 pp.

The origin, dispersal, and abundance of northeastern Pacific deep­water marine benthic fishes are examined with a brief discussion of deep-sea endemism. Oceanic provinces are discussed and delimited.

About 200 pelagic, bathypelagic and benthic species, belonging to 127 genera and 59 families have been reported. Based on recent, new information, 24 species of deep-water marine fishes have been added to the subarctic faunal area.

Author's Abstract

Harman, R.A., J.C. Serwold and marine technicians. 1974. Baseline study of sediment provinces and biotypes of Elliott Bay and vicinity, Wash­ington. Shoreline Community College, Marine Technical Report No. 2.

The suspended load from the Duwamish River is deposited on the eastern portion of Elliott Bay while its bedload is deposited on the western side. Distribution of diatoms, foraminifers, pelecypods, gastropods and specimens from polychaete worm families are influenced by this suspended load distribution. Water stratification and advection are more important in accounting for the distribution of river born particles than vertical sinking since most debris does not accumulate below the 50 fathom contour despite close proximity to the river mouth. The distribution of Forarninifera and diatoms as compared to the macro­fauna also appear to respond to water stratification in that their distribution is controlled more by water depth. Although the macro­fauna are influenced by river sedimentation, their distribution over greater depth ranges also suggest the importance of shelf displacement or vertical transport of food by plankton or nekton. The western portion of Elliott Bay and the shelves outside of Elliott Bay have more diverse faunas. Shelf displacement appears to affect the numbers of benthic organisms in the deep areas of Puget Sound. The former dumpsite off Fourmile Rock has reduced the macrofauna density but has not noticeably altered the adjacent macrofauna sites where dumped debris has dispersed. Hardpan clays should not be dumped in marine enviromnents as both micro and macrofaunal components are drastically reduced.

Author's Abstract 17

Harman , R . A. , R . E . Sy lwe ste� and marine technici ans . 197 4. Mi crobi ogenic sedimen ts and their use in evaluat ing e stuari e s in cent ral Puget Sound, Washington. Shorel ine Communi ty Col l ege , Marine Technical Report No. 1 .

In Central Puget Sound, centri c or di sc shaped di at oms such as Coscino­di sus species dominated the deeper portions of estuarie s . Angu lar shaped di at oms such as Bi ddulphia and I schmi a species are more fre­quently found in higher sa linity waters or current swept rocky and grave l ly areas . Rod and chain diat oms , such as Mi losi ranae , we re conman in low sa linity waters , e specially on mud f lat s and eastern porti ons of Puget Sound. Pennate diat oms characteri z e river beds or inner portions of t i dal fl at s . Difference s between Foraminife ra faunas re f lect e d the inf luence of sub strate and salinity di fference s. In current swept pas sage a great er diversity of species in the mi cro ­fauna exi sted. Mudf lat s cont ain predominant ly Trochamina inf lata and Mi liammina fusca whi l e sandy tidal f lats were dominate d by Trochamina pa ci f i ca. Estuari es wi th lower salini tie s were more frequent e d by E lphi dium sel seyens e whi l e Elphi di e l la hannai were typi ca l ly more seaward. In the main Puget Sound ba sin Eggere l la advena and Legenanmina at lantica were dominant but appeared t o be e xcluded from the more di stant e s tuaries of Sinclai r In let , Dye s Inlet and Liberty Bay. Wood fragment s appeared t o be cont ro l le d by advect ion and wat er st rat i­fi cat ion. Since their concent rat i ons were low in deeper waters de spi te thei r near proximi ty . Off the old and new sewer out fal l at Met ro t i de f lat specie s , T rochamina inf lata , wa s found in deep wa ter (3 0 fathoms ) sugge s ting poss ible inf luence of ei ther the old or new sewer out fal l . Both polluted and glacial sediment shou ld have lower foramini­feral concent rat i ons than normal modern day sedimen t s . Eliphi dium se lse yense , Pennate di at oms and Mi losi ranae shou ld dominat e glacial se diments whi l e arenacou s foramini feral faunas wil l be found dominating polluted se diment in Cent ra l Puget Sound.

Author's Abst ract

Koz lof f , E. N. 19 73. Seashore l i fe of Puget Sound , St rai t of Georgi a , and the San Juan Archipe lago. University of Washing ton P re s s , Seat t le .

Thi s book i s a reasonab ly comprehensive , accurat e and we ll illu s t rat e d gu ide t o the seashore life o f Puget Sound and adjacent waters . Dis­cus s i ons are organi zed int o three habi tat-ori ented chap ters , cove ring fl oat ing docks and pi lings , rocky shore s , and sandy and muddy habi tat s.

Lie U. 1 9 7 4. Di st ribution and s t ructure of benthi c as semb lage s in Puge t Sound , Washingt on, u. 'S. A. Marine Bi ology , 2 6 : 203-223 .

Benthic infauna was co lle cted wi th a 0. 2 m2

van Veen grab at 48 stations in Puget Sound, Washing ton , USA during Feburary-March 19 69 . Al l the crustaceans , lame l libranchs , and e chinoderms were identified and counted. Particle size di stributi ons and ni trogen content s of the sediments , dep ths , and t emperature and salini ty of the bot t om water

18

we re de termined at a l l stations. The first thre e factors of a factor ana lysis app lied to between-stations mea sure s of affinity , exp lained 41 . 2 6% of the total variance. The first factor had repre sen tative station s on sha l l ow-water mud bottoms , the second factor on bott oms dominated by coarse sediment s , and the thi rd fact or had repre sentative stat i ons on deep-wat e r mud bott oms. The multiple corre lation coefficients for each of the three fact ors wi th dep th and mean particle size of the se diment s were 0. 7 5 2 , 0 . 897 , and 0. 706 , re spect ively. The factor ana lysis di d not re sul t in c lusters of stations that cou ld be inter­prete2 as di screte benthi c communi tie s. The number of speci e s per 0. 6 m ranged from 8 to 55 specie s , wi th a mean of 26 . 4 species. The frequency di s t ribut i on of specimen s among the specie s wa s in good agre2ment wi th a log-normal di stribut ion . The number of specimen s per 0. 6 m ranged from 57 to 1733 specimens , wi th a mean of 58 4. 0 specimen s. The speci e s diversity ranged from 0 . 3 4 bit s / individual t o 4 . 3 5 bi t s / individual , and there wa s a weak t rend of increa sing diversity t owards coarser sedimen t s. The first three factors applied to the mat rix of between-specie s corre lat i on coe fficient s expl ained 43 . 7 2% of the t otal variance. With each factor there was one group of species wi th high positive loading s and one group with high negat ive loadings. Each group of specie s cou ld be identi fied wi th par ticular envirorunent s. The standing crop2 mea sured as a sh-free dry wzight , ranged from 0 . 490 t o 5 4 . 093 g/m , wi th a mean of 13 . 7 52 g/m . Only about 24% of the variability in s tanding crop could be at tributed to variabi l i ty in se diment type s , ni trogen content in the sedimen t s , sa linity of the bo ttom wat e r , and dep th.

Au thor ' s Ab stract

Lie U. 1969 . St anding crop of benthic infauna in Puget Sound and off t he coast of Washingt on. Fi sheri e s Re search Board of Canada , Journa l , 26 ( 1 ) : 55-62 .

During the peri od May 28 t o August 1 , 1967 , ben thic infauna wa s col lected at 37 stat i ons in Puget Sound and off the coast of Wa shingt on. When large bu t rare speci e s were excluded from the samp le s , the vari ability in st anding crop ( ash-free dry we ight ) among rep licate samp l e s wa s l e s s than among me an s from di fferen t stat io2s· The mean standing crop for the off shore stat i ons wa s 1 . 9 2 g /m , which i s comparab le wi th the standing crop on the shelf in the Gu lf of Ala ska , but l e s s than ha lf the mean standing crop f o r the Puget Sound stations; the diffe rence may be explaine d in part by di ffe rence s , previ ou s ly rep ort e d , in primary product ivi ty o f the wa ter ma s se s . F o r the off shore stations the re wa s a weak t rend of increas ing standing crop wi th dep th. The st anding crop at the sha l l ow-water off shore stations , in sub strates charac teri z ed a s fine sand , wa s dominated by crustaceans and sma l l lamel libranchs , wherea s the deeper stations , i n sediment s wi th high pe rcentage s of si l t and c l ay , po lychaete s and echinode rms were the mo st important cont ributors.

Author's Ab st ract

19

Lie, U. and R. A. Evans . 1973 . Long-t enn vari abi li ty in the structure of subti dal bent hi c connnunit i es in Puget Sound, Washington , U.S . A. Marine Biology , 21: 1 2 2-126.

Data on benthic in fauna from 4 pennanent stat i ons in Puget Sound off Seatt le, U. S . A. , collected during 1963-19 64, 1967, and 1969, revealed considerable stabi lity in numbers of sp eci es and sp ecimens and in divers i ty wi t hin stations among sampling dat es . T he speci es compo sit ion of t he faunal assemblages also remained rat her constant during the peri od of invest igat i on, bu t t he relat ive dominance among t he numeri cally important sp eci es vari ed somewhat . Biomass data di d not di ffer si gni ficantly in 1964 and 1969 , but t he 1967 data were considerably lower at all stat i ons .

Aut hor's Abst ract

Lie, U. and J . C . Kelley. 1970. Bent hic infauna communi t i es off t he coast of Was hingt on and in Puget Sound : i denti ficati on and di stribut i on of connnuni t i es. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Journal, 27 : 621.

Bent hi c infauna wa s collected at 3 7 s tations in Puget Sound in Juan de Fuca Strait , and off t he northwest ern coa s t of Was hington during t he summer of 1967 , and at 1 8 addi tional stat i ons off the southwes tern coast of Was hington during t he summer of 1968. T he crustaceans, lamel­libranchs , and echinodenns were identi fi ed and counted , and t he dat a were subject ed to an analysi s of affini ty among stat i ons, t o Pager's recurrent group analys i s , and t o fact or analysi s for identi fi cat i on of t he benthi c communi t i es and t he group ing s of benthi c speci es in t he inves t igat ed area .

T relli s-di agrams of indi ces of affini ty among t he st ations, ba sed on t he pres ence or ab sence of speci es , indi cated four rat her di st inct g roup s of stati ons wi th sp eci fi c geograp hi c di stri but i ons or relat i ons to certain sediment types . Pager's recurrent group analysi s for the 3 6 mos t frequently occurring sp eci es resulted in ei ght group s and five speci es t hat were st rong ly a s s ociated wi th one or more of the recurrent group s . Most t est s of inter-speci fi c relat i ons among the sp eci es wi t hin t he group s were not signifi cant, and i t wa s concluded that t he analy s i s wa s only part ly us eful for delimit ing speci es groups wi th ecologi cal signi fi cance. T he Q-mode of t he fact or analysi s resulted in t hree group s of stat i ons di st ribut ed in bands parallel to the coast, and each group of stations ( communi ty) could be recogni z ed by i t s di st inct sediment types or depth di stri bution. T he R-mode of t he fact or analysis gave six group s of speci es wi t h speci fic pre­ferences of dep t hs, s ediment types, or geograp hi c di stribut i on. T he result s of t he vari ou s t echniques were compared, and their appli cation in benthi c synecology wa s di scus sed.

Aut hor's Abst ract

20

Lie, U. and E.S. Kisker. 1970. Species composition and structure of benthic infauna cornmunities off the coast of Washington. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Journal, 27: 2273-2285.

The deepwater mud-bottom cormnunity identified previously as one of three benthic infauna communities off the coast of Washington was found at mean depths of 154.5 m in sediments with a mean mud percentage of 50.09"/o. The most abundant species were the polychaetes Prionospio malmgreni, Sternaspis fossor, and Ninoe gemmea, the lamellibranchs Axinopsida serricata, Adontorhina cyclia, and Macoma carlottensis, and the amphipod Heterophoxus �culatus. The mean standing crop (ash­free dry weight) was 3.058 g/m , with the echinoderms Brisaster latifrons, Ophiura lutkeni, and Amphioplus sp. and the polychaete Sternaspis fossor as the major contributors to the standing crop.

The intermediate depth sand-bottom connnunity was found at stations with a mean depth of 95. 8 m in sediments with a mean sand percentage of 67.81%. The most abundant species were the polychaetes Magelona sp., Sternaspis fossor, Nephthys sp., and Haploscoloplos elongatus, the lamellibranchs Yoldia ensifera and Axinopsida serricata, and the2amphipod Paraphoxus variatus. The mean standing crop was 2.533 g/m , with the species listed above and the lamellibranch Macoma elimata as the major contributors to the standing crop.

The shallow water sand-bottom community was found at stations with a mean depth of 36. 0 m in sediments with a mean sand percentage of 96.33%. The most abundant species were the cumacean Diastylopsis dawsoni, the amphipods Ampelisca macrocephala and Paraphoxus obtusidens, the lamellibranchs Tellina salmonea and Macoma expansa, and thz poly­chaete Owenia fusiformis. The mean standing crop was 1.398 g/m , with the species listed above and the polychaetes Nephthys sp. and Chaetozone setosa and the lamellibranch Siligua patula as the major contributors to the standing crop.

There was a distinctly lower species diversity in the shallow water sand-bottom connnunity than in the two connnunities in deeper waters.

Author's Abstract

Nichols, F.H. Ongoing research. Long-term stability of the benthic inverte­brate community of Puget Sound Basin. By: U. S. Geological Survey, In: 1974 A CornpendiLUU of Current Envirornnental Studies in Puget Sound and Northwest Estuarine Waters.

With routine field sampling from shipboard at three stations (47°44.21N, 122°32.2'W; 47°41.9'N, 112°27.2'W; 47033. 71N, 122°26.51W) twice annually, long-term variations in the dynamics of the benthic invertebrate species populations in the Puget Sound Basin are being followed. That is, the annual variability associated with recruitment and growth in the dominant species populations of the Puget Sound

21

seabed i s be ing a s se s sed and i t is be ing de termined whe the r or not there is any significant change in the structure of the bott om corrnnunity over long periods . Re sul t s obtained thu s far are de scribed in the abs tract s of papers recen tly pre sented at two me eting s .

Autho r ' s Ab st ract

Pattie , B . H . Ongoing re search . Estuarine Moni t oring Proj ect . For , Envi ron­mental Studi e s in Puget Sound and Nor thwe s t Estuarine Waters .

The Nat ional Estuarine Monit oring Program i s intended to de termine the pre sence and magni tude of certain pol lutants in va riou s e stuarine waters throughout the Uni ted S t at e s . The Wa shington State Department of Fi sheries wa s first cont racted for the co llection and proce s s ing of samples from va ri ou s e stuari es in the State of Wa shing ton during the fall of 197 2 . Two speci e s of fi sh: Parophrys vetulus ; and St aghorn sculpin , Leptocottus armatus are col lected from six sites in Washingt on Stat e , ( 1 ) Be ll ingham Bay , ( 2) Duwami sh River , ( 3 ) Nisqua l ly Estuary , ( 4) Seabeck Bay , ( 5 ) Gray s Harbor , and ( 6 ) Wi l lapa Bay . The f i sh samples are proce s sed in the Seat t le office of the Wa shington State Departmen t of Fi sherie s , and ma i led to the Environmenta l Protection Agency Pesticide s Monitoring Laborat ory , Mi s s i s si ppi Test Faci lity , Bldg. 2 204 , Bay Street , Loui s , Mi ssis sippi . They are ana lyzed for contaminat ion by pe sticides and he avy me ta l s .

Author ' s Abst ract

Winter , D . F . 1 9 73 . A simi lari ty solution for steady-state gravi tational circul at ion in fj ords . E s tuarine Coastal Marine Science , 1 ( 4) : 38 7-400.

St rat ified e s tuaries wi th re lat ive ly deep , latera l ly cons tricted basins are corrnnonly re fered t o a s fj ord s . The dominan t circulation mode of fj ords which receive amp le fresh wa ter runoff i s gravi tati onal convection , whi ch take s pl ace primarily near the surface in a bracki sh pha se wi th one or two current revers a l s . An analy si s i s made of steady- state gravitational circu lation in the near-surf ace zone . Approximate ana lytic expres sions are obtained for the ve locity component s and the den si ty dist ri bution in a fiord segment where condi tions for a simi larity ana lysis are sati sfied.

The me thod is i l lu strated by applicat ions to Hood C anal and the central ba sin of Puget Sound , Washingt on (U. S . A. ) , and to Knight Inlet on the mainland coast of Bri t i sh Co lumbia , Canada . Compari sons of measured and computed sa lini ty and ve loci ty prof i le s indicate that the ci rculation patterns are reasonably we ll repre sented by the approximate solution s . The f l ow de scripti on given here may be o f some use in studies of pol lutant di spersal and bi ological production in fj ords .

Author ' s Ab st ract

2 2

POLYCHLORINATE D BIPHENYLS: THEIR OCCURRENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR EFFECT ON SOME MARINE ORGANI SMS

Claeys, R. R. , R. S. Caldwell, N. H. Cutshall and R. Houlton. 1975. Chlori nated pesti cides and polychlori nated bi phenyls i n mari ne speci es, Oregon/ Washi ngton coast , 1 972. Pesti ci de Monitoring Journal, 9(1 ): 2-10.

Concentrati ons of chlori nated pesticides and polychlorinated bi phenyls (PCB's) were determi ned i n three offshore marine species from the Oregon/Washi ngton coast: pi nk shrimp, euphausii ds , and flatfi sh; five speci es of bi valve mollusks from fi ve estuari es along the Oregon coast; several fish speci es from the Coos Bay and Columbi a Ri ver estuaries; and a sUIIIIler run of steelhead from the Rogue Ri ver.

The compounds p, p'-DDE and PCB's were detected most frequently. Euphau­siids and pi nk shri mp contai ned approximately 2 ppb (ug/kg) wet-wei ght DOE and 8 and 25 ppb PCB's, respecti vely. Offshore flatfi sh contai ned an average of 9 ppb DOE and 29 ppb PCB's. DOE resi dues i n estuari ne mollusks approximated 0 .5 ppb. PCB levels were not detectable (<3 ppb) except i n collections from the mouth of the Columbi a Ri ver where levels averaged 400 ppb PCB's and 17 ppb DDT. Selected Columbia Ri ver fi sh speci es contai ned 3 8 ppb O DE and 480 ppb PCB's; sunnner-run steelhead i n the Rogue Ri ver contai ned 97 ppb O DE and 125 ppb PCB's.

PCB chromatograms of most euphausii ds closely resembled those of Aroclor 1 254. Chromatograms of shrimp and flatfi sh i ndi cated selecti ve metaboli sm of two com.pounds in the Aroclor 125 4 formulati on. Bi phenyls of higher chlori ne content were also detected i n the shrimp and flatfi sh.

Author's Abstract

Crump-Wi esner, H. J. , H. R. Feltz and M. L. Yates. 1 974. A study of the distri ­buti on of polychlorinated bi phenyls i n the aquati c envi ronment. Pesticide Monitori ng Journal , 8(3): 157-1 61 .

Data gathered from moni tori ng acti vi ti es and project studies i ndi cate the ubi qui tous occurrence and di stri buti on of polychlori nated bi phenyls (PCB's) i n the aquatic envi ronment. By 1 972 resi dues had been detected i n samples from 19 States representi ng nearly every regi on of the country. These fi ndi ngs permi t a prelimi nary assessment of PCB contami na­ti on across the Nati on: concentrati ons ranged from 0 . 1 to 4. 0 ug /li ter i n unfi ltered water samples and from 5.0 to 3 , 200 ug/kg i n bot tom sedi ments. PCB residues were also found i n fish and aquati c plants. Samples were prepared by the same techni ques used for general chlori nated i nsecti cide detection, wi th speci al attenti on to cleanup and separati on of PCB's from other compounds. Basi c i denti fication and quanti fi cati on were made by dual-column electron-capture/gas-liquid chromatography and confi rmed by gas-li qui d c hromatography/mass spectrometry whenever possi ble. In sedi ment samples from a south Florida drai nage di tc h,

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polychlorinat ed naphtha lene s (PCN ' s ) were observe d . Thi s i s pos sibly the f i rst evidence of PCN ' s in an environmen tal sampl e and i l lu s trat e s the importance o f deve loping ana lytical capabi l i ty for the survei l lance of other organochlorine compound s that may behave like chlorinated hydrocarbon pe sticide s .

The samp ling prog ram i s broadening geog raphical ly and gradua l ly in­crea sing to more adequat ely de fine the distribution of PCB re sidue s in ma j or drainage basins of the United Stat e s .

Author ' s Abstrac t

Cutkomp , L . K. , H . H . Yap , D . Desaiah and R . B . Koch. 19 7 2 . The sensi tivi ty of f i sh ATPases to po lychl orinat ed bipheny l s . Envi ronmental Hea lth Perspective s , 1 : 165-168.

The ATPase z¥zyme sy stem in f i sh is adve rsely affected by all PCB ' s studied. Mg ATPase i s inhibi ted to the greatest extent in mu scle , bu t effect s in kidney , brain , and liver a l so occurre d . Fifty pe rcent inhi bi tion occurred wi th le s s than 1 ppm up t o a few ppm2+The great e st effec t s , in vi t ro , were not on ol igomycin-inse��itive Mg ATPase , but on oligomycin- sensitive (mi tochondri al) Mg ATPase in vivo ( chroni cal ly-exposed fi sh) . The mos t effective PC B studied , Aroc lor 1242 , required a somewhat higher concen trat ion than DDT in comparat ive in vi tro studie s .

Author' s C onclusions

Food and Drug Admini strat ion. 19 7 5 . Sunnnary report on PC B ' s in fish. From: EPA meeting he ld 9/30/ 7 5 , Seatt le , Wa shington .

T he survei l lance activities o f the Food and Drug Admini strat ion re l ative to PC B re sidue s in fi sh are di rected at FDA' s statut ory re sponsibi lity of a s suring that foods are safe for consumption . Since 1969 , FDA' s pesti cide survei l lance programs have included the ana lyse s of foods for PC B residue s . F rom 1969 to 19 7 1 , FDA field laboratori e s ana lyzed about 500 samp l e s of fish and found 3 1 7 of the se samples to contain PCB residue s; leve l s ranged as high as 35 ppm. Detai led inf ormat ion on the se sample s i s included , wi th more current data in the at tached sunnnari e s . In addi tion , FDA conduct ed a comprehensive survey of fi sh in 19 73 for a wide variety of chemi cal contaminants inc luding PCB ' s . A stat i s tical analysi s o f the re su l t s o f thi s survey a s i t re lates to PC B ' s i s inc luded in thi s report .

Modified Int roduc ti on

2 4

Goe rke , W. E . , G . Eder and R . G . Schaefe r . 19 7 6 . Re sidue s of chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine organi sms in re lation t o size and ecological parameters . I . PCB , Dur , ODE , and DOD in fi she s and mol luscs from the Eng lish Channe l . Bu l le tin of Envi ronmental Contaminati on and T oxi co l ogy , 15( 1) : 55-65.

In order to provi de more da ta for the charac terizat ion of organochlorine re sidue leve l s in marine food chain s we ana lysed animal s of three area s : Eng li sh Channe l , central North Sea , and eastern North Sea . Animal t i s sue s we re inve stigated for finding pos sible corre lations between re sidue leve l s and the body size or ecological parameters .

Thi s paper de a l s wi th re sidue s of PC B s , our , ODE , and DOD in five specie s from the Eng l i sh Channe l . The organi sms were caught ei ther by dredging or bo ttom trawling on Novembe r 26/ 27 , 1 9 7 1 during the 158th crui se of FFS "Anton Dohrn" . The compound s were de termined by ga s chromat ography in two independent working groups , identifica­tions were performed by the GC-MS t echnique .

Modi fied Author' s Int roduction

Hansen , D . J . 1 9 7 4. Aroclor 1254: Effect on composition of developing e stuarine animal conmunit'i e s in the laboratory . Mar . Sci . , 18: 19-33.

Aroclor 1 2 5 4 , a po lychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) , affected the composi tion of connnunitie s of e s tuarine animal s that deve loped from plankt onic larvae in · sa l t wa ter that flowe d through 10 control aquari a and 10 aquari a contaminat ed wi th 0. 1 , 1 or 10 �g / l of thi s PCB. Communi t i e s that deve loped in cont rol aquari a and aquaria that received 0 . 1 g/ l of PCB in wat e r for four months we re dominated (> 7 5%) by arthropods , primari ly the amphipod Corophium vo lutator . In aquaria receiving 1 and 10 ug/ l , the number of ar thropods decreased and the number of chordate s , primari ly the tuni cate Mogu la manhat tensi s , increa sed; over 7 5% of the anima l s in 10 ug/ l aquaria were tunicat e s . Numbers of phyla , sp ecie s , and individua l s ( particu larly amphipods , bryozoans , crabs , and mo l lu sks) were de creased in thi s PCB , but there wa s no apparent effect on the abundance of anne l id s , brachi opods , coe lenterat e s , echinoderms or nemertean s . The Shannon-Weave r index of species diversity was not a l t ere d by Aroc lor 1 2 54.

Aut hor ' s Abst ract

Hansen , D . J . , P . R . P arri sh , J . I . Lowe , A. J . Wi l s on , Jr. , and P . O . Wi l s on . 19 7 1. Chronic toxi c i ty , uptake , and re tenti on of Aroc l or 1 2 54 in two e s tuarine fi she s . Bu l let in of Environmenta l C ont aminat ion and Toxico logy , 6 ( 2 ) : 1 13 - 1 1 9.

2 5

Evi dence of the g l obal ubi qu i ty of po lychlorinated bi pheny l s ( PC B ' s ) continue s t o mount . High re sidu e s o f Aroc lor 1 2 5 4 were found i n five f i shes in an e s tuary . Chroni c toxi city t e st s to determine e f f e c t s o f low leve l s of t h e P C B on finf i sh ( Lagodon rhomboi des) and spot ( Le i os t omus xan thuru s ) , both e s tuarine fi she s we re carried out . C on ­curren t ly , the up take and re tent i on of the P C B i n six t i s sue s o f sp ot we re measure d . The re su l t s sugge s t t hat chronic expo sure to Aroc l or 1254 incre a s e d suscep tibi li ty of test pin f i sh an d spot t o di s e a s e , and a l s o appeare d t o b e toxic t o the s e f i sh. The PCB i s rapi d ly s t ored by pinfi sh and spot , and persi s t s i n t i s sues f or approximat e ly three months .

Han sen , D . J . , S . C . S chimme l and E . Mathew s . 1 9 7 4 . Avoi dance of Aroc lor 1 2 5 4 by shrimp and f i she s . Bu l l etin of envirornnen tal C ontaminat i on and T oxico l ogy , 1 2 ( 2 ) : 253-2 5 6 .

The p o lychl orinat e d bi pheny l ( PCB) Aroc l or 1 2 54 wa s f ound i n E s cambia River and Bay , which are part s of the estuary near our laborato ry . Becau s e i t cou ld be an advan tage t o mobi l e organi sms in the rive r and bay i f they c ou l d av oid t oxi c concent rat i ons of Aroc l or 1 2 5 4 , we conducted l aborat ory studi e s t o de t e rmine i f pink shrimp ( P enaeus du orarum) , gra s s shrimp ( Pa laemone s t e s pugi s ) , pinfi sh ( L agodon rhomboide s ) , sheep shead minnows ( Cyprinodon vari egat u s ) , and mosqui t oe ­f i sh ( Gambu s i a af f ini s ) could avoid wat er contaminat e d wi th 0 . 00 1 ,

0 . 0 1 , 0 . 1 , 1 or 10 mg / l of the PC B.

Modi f i e d Author' s Int roduc t i on

J ohans s on , N . , S . Jen sen and M. O l s son . 1 9 7 0 . PCB - indi cation s of effect s on fi sh. I n : PCB C onfe rence , Septembe r 2 9 , 1 9 7 0 , Wenner-Gren Cent e r , St ockho lm-;-Nat i ona l Swedi sh Envi ronment Prote ct i on Board. pp . 59-6 8 .

Inf ormat i on c once rning t h e e f f e c t o f PCB re s i due s in f i sh , o r the -p o s s i b l e hazard p o sed by such re s i due s to f i s h , i s p re sen t l y lacking in the li te rature . Studi e s of the e f f e c t of the chemi cal on salmon and s a lmon re produ c t i on ha s recen t ly st art ed at the Salmon Re sea rch I n s t i tute . Thi s paper i s c once rned wi th the pre l imi nary re su l t s of s ome of these studi e s .

Kinte r , W. B . , L. S . Me rken s , R . H . J ani cki and A . M . Guarino . 1 9 7 2 . S tudi e s on the mechani sm o f t oxi city o f DDT and po lych l orinated bipheny l s ( PC B ' s ) . D i s rupti on o f o smoregu lat i on in marine f i sh . Envi ronmen t a l H e a l t h Perspec t ive s . 1: 1 6 9-173 .

D DT wa s demon s t rated t o inhi b i t Na , K+ATP ase ac i t ivi ty in homogenat e s o f inte s t ina l muc o sa , an d gi l l f i l l amen t s from severa l ma rine t e l e os t s . Aroc l or 1 2 2 1 wa s inve s t igat e d t o de t e nnine i f i t t o o inhibited enzymatic activi ty . Overa l l , the re sul t s sugge s t that l e tha l l eve l s of Aroc lor 1 2 2 1 and D DT both decrea se the abi l i ty of ki l l i f i sh to osmoregula te .

2 6

McDermott, K.J. and T.C. Heeson. 1975. DDT and PCB in Dover sole around outfalls. Coastal Water Research Project Annual Report - 1975, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project. pp. 117-121.

During the past year, a new collection of Dover sole from around southern California's five major outfall systems and off Dana Point and Santa Catalina I sland were made to determine if there had been any decrease in the levels of total DDT and PCB in this fish over the past 3 years. I n conjunction with this survey, the distribution of these chlorinated hydrocarbons in the tissues of Dover sole was investigated as a first step in assessing the physiological significance of the contaminants to the fish.

McDermott, D.J. and M.J. Sherwood. 1975. DDT and PCB in diseased Dover sole. Coastal Water Research Project Annual Report - 1975, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project. pp. 33-35.

No significant differences between total DDT levels in the muscle tissue of diseased Dover sole collected from the Orange County and from the Palos Verdes regions was found. I n contrast, the total DDT concentrations in the unaffected fish from both areas were significantly different. These results give strength to the hypothesis that the Dover sole with fin erosion collected at Orange County came from the Palos Verdes population and that the disease did not originate at Orange County. They also indicate that levels of DDT in tissue may be used as a tag when investigating the migration of fish from or across a region containing a known point source.

Nimmo, D.R. 1974. Accumulation of Aroclor 1254 in grass shrimp ( Palaemonestes pugio) in laboratory and field exposures. Bulletin of Environ mental Contamination and Toxicology, 11( 4): 303-308.

The chronic toxicity and the concentration and loss of Aroclor 1254 from �· pugio with time was examined in the laboratory and in a 3-mo exposure to contaminated sediments in Escambia Bay, Florida. The average whole-body residue in �· pugio after 1 mo was 0.41 mg/ kg; after 3 mo, 0.42 mg/ kg. Significant mortality did not occur during exposure to contaminated sediments. The 3-mo figure equaled a laboratory exposure of 0.09 ug/ l in water for 2 wk. I n a 7-d laboratory exposure, 6CY'� of the shrimps died at 9. 1 ug/ l, but significant mortality did not occur at 0.17 and 0.62 ug/ l. I n a 16-d exposure, 4.0 and 12 . 5 ug/ l were toxic, but signif icant mortality did not occur in 1.3 ug/ l.

Abstract from Oceanic Abstracts

Nimmo, D.R., P.D. Wilson, R.R. Blackman and A.J. Wilson, Jr. 1971. Poly­chlorinated biphenyl absorbed from sediments by fiddler crabs and pink shrimp. Nature, 231, p. 50.

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PC B ' s , in particular , Aroc l or 1 2 54 , have been noted in wat er , sediment and bi ota from E scambi a Bay , Florida . Studi e s revealed high concentra­t i ons of t hi s contaminant in three shrimp speci e s and fiddler crab s . The large st accumu lati ons o f Arocl or 1 2 5 4 were i n the sediment s and in mo s t case s , the amount of thi s PCB in indivi dual crab or shrimp hepat opancrea s wa s di rect ly re l ated to the amount in the se diment s .

Nimmo , D . R . , D . J . Han sen , J . A . C ouch , N . R . C ooley , P . R . Parri sh and J . I . Lowe . 1975. Toxicity of Aroc lor 1 2 5 4 and i t s physiologica l activi ty in severa l estuarine organisms . Archive s of Envi ronmental Cont amination and Toxico l ogy , 3 ( 1) : 2 2-3 9.

The occurrence of high concen trat ions of a PC B ( Aroclor 1 2 54) in t he Pen sac ola e s tuary prompted fiel d and laborat ory studies by the Gu lf Breeze Environment a l Re search Laborat ory ( EPA) . Moni t oring of the e stuary indi cat e s the chemi cal i s pre sent in a l l components-­pa rticu l ar ly in sedimen ts and fi she s . Re sidue s appear to be dimini shing in sediment s . Toxici ty t e s t s show e s tuarine species sensi tive at ppb concent rat ions in wat e r , wi th a ci liate protozoan ( Tetrahymena pyri formi s W) , shrimp s (P enaeus duorarum , E• az tecu s , and Pa laemones t e s pugio) , and a fi sh (Fundu lus simi l i s) , affected at or near 1. 0 ppb . T i s sue concentrat i ons of Aroclor 1254 simi lar t o those found in natural populations of shrimp s from the contaminat ed e s tuary were succe ssfu l ly dup licat ed in laborat ory expe riment s . Shrimp s a l so concentrat ed the PC B from very low concentrat ions ( 0. 4 ppb) in the wat er. Three e stuarine speci es demonstrated patho logic chang e s at t i s sue and ce l lu lar leve l after chronic exposure t o the chemical . Oy sters ( C ra s so s t rea vi rgi nica) deve loped abnorma l infi ltration of leukocyte s in the connective t i s sue , spot ( Leiostomu s xanthuru s) deve loped fatty changes in their livers , and shrimp (Penaeus du orarum) developed crystal loids in hepat opancreatic nuclei .

Author ' s Abs t ract

Nimmo , D . R . , R . R . Blackman , A . J . Wi l s on , Jr. and J. Forre ster. 197 1 . Toxic it y and di s t ribut ion of Aroc lor 1254 in the pink shrimp Penaeus duorarum. Marine Biology , 1 1 : 19 1-197.

The po lychlorinated biphenyl Aroc lor 1254 wa s re leased in an acci dent a l leakage o f heat-exchange f luid from an indu s t rial plant , int o the E scambia River , near Pensacola , Florida , USA . Thi s mat erial wa s carried downs tream , and is now found in the fauna of Escambia Bay and i t s cont iguous wat ers , prime nur sery areas for fi she s and invertebrat e s such a s penaeid shrimp . The signi ficance o f p o l lution by thi s chemical was a s s e s sed by establi shing t oxici ty leve l s , determining route s of en try , and inve stigating it s movement and di stribut ion i n vari ous t i s sue s of shrimp under control led condi tions in the laboratory . Aroc lor 1254 added to the water wa s t oxic to the juveni le pink shrimp Penaeus duora rum at a concen tration of 1. 0 part per bi l lion wi thin 15 days , bu t wa s le s s t oxi c to adu l t pink shrimp . Shrimp obtained the contaminant from water and food and concent rated i t t o 5 10. 0 part s per mi l lion in the hepatopanc rea s . Aroc lor 1 2 5 4 re sidue dat a from ' shrimp col lected in the e s tuary are inc luded in the study .

Author ' s Ab st ract 28

Ni sbet, I.C.T. and A.F. Sarafin. 1972. Rates and routes of transport of PCBs (polychlorinated bip henyls) in the environment. Environmental Health Persp ectives, 1: 21-38.

This paper summarizes the fragmentary knowledge available about pro­duction, uses, and losses of PCB's in the environment. It discusses only p roduction and uses within North America, and distribution of PCB residues in North America and adjacent seas.

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Peaka 1 1, D.B. 1975. PCB's and their environmental effects. CRC Critical Rev. Environ. Control. 5(4) : 469-508.

In this article , an attempt is made to assess the biological impact of PCB's, both on man and other creatures that inhabit this p lanet. The information on the production and usages of these materials is briefly reviewed, followed by a more detailed look at levels found in various types of organisms in various parts of the world. This information is used to consider the routes and rates of transfer of these materials through the ecosystem and their biological magnifica­tion during these processes. The physiological effects of PCB's are then considered, and their likely importance is assessed by comparison with existing environmental levels.

Modified Author's Introduction

Peakall, D.B. and J.L. Lincer. 1970. Polychlorinated Biphenyls. BioScience , Vol. 20, No. 17, pp. 958-964.

The structural and physical properties, uses, analytical methods, toxicology, levels in nature, and biological magnification of PCB ' s, and the ratio of DDT to PCB in the environment are summarized. Although nothing is known about the biological decomposition of PCB ' s, it is likely that they are more stable than DDT and its metabolites and thus have a tendency to accumulate up the food chain. No figures on the amount of these materials produced annually are available. Analysis of PCB's has been carried out by means of a combination of high resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Nitration and saponification have been used to separate PCB ' s from other residues for analysis. Although several studies have been carried out on the toxicology of PCB's, toxic levels are still largely undefined. Studies have shown, however, that there are striking alternations in the in ternal organs of some mammals and birds. Data taken from several studies indicate that the PCB's are capable of biological magnif ication in the food chain. Because of the apparent danger of these materials it is necessary to discover the major sources of their escape into the environment. Sixty-two references have been cited in this summary. [ abstract from PCB in water - a bibliography .]

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Sanders , H . O . and J . H. Chandler. 197 2 . Bi ological magni ficat i on of a poly­chlorinat ed bipheny l ( Aroc lor 1 2 54) from water by aquat ic inve rtebrat e s . Bu l let in of Envi ronmental Cont aminat ion and T oxi cology , 7 ( 5 ) ; 25 7-263 .

The purpose of thi s study wa s t o3ge tennine the rat e of accumulat i on

and bi ological magni fication of C l-labe led Aroc lor 1254 from water by eight speci e s of aquati c invertebrat e s . The invertebrate s were exposed to Aroclor 1254 at concent rat i ons l e s s than 3 ppb , whi ch i s simi l ar to leve l s de tected in the wat er of Escambi a Bay , Fl ori da . In addition to measurement of accumu lation , scud exposed to Aroc lor 1 2 5 4 were analyzed by ga s-liquid chromat og raphy to inve stigate potent ial shift s in re sidue compo sition which may have occurred as a re sult of me taboli sm.

Author ' s Int roduction

St alling , D . L . and F . L. Mayer. 197 2 . T oxicit ie s of PCB ' s to fi sh and envi ron­mental re sidue s in fi sh. Environmenta l Hea lth Perspec tive s , 1 : 159-164.

Ana ly ses of 40 f i sh ( cros s-check sample) from the 1970 Nat i ona l Pes­ti cide Monit oring Program were made for PCB ' s . Chronic and acute toxici ty studi e s on aquatic organi sms were reviewed . The highe st concentrations of PCB re s idue s in fre shwater fi sh occur in rivers whi ch are as sociat ed with industrialized area s .

Wi ldi sh , D . J . and V. Zitko . 197 1 . Uptake of po lychlorinated bi pheny l s from sea water by Gannnarus oceanicu s . Marine Bi o l ogy , 9 ( 3 ) : 213-2 18 .

The uptake of a polychlorinat ed bipheny l preparation containing 5-7 ch lorine atoms per mo lecu le , solubi li zed in a noni oni c surfac tant in sea wat e r , by Garra:narus oceanicus wa s measured spect rophotomet ri ­ca l ly . Uptake occurred in living animals acro s s the genera l integument . I t i s sugge sted that up take rat e s are dependent upon the t ota l surface area of the integument , al though no accurat e method of de tennining thi s i s known . T he rat e of up take decreased after 4-6 hr exp osure and up take wa s dependent upon concentrat i on of polychl orinat ed bipheny l s i n sea water. The stage of the intermolt o f G . oceani cu s did not affect up take rat e s .

Young , D . R. and I . S . Szpila. 197 5 . Decrea ses o f DDT and PCB in musse l s . Coastal Wat er Re search Pro j e ct Annual Report 19 75 , Southern Cali forni a C oastal Wat e r Re search Proj ect , pp. 1 23-126 .

Numerous studi e s by thi s Proj ect and other re searchers have documented the extent of marine contaminat i on by DDT wa stes off southern Cali fornia. The intertidal mus se l , Myti lus cal if orni anu s , appears t o have rather accurate ly refl ected decrea ses in the input of total DDT to the coas tal ecosystem. The se studi es have further demonst rat ed the mus se l ' s usefu l ­ne ss as an indicator organi sm for chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminat i on of nearshore waters . The st udy re su lts also indicate that l ocal annua l inputs and bi ological concent rat ions of PC B are decreasing less rapi dly than are those for DDT .

3 0

EFFECT S OF TRACE METALS : MERCURY AN D CADMI UM

Bothner, M.H. 1973 . Mercury : Some aspects of its marine geochemistry in Puget Sound, Washington. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington, Department of Oceanography , Seattle, 126 pp.

Sediment cores collected periodic ally at the same stations from 1970 until 1973 show that the level of mercury in sediments is decreasing with time since the high discharge of mercury from a chlor-alkali plant has stopped. The rate of mercury loss appears to follow first order kinetics wi th a half-life of 1. 3 years, in sediments whic h are generally oxidizing and whic h had initial mercury concentrations of 2-10 ppm.

A strong covariant relationship was observed between the mercury concentration in suspended matter and in solution. Selective leaching experiments designed to show the important binding sites for mercury in sediments indicated that most of the mercury is associated with oxidizable organics.

Calabrese, A. and D. A. Nelson. 1974. Inhibition of embryonic development of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria, by heavy metals. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 11(1): 92-97.

Heavy metals have long been recognized as serious pollutants of the aquatic ecosy stem, with deleterious effects on the associated organisms. Limited information is available for marine organisms and those studies that have been reported deal primarily with adult organisms; relatively little is known about the effects of metal on invertebrates, especially their embry onic stages.

With the development of rearing techniques for bivalve mollusks in the laboratory, further incentive has been provided for studies on the effects of pollutants on embryos of shellfish. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of mercury , silver, zinc, nickel and lead on the survival and subsequent development of embryos of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria.

Childs, E . A. , and J.N. Gaffke. 1973. Mercury content of Oregon groundfish. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Fisheries Bulletin, 71(3 ): 713 -717.

The mercury content of Oregon groundfish was determined. The mercury content of rex sole, Glyptoc ephalus zachirus; Dover sole, Microstomus pacificus; petrale sole, Eopsetta j ordani; English sole, Parophrys vetulus; sand sole, Psettic hthys melanosticus; starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus; canary rockfish, Sebastes pinniger; flag rockfish, Sebastes rubrivinctus; yellowtail rockfish, Sebastes flavidus; rougheye rockfish, Sebastes aleutianus; sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria; lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus; Pacific hake, Merluccius produc tus; and arrowtooth flounder, Atheresthes stomias; was significantly lower than 0 . 50 ppm mercury. All spiny dogfish, Sgualus acanthias, samples cont aine d

31

> 0 . 50 ppm. No highly significant re lat ionship in those species appr o ­pri ate ly examined between ( a) catch l ocation , (b) time o f catch , ( c ) weight and length of f i sh , or ( d) sex and mercury content wa s observed.

Author ' s Abs t ract

C receli us , E. A. 19 7 4 . The marine geochemi s t ry of arseni c and re lated element s in Puget Sound. Ph . D . The s i s , University o f Washington , Department of Oceanog raphy , Seat t le , 133 pp.

In thi s the s i s the fluxes of ar senic through Puget Sound by det ermining i t s input rate s from various source s i s estimat ed. C oncentrat i on prof i l e s of arsenic and an timony in se diment core s are inc luded. No consistent pattern of accumu lat i on of the se me tals in highe r trophic leve l s wa s observed , bu t me thylated forms of arsenic were found in ke lp , plankton and shrimp .

C rece lius , E. A. , M. H. Bothner and R. Carpenter. 19 7 5 . Ge ochemi stries of arsenic , antimony , mercury , and re lated elements in se diment s of Puget Sound. Environment a l Science and T echno logy , 9 ( 4) : 3 2 5-3 33 .

The natural di st ribut ions of arsenic , an timony , mercury , chromium , coba l t , iron , aluminum , and carbon in the surface sediment s of Puget Sound are pe rturbed by two maj or anthropogenic sources of trace me ta l s : a copper sme l ter near Tacoma , Wash. , that di scharge s l arge amount s of ars eni c and antimony , and a ch lor-alka li pl ant in Be ll ingham , Wash . , which , in the recent past , di scharged significant amount s of mercury. Arsenic and ant imony inpu ts from the sme l te r over the past 80 years are evident in sediment core s whose accumul ation rat e s have been determined by the lead-210 te chnique. An arsenic budget for Puget Sound reve a l s the imp ortance of atmo spheric inpu t re sult ing from smoke s tack emi s si ons of the sme l ter. Chemical ext rac tion studies of sediments showed that more than 82% of the mercury was as soci ated with easily oxi dizable organic ma tter , whereas about 5CY!o of both arsenic and ant imony was a s s ociated with ext ractable iron and aluminum compounds .

Author ' s Ab st ract

Ei s l e r , R . , G . E . Zaroogian , and R. J . Hennekey . 1972. Cadmium uptake by marine organi sms. Fi sheries Re search Board of Canada , J ourna l , 29( 9 ) : 13 67-13 69 .

Adu l t s of ki l li fi sh Fundulus het eroc litus , sca l l op Aguipect en irradians , oy ster Cras sostrea vi rginica , and subadu l t lobsters Homaru s americanu s were irmn.ersed for 21 day s in f l owing seawater cont aining 10 ug/ liter of cadmium as�Cdc1 2 · 2�H2 0. Cadmium re sidues in whole anima l s and sele cted t i s sue s we re con sistent ly highe r in exposed organi sms than control s ; edible portions of treated lobster (muscle) , sca l l op ( adduct or mu sc le) , and oy ster (whole anima�) cont aine d more cadmium per uni t wet weight than cont ro l s by 2 5% , 19% , and 3 52% , re spective ly.

Au thor ' s Ab &t rac t

3 2

Fagerstrom, T. and B. Ansell. 1973. Methyl mercury accllltl.urati on in an aquatic food chai n. A model and some implications for research planning. Ambia , 2 (5 ) : 164-171.

Methyl mercury accumulati on in fish is theoretically studi ed by means of a mathematical model for a three-step food chain. T he model assumes gain of methyl mercury i n proportion to intake of oxygen and food, these inturn being si ze-dependant. Some properties of the model are analyzed wi th the specifi c aim of getting guidance for further research activities. This analysis lends, quantitatively, supvort to the belief that direct uptake of methyl mercury from water is the most important subject for further study.

Author's Abstract

Fowler, B. A. , D. A. Wolfe and W.F. Hettler. 1975. Trace metal uptake and toxicity to shellfish. Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment II. , In: Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 10: 262-263.

The relationship between uptake and toxicity of trace metals to shellfish is of interest because these organisms are an important food source and human trace metal poisonings have occurred through their consllltl.ption. An understanding of how cells of mari ne invertebrate tissues handle trace metals in comparison wi th marrnnalian cells is also of scientific value.

I n the current study, randomly selected specimens of the clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, and the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, were placed in sea water so�¥tions �-*"6 °C and 35% salinity) containing O , 0. 1, 1, or 10 ppm Hg or Cd • The experiment was terminated for each element after half of the animals in the 10 ppm dose groups exhibited gaping valves. Cross sections of the animals were studied by light microscopy and portions of the mantles by electron microscopy. Heavy mortality ocz¥rred i�+oysters of the high dose groups after about 3 days of Cd or Hg exposur2+ This effect was noz+seen in high dose clams until 5 days wi th Hg and 7 days with Cd • The most readily detectable histologic changes characterized by clumping nuclear material and cytoplasmic rarification were observed in colllltl.Ilar epithelial cells lining the gut of each species. Electron microscopy of mantle epithelial cells disclosed a dose-dz�endant increase in electron dense cytosomes within these c241s in Hg -trea ted clams. The cytosomes were

2io t observed in Cd -treated animals or in oysters exposed to Hg • Energy­dispersive x-ray microanalysis disclosed the presence of high iron co ncentrations on reaction to mercury wi thin these cytosomes.

Author's Abstract

33

Fowle r , s . w . and G . Benayoun . 1974. Expe rimenta l studies on cadmium flux through marine biota . C omparat ive studie s on food and environmental contaminati on , Proce eding s Series . , Vienna : Int . At omic Energy Agency , pp . 159- 1 7 8 .

The ro le o f mu s se l s (Myti lus gal loprovinci a l i s) and benthic shrimp (Ly smata seticaudata) in the cycl ing of C d in the marine environment was examine d . C oncentrat ion mea surement s were made by at omi c ab sorp tion spect rophot ome try and anodi c stripping vo ltamme try . A steady state between wat er and the organi sms wa s not reached after 2 mo . Concentration factors were 13 0 and 600 in whole mus se l s and shrimp , respective ly . Concentration factors ba sed on stable Cd concentrat ionIO�ere seve ra l time s highe r , noting incomp lete equi librat ion be tween C d and st ab l e Cd in the organi sms . Highe st concent rat ions for both specie s we re in the vi scera. Uptake of Cd wa s di rectly proportiona l t o the Cd cont ent in seawater. Mea surement s we re taken at 8 °C , 13 °C , and 22 oC . Cadmitnn uptake increased in shrimp at higher temperature s but not in the musse l s . Cadmitnn flux i s a re lat ive ly slow proces s in mussels and shrimp . Anima l s retain a signif i cant fraction of the accumulated me tal for a re latively long time .

Kecke s , S . an d J . K. Mi ett inen . 1972 . Mercu ry a s a marine pol lutant . In: Ruivo , M. ( ed) , Marine Pol lution and Sea Li fe , Fi shing Trading News ( books ) Lt d . , London: 27 6-282 .

The de trimenta l compounds int roduced into the sea s and oceans cover a wide range of organic and inorganic subs tance s . Among the inorganic subs tance s are the heavy met a l s , notably mercury and lead , to which organi sms are e specially sensitive because they interfere wi th vi tal bi ochemical proce sses .

The bi ogeochemi stry of mercury i s considered ; i t s occurrence and accumulat ion by fi sh and othe r marine organi sms . The bio l ogical effe cts of mercury are also di scussed.

Author ' s Ab st ract

Klein , D . and E . Goldberg . 19 70. Mercury in the marine environment . Environ­mental Science and Techno logy , 4: 7 65-768.

Me rcury leve l s in coastal marine organi sms are several orders of magni tude greater than in comparable volume s of seawat er. Also , higher va lues of mercury are found in sediments near sewer outfalls as compared to simi lar deposits further removed . The di spersion of thi s toxic po l lutan t by marine organisms and by man has already had seriou s consequence s .

Author ' s Abst ract

3 4

Laumond, F., M. Neuburger, D. Donnier, A. Fourcy, R. Bittel and M. Aubert. 1973. Experimental investi gations, at laboratory, on the transfer of mercury in marine trophic chains. Rev. Int. Oceanogr. Med., 31/32: 0-� .

The transfer of Hg in a pelagi c chain (plankton, fish) and in a neritic chain wi th molluscs (plankton, mussel) was studied. The first trophic level was contaminated with water and the second simultaneously with water and food (first trophic level) as in natural conditions. Hg

2+ at subtoxic concentrations was introduced into water either as Hg ions or associated wi th natural and artificial organic compounds which are found in the oceanic environmen t and in effluen ts. Determina­tions of Hg were done by extraction titration wi th dithizone; the flameless atomic absorption technique is being perfected. S ome results were checked by neutron activation. In the fixed experimental conditions the transfer factors of Hg from sea water to fish or molluscs were about 50 and 3000.

From Biological Abstracts

Lloyd, R. 1965. Factors that affect the tolerance of fish to heavy metal poisoning. In : Biological Problems in Water Pollution, Third S eminar, 1962, Washi;;gton, D.C. (GPO), Public Health S ervice, Publc. No. 999-WP-25. PP • 181-187.

Factors such as temperature and the concentration of dissolved gases and calcium in the dilution water had been shown to modify the amount of heavy metal needed to kill fish. These experiments, however, had only shown the qualitative importance of these factors; there were few quantitative results.

The work described in this paper represents an attempt to place on a quantitative basis some of the effects that the chemical and physical nature of the water have on the toxi city of the heavy metals to fish, so that a more accurate estimation of the application factor can be made.

McDermott, D.J. and M.J. Sherwood. 1975. Metals in diseased Dover sole. Coastal Water Research Proj ect Annual Report - 1975, Southern C alifornia Coastal Water Research Proj ect. pp. 47-49.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the association of fin erosion in Dover sole wi th exposure of the species to high levels of trace metals in bottom sediments off the Palos Verdes Peninsula. C oncen trations of 25 trace metals and maj or cations in several tissues from Dover sole with and wi thout fin erosion from the Palos Verdes shelf and from healthy Dover sole from the control region off Dana Point were examined. The analyses were pe rformed by optical emission spectrography. S amples of muscle, kidney, gonad, and skin (from both the blind and eyed sides) were taken from ten individuals in e ach of the thre e categories. Preliminary results for the levels of cadmium, chromium, copper, and lead and for calcium, magnesium, and sodium in these samples were available at the time of this report.

35

McDennott , D . J . and D . R . Young . 1974. T race metals in f l atfi sh around ou tfa l l s . Coastal Wate r Re search P roject Annua l Report - 1 9 7 4 , Southern Calif ornia Coastal Water Re search Pro j e c t . pp . 1 1 7-1 2 1 .

Seven trace me tal s , si lver , cadmiwn, chromiwn , copper , nicke l , l ead and z inc are di scus sed in re lat i on to Dover sole popul ation s near ou tfa l l s . The main que stion being considered is whether or not f latfi sh living in contaminat ed sediment s concentrate the se me ta l s above nonnal t i s sue leve l s . Concentrati on of the above me ta ls from gonads , flesh and livers f rom contro l and test fi sh were c ompared .

Mat sumur2�3F . , Y . G . Dohe rty , K . Furukawa and G . M . Boush . 19 7 5 . Incorp oration

of Hg into methylmercury in fi sh liver: Studi e s on bi ochemi cal mechani sms in vi tro . Envi ronmental Re search 10: 224-23 5 .

I t wa s found that livers of all f i sh speci e s particul arly pelagic specie s studi ed were capable of t ransfonning mercuri c i on int o me thyl­mercury i.!!, vit ro. The se f2*t ors involved in the proce ss of methyl­mercury format i on f rom Hg i on in the fi sh live r were studied.

The methylat i on ac tivi ti e s were not de st royed by ei the r heat or uv and vi sible light irradiat i on treatment s . I t wa s thus conc luded that the reac tion( s) studi e s here wa s not mediated by methylcobalamine . Me rsalyl , a SH inhibit or , could , howeve r , abo lish most of the methy la­t i on reac tion.

Author ' s Abst ract

Nevi ssi , A. , D . D . Hunt amer , S . J. O l sen , R . B . King , C . E . Vick and W . R . Sche l l . 197 6 . Trace contaminant s f rom dredge spoi l s in E l li ott Bay . �: 19 7 5 Re search in Fi sheries , Annua l Report on the C o l l ege of Fi sh­erie s , Unive rsity of Washington , Cont ributi on No. 444.

Thi s proj ect wa s ini tiated in Feburary , 197 5 , to measure the increa se in t race contaminants ( heavy metal s , particulates , etc . ) in C entral Puget Sound , re sul ting f rom the dredging of 25 0 , 000 cubic yards of sediment from the Duwami sh River e stuary and deposi ting it off Four Mi le Rock in E l li ott Bay , a location near sites under s tudy pri or to the dumping of the Duwami sh sediment s . Thi s program i s being conducted for the Muni cipality of Metropoli tan Seatt le ( METRO) and the Corp s o f Enginee rs by the Col lege of Fi she ri e s , D epartment of Oceanography , and two oceanographic consul tant companie s , wi th the College as swning the lead role . The physical ci rcu lat i on and t ran sport of wat e r in El li ott Bay ha s been simulated , using a sca le-mode l of Puget Sound , and measured by drogues in the field. The wa ter quality parameters of t emperature , specific conductivi ty , pH , di ssolved oxygen and light t ran smi ssion were measured during the drogue studi e s . Prof i le s of

3 6

suspended particulates have been made from the results of analyses of water samples collected with the Battelle large-volume water sampler and with Niskin bottles during the drogue measurements. These samples, as well as plankton samples that have been collected near the spoils deposi tion site and at control stations, are being analyzed for trace metals. In addition, cores have been collected to determine the areal dispersion of the dredge material. I t is expected that the distribution of the dredged spoils from the disposal site at Four-Mile Rock can be determined from these data.

Author's Abstract

Pringle, B.H. , D.E. Hissong, E.L. Katz and S.T. Mulawka. 1968. Trace metal accumulation by estuarine mollusks. J. Sanit. Engng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Engrs., 94(SA3) : 455-475.

Mollusks in the natural estuarine environment appear to accumulate trace metals at different rates and attain tissue levels according to the environmental concentration of the particular metal , the tempera­ture, the species concerned, as well as the physiological activity of the animal itself.

Riley, J.P. and D.A. Segar. 1970. The distribution of the major and some minor elements in marine animals I. Echinoderms and Coelenterates. Marine Biological Association, U.K., Journal, 50: 721-730.

A scheme employing atomic absorption spectrophotometry, flame photometry and colorimetry has been developed for the determination of Ag, Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sn, Sr and Zn in marine animals. The distribution of these elements in 7 echinoderms and 2 coelenterates has been studied. Figures are presented for their concentrations in the dissected parts of Echinus esculentus, Spatangus purpureus and Asterias rubens. Trace metals are most strongly con­centrated in the digestive parts of the organisms, less so in the gonads, and least in the skeletal tissues. Of these metals z inc attains the highest concentration, in some instances copper, nickel, cadmium are also quite strongly concentrated.

Author's Abstract

Schell, W.R. Ongoing Research. Heavy Metal Analyses from Puget Sound Biota and Sediments. For, Environmental Protection Agency, .!..!!,: 1974 A Com­pendium of Current Environmental Studies in Puget Sound and Northwest Estuarine Waters.

37

Thi s contract requires the ana ly ses of approximately 3 5 samples of Puget Sound fi sh , plankton , anemone , sea cucumber and other bi ota and sediment for up t o 1 2 heavy element s . Samp les can cons i s t of a specie s sub- samp le such a s live r , vi scera , bone or musc le , and samp le s wi l l be analyzed by be st technique , ei ther neutron ac tivi t a ­tion ana lys i s o r atomic absorption spect ro scopy using both wet and dry ashing procedure s . All biota and sediment samp l e s are from Puget Sound wat ers in the gene ra l vicinity of the ASARCO Tacoma , Washing ton Copper Sme l ter but wi l l contain control samp l e s taken from the Colvo s Pas sage area of Puget Sound .

Author ' s Ab st ract

Sche l l , E . R . , A. Nevi s si , D . D . Hunt ame r , A.F . Johnson , T . A. Joke l a , R. B . King , R.T . Lus k , S . J . Olson , and C . E . Vick. 197 6 . Heavy me tal s in central Puget Sound. (Abst rac t) • .!.!!,: 19 7 5 Re search in Fi sheries , Annual Report on the Col lege of Fi sheries , University of Washington , C ontribution 444 , p . 3 6 .

Thi s prog ram i s part o f a general study t o e s tab l i sh base line va lue s for the amount s of lead , mercury , and other heavy me t a l s in the biota and waters of Lake Wa shing ton , Puget Sound and coa stal wa ters of Wa shingt on. Sources of heavy met a l s in aquatic envi ronmental are soil erosion , stream runoff , leaching from s oi l s and sedimen t s , and eff luent s that re sult from indust rialization and urbanization . Once the ba se line va lues for the heavy met a l s have been e s tabli she d , identificat i on o f their source--natural o r man-produce d--and knowledge of their pathway s through the ecosy s t em are nece s sary to fu l ly eva luate the ir impact on man and the envi ronment . The pa s t hi st ory of the int roduction and accumu lat ion of heavy me tal s in aquatic environment s may lead t o rati ona l cont rol o f heavy me t a l s in the future .

Shortened Author ' s Abst ract

Segar , D . A. , J . D . C o l lins and J . P . Ri ley . 197 1 . The distribution of the ma j or and some minor elements in marine anima l s II . Mo l lu sc s . Marine Bi ological As sociati on , U . K. , Journal , 5 1 : 13 1-13 6 .

A s tudy had been made o f the di s t ribut ion o f 6 ma j or and 13 trace element s in the she l l s and entire soft part s of 1 1 species of mo l lusc from the Iri sh Sea and in tho s e of one fre shwater specie s . Value s are a l s o pre sent ed for the occurrence of these element s in the variou s organ s of Pecten maximus and Modi olus modiolus . Al l the trace meta l s are cons iderably more enriched in the sof t parts o f the organi sms than in the marine envi ronmen t . The highe st concentration s of the se element s are found in the dige stive organ s and gi l l s , and the lowe st concentrations are found in the she l l s .

Author' s Ab st ract

3 8

Sherwood , M . J . 19 75 . Laborat ory experimen ts exposing Dover sole to con­t aminated sediment s . C oa st a l Wat er Re search Proj ect Annua l Report -19 7 5 , Sout hern C a lif orni a C oa s tal Water Re search Proj ect . pp . 41-42 .

S tudi e s were carried ou t to de termine i f fins from he althy D ove r sole are di rect ly damaged by cont act wi th contaminated bott om sedi ­ments . Thi s expe riment , which i s st i l l in progre s s , test s at lea st two of the pos sible causative agent s a s s ociated wi th contaminated sediment s , grain size and roughne s s and exte rnal exposure t o pe sticide s and trace me ta l s .

3 9

LIF E HISTORIES AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF INVERTEBRATES US ED IN THE STUDY

SHRIMP: Panda lu s j ordani , !:• borealis , !:· pl atyceros

Al len , J . A . 1959 . On the bi ology of Panda lu s borea li s Krpyer , wi th re fe rence to a popul ation off the Northumbe rland C oas t . Marine Bi ological As socia ­t i on , Journal . 3 8 : 189-220.

D ata on the di stributi on of Pandalus borea l i s have been brought up t o date , and the fact ors cont ro l l ing i t s di s t ribut i on ( tempe rature , salinity , substratum and depth) are di scu s sed. An acc ount of the biology of the popu lat ion of f the Northumbe rland coa s t i s given and compared wi th account s of work on other populat i on s . Knowl edge of the bi ology of thi s species now ext ends over the enti re no rth-south range in the eastern At lantic . Detai l s of the hi stology and deve lopment of the gonads are given , particularly wi th re spect t o the deve lopment of the ova and t o sex reve rsal . Sex change s in the gonad are considered in re lat ion t o change s in exte rna l form. The growt h rat e of the North Sea prawn i s de scri bed and compared wi th that of othe r populations .

Bar r , L. 19 7 0 . Ala ska fi shery res ource s--The shrimp s . U . S . Fi sh and Wi ldl i fe Service , Fi sheri e s Lea flet 63 1 , 10 pp .

The five commerci a l ly imp ort ant shrimp of Alaska be l ong to the fami ly Panda lidae ; the most important is the pink shrimp , Pandalus borea li s .

The comp licat ed life hi stori e s of the se shrimp are a l l simi lar. The shrimp deve lop first as ma les and after severa l years t ran s form into fema l e s , which they remain for the re s t of their live s .

The Alaska Department of Fi sh and Game and the Bureau of C onnnerci a l Fi sheri e s are studying shrimp . They are samp ling the commerci al catch , trying to improve the product , and conduc ting exp l orat ory fi shing and bi ological re search .

Shortened Author ' s Abst ract

Barr, L. 1 9 7 0 . Die l ve rtical migrat ion of Pandalus borea l i s in Kachemak Bay , Ala ska . Fi sheries Re search Board of Canada , Journa l . 27 : 669-676.

Catche s of Panda lus boreali s by surface-t o-bott om pot fi shing in Kachemak Bay , Ala ska , showed that thi s species wa s di s tributed in large numbers throughout the water column at night and suggested a di e l vertica l migrat ion . The shrimp apparent ly left the vicini ty of the bo ttom about du sk and re tu rned about dawn ; the apparent length of time they were off bott om wa s di rect ly re lated to the leng th of the night . Bottom trawling c l early showe d lower availabi lity of !:• borea lis on bott om at night than during the day . Catche s of shrimp by pot fi shing and t raw ling indicat ed that sma l l P . boreali s have a great er tendancy t o mig rat e ve rtical ly than the

-larger individua l s .

Author ' s Abstract

40

Butler, T. H. 1971. A revi ew of the bi ology of the pink shrimp, Pandalus boreali s Kr�yer 1838. Proc. Conference on the Canadi an shrimp fi shery , Canadian Fi sh. Reports No. 17. pp. 17-24.

I mportant and relevant papers on the bi ology of the species are revi ewed. Topi cs of major interest are: di stri buti on, ecology, age and growth, reproduction (sex change), spawni ng and hatching, fecundi ty, age at maturi ty, mi grati on feedi ng, and abundance related to temperature. Other mi nor, yet pertinent, i tems i nclude: taxonomy, length-wei ght relati onshi p, larval stages, and parasi tes. Some special emphasi s i s placed on studies i n the western Atlanti c Ocean.

Butler, T. H. 1970. Synopsi s of bi ologi cal data on the prawn Pandalus platyceros Brandt, 185 1. F. A. O. Fi sh. Report. 5 7(4): 1289.

Thi s synopsi s i ncludes such catagories as identi ty, di stri buti on, bi nomi cs and li fe hi story, populati on (stock), and exploi tati on of the shrimp Pandalus platyceros.

Butler, T. H. 1964. Growth, reproducti on , and distri buti on of pandali d shrimps in Briti sh Columbi a. Fi sheries Research Board of Canada, Journal. 21(6): 1403-145 2.

The ranges, habi tats, and corrnnerci al i mportance are descri bed for ni ne speci es of the family Pandalidae: Pandalopsi s di spar, Pandalus j ordani , f· boreali s, f· platyceros, f· hypsi notus, f· danae, f· montagui tridens, f· stenolepi s, f· goni urus. A key for their i denti fi ­cati on i s given. Over 27, 400 speci mens were sampled, usi ng trawl and trap gear, mostly from the Strai t of Georgi a. Pandalopsi s di spar i s a male at l� years, atta i ni ng a total length of 136 mm and body weight of 6 .5 g; at 30 months, i n the female phase, the length i s 16 9 rmn and weight 16 .3 g. Pandalus j ordani matures as a male, and to a lesser extent a female, at about 18 months, rea chi ng a length of 105 mm and wei ght of 3 . 8 g; at 2� years all are i n the female phase, averaging 118 mm i n total length and 5 . 8 g i n body wei ght. f· pla tyceros i s fi rst a male at l� years, attaini ng a length of 140 rmn and weight of 14. 2 g; most remai n as males for another year, and at 3� years the total length i s 180 mm and weight 35 . 5 g. Pandalus hypsi notus matures as a male , and to some extent as a female, at about l� years, at a total length of 124 mm a nd weight of 10. 3 g; at 30 months the length is 130 mm and weight 12. 7 g. Almost as many females as males of P. boreali s mature at l� years, atta i ni ng a length of 95 mm and weight �f 3. 2 g; at 30 months , i n the female phase, the length is 119 rrnn and weight 6.1 g. Pandalus danae matures fi rst as a male, and to some extent as a female, at l� years, reachi ng 88 mm i n length and 4.4 g; i n the female phase, at 2� years the length of 105 nnn and weight 8.5 g. Growth of f· montagui tridens, f· stenolepi s, and f· goni urus i s uncertai n, but all undergo sex change. Growth as related to habi tat and early maturi ng of females as related to geographic and bathymetri c ranges are di scussed.

Author' s Abstract

41

Chew , K. K. , J . W. We l l s , D . Hol land , D . H . McKenz ie and C . K. Harri s . 19 7 2 . January size frequency di stribut ion of Pandalops i s di spar and Panda lus pl atycero s trawled in Dabob Bay , Hood Cana l , Washing ton from 1966 t o 19 7 1 . ( Abstract ) . Proc . Nat i ona l Shel lfi sheri e s As soci at ion, Vo l . 62 : 2-3 .

The size frequency of both ma l e s and femal e s of Pandalops i s di spar and Panda lus pl atyceros wa s pre sented and di scu s sed. Even though samples we re taken during the same month each year , there we re wide variations in the annual di s tribut ions .

Only the leng th-weight re lat i onship of Panda lus pl atyce ros was pre sented . A s expected , the re lationship was i n the form of a curvi linear regres ­si on . After logari thmic tran sf ormat ion o f the length-weight data for covariance ana lys i s , the 19 66 , 19 69 , 1970 and 19 7 1 li ne s fol lowed a conmen s l ope , bu t posses sed unequal me ans and thus could not be repre sented by one cornnon line . No data were available for 19 67 and the s l ope for the 19 68 line wa s signi fi cantly di fferent from all other dat a .

I n addit ion, the bat hymet ric di st ribution for Pandalu s platyce ros wa s presented for the 19 70 and 19 7 1 dat a . By trawling at different dep ths and at di fferent time s of the day , we we re ab le t o de tennine the catch per unit of effo rt for the indivi dua l hau l s . Thi s speci es had a de fini te di el mig ration patt ern; they were mo s t numerou s at sha l low depths during the nighttime and at deep dep ths during the dayt ime .

Author ' s Ab stract

Chew , K.K. , D. Hol land , J . W. We l l s , D . H . McKenzie and C . K. Harri s . 1 9 7 4 . Depth , di stributi on , and size o f spot shrimp , Pandalus platyceros , t rawled in D abob Bay of Hood Cana l , Washing ton from 1966 t o 197 1 . Proc. Nat . She l l fi sheri e s As soc . 6 4: 28-3 2 .

The J anuary size frequency di s tribution of ma le and fema le spot shrimp (Panda lu s pl atyce ros) was presented and di scussed. The females revea led more variabi l i ty from year t o year . T here appeared t o be two size group s of fema les in s ome years . The ma le size di stribut ion wa s more cons i s tent .

The 19 66 , 1968 , 1969 , 19 70 and 19 7 1 spot shrimp length-we ight line s we re compare d and the simi l ari ties and di fferences from year t o year were shwon . Furthe r , it wa s shown that thi s species of shrimp may have a di e l migrat ion pat t e rn . Trawl hau ls for 1970 and 1971 reve aled they were found to be great est in numbers at sha l lowe r dep ths during t he night t ime and g reat e s t in numbe rs at deeper dep ths during the dayt ime .

Author ' s Ab strac t

42

Dahlst rom, W.A. 1970. Sy nopsis of biological data on t he ocean shrimp Pandalu s j ordani Rathbun, 1902. F .A.O. Fish. Rept. 57(4): 1377-1416.

This is a sy nopsi s of t he shrimp Pandalus j ordani followi ng the F .A.O. sy nopsi s outline which consi sts of the major catagories (1) Ident ity , (2) Di stribution , (3) Bi nomics and Life History , (4) Population (stock) , ( 5) Exploitation, and (6) Protection and Management.

Dow , R.L. 1973. F luctuations in marine species abundance during climactic cycles. Mar. Technol. Soc. J. 7(4): 38-42.

Peri odi c abundance flucuations of major commercial speci es (Homaru s ameri canu s , Placopecten magellanicus , Mya arenaria , Mercenaria mercenari a , Crassostrea virginica , Glycera dibranchiata , Nereis vi rens , Pandalu s borealis) are i denti fied with sea surface temperature changes associ ated wi th climactic cycles.

Fox , W.W. , Jr. 1972. Dy namics of exploited pandali d shrimps and an evalua­ti on of management models. Ph.D. Thesi s , University of Washington , College of Fi sheries. 193 pp.

The purpose of this study i s to gai n some underst andi ng of the response to exploi tati on of a populati on with t he life hi st ory characteristics of pandalid shrimps. To thi s end, first a review of the known life hi story characteristics of pandalid shrimps , their fisheries , and current management strategi es i s presented. Secondly , a review of traditional management models is presented and a simulation model is developed. Traditional management models and strategies are then evaluated utilizing data from the Kodiak pink shrimp fi shery and the si mulation model.

Shortened Author ' s Introduction

Fox , W.W. , Jr. 1972. Shrimp resources of the northeastern Paci fi c Ocean. In: D.H. Rosenberg (ed.) , A review of the oceanography and renewable resources of the northeastern Gulf of Alaska. Secti on 15 , Inst. Mar. Sci . , Univ. of Alaska , 26 pp.

This report concerns i tself wi t h the di stri but ion of commercially important shrimp , thei r habi tats and biology. The present exploit ation is descri bed along wi th management of the shrimp fisheries.

Gotshall, D.W. 1972. Population siz e , mortality rates, and growth rates of northern Cali fornia ocean shrimp, Pandalus j ordani , 1965 through 1968. Californi a Department Fish and Game , Fisheries Bulleti n , 155.

43

Sea surveys were ini tiated in the sp ring of 1965 to obtain estimat e s of popu lat i on size , morta l i ty rate s , and growth rates o f the nor the rn Californi a ocean shrimp popul ation . From March 1965 through Sep tember 1 9 6 8 , nine survey s we re conducted in a 27 0-square-mi le area from off Mad River , C alifornia , north t o Smi th Rive r , Cali forni a . Four survey s were conducted in the 105-square-mi le area off southe rn Oregon du ring 19 67 and 1968 . Estimat e s of the Calif orni a populat i on ranged from a low of 2 . 2 mi llion pound s in the f a l l of 1966 to a high of 8. 1 mi llion pounds in the fall of 19 67 .

Survival ra te s , de rived from nat ural mort ality rat e s for ocean shrimp during their second winter of life , for the 1964 and 1965 year classe s were 0 . 68 and 0 . 5 5 , re spective ly . Lowe s t surviva l rates we re obt ained from the 1963 and 1964 year cla s se s during their third winter of life . The highe st fi shing mortality rat e s were ob served for shrimp during their third summer in the fi shery . Survey data indi cate a re lationship be tween annual fi shing mortality rates and t otal trawling hour s expended by shrimp fi shermen . Limited dat a sugge s t a re lationship a l s o exi s t s be tween the number of spawne rs and 1-year-o ld recrui t s a s we l l a s the exi stence of a density dependent re lationship between population size and surviva l of the incoming year clas s .

Shortened Author ' s Ab stract

Hayne s , E . B . and R. Wig ley. 19 69 . Bi ology of the northe rn shrimp , Panda lus borea li s , in the Gu l f of Maine . T rans . Ame r. Fi sh. Soc . 98( 1 ) : 60-76 .

Northe rn shrimp from off shore waters in the Gu lf of Maine we re studied to determine their occurrence and t o learn some ma j o r feature s of their life hi story . The area samp led ext ends f rom Nova Scotia , Canada , t o Long I s land , New York . Northern shrimp were found on ly in the we stern port ion of the Gu lf of Maine , where they were pre sent th roughout the year , and at two i s olated localities southe a s t of Nova Scotia . Abundance wa s highe st in moderat e depths in the vicini ty of Jeffrys and C a she s Ledge s and s outheast of Mount Desert I s land , Maine , and lowe s t in the deeper , off shore areas in the we s t-cent ral part of the Gu l f . High wa ter temperature s appe ar to limi t the southward exten­si on of thi s speci e s off New Eng land. Wi thin the Gu lf of Maine thi s sh rimp occurs on fine-g rained bott om sediment s , such as clay , si l ly sand , and g l aci al ti ll , which contain re lative ly large amount s of organic mat t er. Average l�fe span i s abou t 3� ye ars and may extend to � ye ars for a smal l port i on of the populat i on . Northern shrimp are protandric he rmaphrodi te s , func ti oning first a s ma le s . Spawning i s in Augus t and Septembe r . Mos t of the shrimp spawn on ly once as fema le s--about 20'/o at 2� year s of age , 70'/o at 3 � years , and 10% at � years. The egg s remain attached to the pl eopods for about 6 months and hatch in the spring ( March and April) . Egg-bearing fema �e s migrate from the deeper ( off shore) waters to sha l l ow ( inshore ) areas during the matu rati on period . I t i s the egg-be aring femal e s , whi ch are con­centrated near the mouths of estuaries and other near-shore areas ,

44

that make up the bulk of the commercial catch. The number of eggs per clutch increases wi th shrimp size and averag es 2, 400 (range, 800 to 3, 400). Length-weig ht relations are similar for males and nonovig erous females; ovigerous females are about 1. 4 g heavier for any given length than the nonovig erous ones. Growth rate of the Gulf of Maine population is faster at ages of 2 years and older than that of any other population of this species reported to date.

Author ' s Abstract

I vanov, B.G. 1972. The geographical distribution of the northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis Kr. (Crustacea Decapoda). Proc. National Shell­fisheries Association, Vol. 62: 9-14.

Pandalus borealis is an amphiboreal species of Pacific origin. Water current and distribution patterns of the shrimp are similar in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. f· borealis abounds at many different depths and temperatures throughout its range which suggests that these factors are of minor importance. The structure of water masses and presence of muddy substrates are of major importance in concen­trating the species. High temperatures in southern waters limit distribu­tion possibly by hyperaccelerating sexual development. Pandalid shrimps are protandric and this condition seems to prohibit their inhabiting shallow, tropical waters. Populations show different reproductive capacities by areas and are mapped.

Author's Abstract

I vanov, B. G. 1969. The biolog y and distribution of the northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis Kr.) in the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. F .A.O. Fi sh Rept. 5 7(3): 799-810.

E xplorations in the North Pacific in recent years have revealed con­siderable stocks of Pandalus borealis Kroyer in the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. Studies on size composition show that the shrimp catches are mostly made up of specimens aged between l� and 5� years; a few survive to 6� years. Size at first maturity (as males), at sex-change and at second maturity (as females) was also studied. The strength of different year-classes can be largely explained from the character of the first winter after hatching and the abundance of the parent year-classes.

Three ecological zones are recognizable within the area considered. Large concentrations of shrimps tend to form in the zone of inter­actions of t wo water masses rather than in waters of a particular temperature. Local circulations due to islands and bays help to prevent the dispersal of larvae to unfavourable areas.

Author' s Abstract

45

Pearcy , W . G . 19 7 2 . D i s t ribution and di e l change s in the behavior of pink shrimp , P andalus j o rdani , of f Oregon . Proc . Nat ional She l l f i she rie s As sociation , Vo l . 62 : 15-20 .

Beam t rawl catche s of pink shrimp (Panda lu s jo rdani) during the day ­t ime a lway s exceeded cat che s at night at the same station during two cruises in 1969 and 197 0 . Diel di fference s a l s o occurred in the size composit ion of shrimp . Female s larger than 20 mm carapace leng th composed a larger pe rcentage of the night than the day cat che s . The proportion of ma le s , on the other hand , decreased in beam trawl s made after dark. Thu s , ma le s showed a great er tendency t o migrate off the bo tt om at night than fema le s .

Mig ratory behavior wa s further substantiated by the fact that shrimp we re caught in a l l of the mi dwater t rawl co llection s during the night ­t ime but in none of the dayt ime coll ection s .

An underwater camera wa s used t o photograph shrimp at a station of f C ape Foulweathe r in 197 1 . In gene ral , both photographs and beam trawl catche s indicat ed a �igh density of sma l l shrimp , averaging 7 t o 15 individua l s pe r m •

The re sul t s of p l ankton net t ows in Apri l suggested that postlarva l shrimp were mo st abundant near the bottom.

Author ' s Ab stract

Pea rcy , W . G . 19 70. Ve rtical mi gration of the ocean shrimp Panda lus j ordani : A feeding an d di spersal mechan i sm. C alifornia Fi sh and Game , 56( 2 ) : 125-129 .

Ocean shrimp , mainly immature ma le s , were common in night time mi dwater trawl collections off Oregon . They were captured every month of the year except May and June . Annual cat che s varied great ly at the same stat ions during 7 years .

Shrimp caught in mi dwater at night were foraging on euphausiids and copepods . The st omachs of sh rimp caught in bot tom trawl s , on the othe r hand , contained bentho s , bu t no identi fiable pe lagic anima l s . Be side s being re lated t o fee ding behavi or , ve rtical migration may enhance di sp ersal of shrimp .

Author ' s Ab stract

Robinson , J . R. 197 1 . The di st ribution and abundance of pink shrimp ( Pandalus j ordani ) off Oregon . Fi sh C orrnni s sion of Oregon , Investigat ion Report . No . 8 . 48 pp .

46

The ob j e ctive s of thi s study were t o obtain e stimate s of the standing crop and de fine di stribution of pink shrimp off Oregon . We hope d t o obt ain these e s timat e s wi thin a short enough time span t o minimize pos sible bi ases from morta l i ty and migrat ion wi thin and between shrimp concentrations . We al so hoped to ob tain a seri e s of e stimat es , sea sona l ly , t o record changes in di stribut i on/ abundance wi th t ime .

Other ob j ective s were e s timate s of age and sex composition geog ra­phical ly and seas ona l ly , and fecundi ty and time of sp awning .

Our last ob j ective wa s t o corre late di stribut ion and abundance of shrimp wi th dep th and the type of bottom sedimen t . Sy stemat i c studies of the type of sediment on which shrimp are found were lacking even though the literature i s fu l l of reference s as s ociat ing shrimp wi th green mud and sand s t rat a .

Shortened Author ' s Int roduction

Ronholt , L . L . 19 63 . D i s t ribution and re lat ive abundance of corrnne rci a l ly important Panda lid shrimp s in the NE P aci fic Ocean . U . S . Department of the Interior , Fi sh and Wi ldlife Service , Special Scient i fi c Report . Fi sherie s No. 449 . 28 pp.

Dat a re su lting from exp l oratory fi shing on 18 cruises of the Bureau of Commercial Fi sheries explorat ory fi shing ve ssel J ohn N . Cobb from 1950-60 were analyzed t o de termine the average catch of ;hrimp per uni t of effort and per 10-fathom dep th interval in each of four areas : Oregon and Washing ton ; Sou thea stern Ala ska , Cent ral Ala ska , and Ala ska Peninsula . The five speci e s of shrimp enc ount ered we re : Panda lu s jordani , �· boreali s , �· hypsinotus , �· pl atycero s , and Pandalops i s di spar. Gul f of Mexi co shrimp t rawl s and We s t Coast beam t rawl s we re the maj o r gear used during the exp lorat i ons .

Author' s Ab stract

Tegelbe rg , H . C . and H. M . Smith. 1957 . Observat ions on the di s t ribut ion and bi ology of the pink shrimp ( P anda lus j ordani) off the Washingt on coast . Wa shing t on Department of Fi sheri e s , Fi sheries Re search P ape r , 2 ( 1) : 25-3 4 .

Exp lorat ory fi shing o f f the Washing ton coast by the J ohn N . C obb in Oct obe r-November 1955 and March-Apri l 1956 reveal;a--t"h; p�nce of connnerci al quanti ties of pink shrimp , Pandalus j ordani . The bet ter catche s were made in dep ths of 60 to 85 fathoms , extending from southwest of Grays Harbor t o the Quee t s River.

47

Mea surement s and t he sex of 4 , 828 shrimp from t he au twnn sample s and 4 , 464 shrimp from t he spring samp le s we re determined. Two size­groups were prominent in the autumn and t hree in the spring . Including t he newly hat ched group , at least four year-classes were in the wa te r in Apri l .

In t he au tumn , 3 7% of the female s we re egg-bearing as compare d wi t h 18% i n t he spring , bu t after Apri l 16 the egg-bearing females di sappeared from t he catch. T he average number of whole shrimp per pound vari e d from 100 to 1 6 6 in the autumn samples and from 9 6 t o 2 1 4 i n the spring samp l e s . Althoug h variations in size of t he shrimp in indivi dual drags were signi ficant , no consis tent di ffe rence s were evident by depth or by geographi cal area.

Modi fie d Aut hor' s Summary

48

CLAMS : Vene rupi s japonica , Prot otheca staminea

E l l i frit , N . , M . S . Yoshinaka and D. W . Coon. 1973 . S ome observations of c l am di stribut ion at four si te s on Hood C anal , Washington. (Abstract) . Proc . Nationa l Shellfi sheries Associat i on , Vol . 63 : 7 .

Personnel of the Bureau of Sport Fi sheri e s and Wi ldlife , Divi sion of River Basin Studie s , conduc ted a s tudy of intert idal she l lfi sh populat i ons at 4 si t e s on Hood Canal in March and Apri l , 1 9 7 2 . The purpose of the study wa s to determine whether bulkheads and att endant fi l l in the upper int ert i dal leve l s have an effect upon she l l f i sh .

Samples were col lected along 4 tran sect s pe rpendi cular to the shore line at each si te . Two transec t s were located in front of a bulkhead and 2 on an adj acent na tura l beach . Sampling st ati ons were l ocated �t 10 ft interva l s on the t ran sect s . A samp le of sub strat e � m and approximately 8 in deep t aken at each stat i on wa s sorted through 1 in and � in me sh screens , and a l l c lams were save d for classi ficat i on and mea surement .

At 3 of the sites more than twi ce a s many clams we re found on natura l be ache s than on bulkheaded beache s . There wa s signi fi cant di fference be tween bu lkheaded and natura l beaches at 2 s i t e s in number of Japane se litt leneck c l ams , Vene rupi s japonica , found in the upper intertidal area . There wa s a l so a ' trend t oward diff erence s in size and di stributi on. C lams inhabi ting l ower inte rtidal leve l s did not seem t o be affected by bulkheads .

Seve ral hypothe se s for the di fference s were propo sed . The mo st probab le exp l ana tion is the change in current pat terns a s sociated with bu lkheads which re su l t in le s s favorab le condit i ons for set t ling and surviva l of c lam la rvae . The se condi tion s a l s o may cause a re duction in avai labi l i ty of nutrient s and food .

Author' s Abst ract

Goodwin , C . L . 1973 . Di st ribution and abundance of subtidal hardshe l l clams in Puget S ound , Washing ton . Washing t on Depar tment o f Fi sherie s , Tech. Rep . No . 14. 81 PP •

Thi s study wa s conducted because of the increasing importance of hard-she l l clams to sport and corrme rcial intere s t s in Puget Sound . The field work wa s completed be tween July 1967 and the fa l l of 197 1 . Included in the report are finding s of extensive diver survey s of stocks of subtidal hard-she l l clams in Puget Sound. The re lat i onship be tween abundance and seve ra l environmenta l factors i s di scus sed. The meri t s of two type s of connnercial clam harveste rs are also included.

49

He rnnann , R . B . 1973 . C l am di stri but i on and abundance in Grays Harbor as re l at e d to enviromnen tal factors . (Abstrac t ) . Proc . Nat i ona l She l lf i sheri e s As sociat i on , Vo l . 67 : 7 .

From 19 67-69 surveys were conducted in Grays Harbor t o de tennine the di st ri but i on and abundance of nat ive and int roduced c lams . Nine specie s inc luding 4 soft she l l-type and 5 hardshe l l-type c lams occu r in the bay . The s o f t she l l c l am s , e speci a l ly Mya arenaria , are t he mo s t nume rous and have the wi de st d i s tribution , occurring f r om wi thin a mi l e of the bay mouth eastwa rd to the mouth of the Cheha l i s River at Hoqui am. The hardshe l l-t ype c lams occu r mo s t ly in the we stern port i on of the bay . C linocarditnn nut t a l li ha s the widest di s t ributi on in thi s group , occurring from the mouth of the bay ea st to Johns River and Neds Rock .

C lam di s t ri but i on s are di scu s s e d in re l a t i on to sea sona l leve l s o f sa lini ty and pulp mi l l eff luent s . Persi stent condit i ons of low s a li ni t i e s throughout mo st of the bay in c o l oni z at i on of great er porti ons of the bay by hardshe l l c l ams . Stmnner pulp e f f luent leve l s have ha d li tt le apparent e f fect on the co loni z at i on o f soft she l l t ype c l am s in the ea stern bay area s , where highe st l eve l s occu r .

Author ' s Ab st ract

H o l l an d , D . A. and K . K . Chew. 19 7 4 . Reproductive cyc le of the Mani la c lam ( Venerupi s j aponica) from Hood Cana l , Washington. Proc . Nat i ona l She l l f i sherie s As sociat i on , Vol . 64: 53 -58.

Sea s ona l gonadal change s were obs e rve d hi s t o l og i ca l ly in samp le s o f t he Mani l a c l am (Vene rupi s j aponic a , De shaye s ) c o l lected from Mi sery Point and Big Bee f Harbor in Hood C ana l , Washington be tween Oct ober 1970 and November 197 1 . Wi t h few excep t i ons , ri pe c lams first appeared in May-June and mo s t active spawning occu rre d in Ju ly . Spawning wa s nea r ly comp leted in Octobe r . Sexua l matura t i on began at a she l l length of 5 nm and spawning at 20 rrnn and ove r .

Au thor ' s Abst ract

Hought on , J . P . 1973 . T he intert i da l e co l ogy of Kiket I s land , Wa shing t on , with empha s i s on age and growth of Pro t otheca staminea and Saxi domus giganteu s ( Lame l l ibranchi a : Veneri dae ) . Ph. D . The s i s , Unive r s i ty of Wa shing t on , C o l l ege of F i she ri e s , Se.a t t le . 179 p p .

I n thi s s tudy an e f f o r t wa s made to describe base l ine condi ti ons wi thin the exi st ing int ertidal communi t i e s of Kiket I s land . The primary obj ective s were : ( 1) e s t ab l i shment of a s comp l e t e a speci e s l i st o f the intert i da l macrof l ora and macrof auna o f the I s land as p o s s ible ; ( 2 ) qua l i ta t ive and quan t i t a t ive de scrip t i on of the abundance and di st ribu t i on of these mac ro.organi sms and sea sona l

50

variations therein; (3 ) invest igat ion of the age and growth character­ist ics of the nat ive litt leneck clam (Prototheca st aminea) at various locations about the Island. The secondary objectives were: (1 ) collection of ecological dat a on invertebrat e species found; (2) est imat ion of age and growth charact eristics of edible bivalves less abundant t han P . staminea, and (3 ) comparison of z onat ion patt erns at Ki ket !;land wi th those reported in t he li terature for ot her East ern Pacific areas.

Author's Int roduct ion

Nosho, T.Y. 1971 . The sett ing and growt h of the Manila clam, Venerupis j aponica (Deshayes), in Hood Canal, Washingt on. M.S . Thesis, University of Washington, College of Fisheries. 67 pp.

Spat collect ors cont aining seven artificial subst ratum types were inst alled at two stations in Hood Canal, Washington : Big Beef Harbor and Point Whitney. Replicated Lat in square arrays of t he t reatment s were used t o det ermine optimal substrattnn t ypes in relat i on to sett ing and growth of spats. Addit ional collectors were installed in separated rows and collect ed at the end of each mont h from July through November, 1 969, and from June through September, 1970, t o secure informat ion on recruitment and growth. Results disclose that setting density at Big Beef Harbor was about t en times over that at Point Whitney, which probably reflects differences in tidal height of the plots. Differences between treat ments in relation t o number and size (shell length) were not noticeable. Setting occurred each month during t he sampling period July through November. Major spatfall occurred from June t o Oct ober. At Big Beef Harbor, mean shell length increased from 2.5 nun in November, 1969, t o about 22 nun in September, 1970. The influence of currents on setting and its implications in this experiment are discussed.

Population · surveys were conducted at t hree beaches (the two afore­mentioned plus Fisherman Harbor) by means of sampling grids. Clams were aged by delineat ing year classes. Sigmoid growt h estimat es at four age st ages were obtained by following growt h of late sets in spat collectors and the shifting of modes within year classes. In Hood Canal, y. japonica exhibits good growt h, attaining an average maximum length of 50 nun . An estimate of the mean length for each age stage is as follows: 24 nun after one year, 36 nm after t wo years, 40 mm after three years, and 44 mm after four years.

Aut hor's Abstract

51

No sho , T . Y . and K.K. Chew . 19 7 2 . The sett ing and growth of Mani l a c l am , Vene rupi s japonic a ( De shaye s ) , in Hood Cana l , Washingt on . P roc . Na t i ona l She l lfi she rie s As soc iat ion , Vo l . 6 2 : 50-58.

C o l lectors containing seven arti ficial sub s t ratum type s appeared to catch the spat of Vene rupi s j aponica equa l ly we l l a t two s tudy a re a s : Big Beef Harbor and P oint Whitney . The den s ity of c l am se t at Bi g Bee f Harbor , the primary study area , wa s signi f i can t ly higher than that at Point Whi tney . The p robable cause s for thi s difference are pre sen te d . Big Beef Harbor s amp le s were taken at t he p lus 2 . 0-2 . 5 foot t i de leve l whi l e those at Point Whitney we re taken at abou t the p lu s 5 . 0 f o ot leve l . The ma j or peri od o f spawni ng occu rre d from May through Septembe r . Spa t fa l l wa s heavi e s t from June through Oct ober.

Length f requency di s t ribu t i ons of popu l a tions at three beache s ( the two af orement i oned p lu s Fi sherman Harbor) were used t o e s t imat e g rowt h and f our age s tage s . The mean length a t annual age inc rement s, wa s a s f o l lows : 24 mm a f te r one yea r , 3 6 mm a f t e r two years , 40 mm after three years and 44 mm af t e r f our yea r s .

Autho r ' s Ab st ract

Ohba , S. 1959 . Ecologica l studi e s in the natu ral popu l a t i on of a c lam , T ape s japonica , wit h specie s re ference t o sea sona l variat i on in the size and s t ructure of p o pu l at i on and t o individua l growth . Bio l . J . Ukayama Univer s i ty . , 5 ( � ) : 13-42 .

The p re s ent study dea l s wi th the natu ra l popu l a t i on of the c l am , T ape s J aponi c a , one of t he main foodshe l l s in J apane se waters . There are many reports on this she l l , e special ly from the st andpoint of c omme rcia l fi she rie s , mo rpho logy , taxonomy , or au toeco l ogy . Howeve r , eco l ogical . analy s i s of the popu l at i on of thi s c l am in its natura l habi tat s ha s been l e ft rather obscure , theref ore thi s report . Some re su l t s in the pre sent s tudy may be app lied t o othe r popu la t i ons in di ffe rent locali tie s , if a dequate c on s i derat i on i s t aken of envi romnental fact ors , becau se di ff erences in popu l a t i on characters are me re ly quanti tat ive in many c a se s .

Pau l , A. J . and H . M . Feder. 1973 . Growt h , re c rui tment , and di s t ribu t i on of t he l i tt l eneck c l am , Prot otheca s t aminea , in Galena Bay , P rince Wi l l i am S ound , Ala ska . U. S . Nat i ona l Marine Fi she ri es Service Bu l le t in , 7 1 (3 ) : 665-67 7 .

S pecimens of the l i t t leneck c lam , P rot otheca st aminea , were c o l lected in Ga lena Bay , P rince Wi l li am Sound , Ala ska , during the summe r months of 1971 for a study o f re c ru i tment , growt h , and di stri but i on .

52

The average siz e of E· staminea in Galena Bay at the end of the first growing season is approximately 2 nnn in length. At any given age, littleneck clams from Galena Bay are smaller than those from British Columbia. I n Galena Bay 8 yr are needed for P. staminea to reach a length of 30 nnn as compared to 3 yr for i�dividuals from British Columbia.

In Galena Bay the intertidal distribution of E· staminea generally follows a bell-shaped curve wi th upper and lower extremes occurring between the tidal heights of +0.73 and -0.76 m. The young-of-the-year are essentially epifaunal, and the majority of the specimens of all age classes are found with 4 cm of the sediment surface.

The number of individuals surviving annual recruitment into the populations studied was variable.

Author ' s Abstract

Quayle, D.B. 1964. Distribution of introduced marine Mollusca in British Columbia waters. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Journal, 21(5) : 115-1181.

The distribution of a number of species of lamellibranchs and gastropods that have been introduced into British Columbia waters largely as a result of oyster cultural operations is discussed. The dispersal routes and barriers are indicated in relation to known hydrographic conditions and circulation patterns. The problems of spawning, larval movements, metamorphosis, and spat survival are examined.

The introduced species that are discussed are Crassostrea gigas, Mya arenaria, Venerupis j aponica, Ocenebra j aponica, Teredo navalis, Nassarius obsoletus, P urpura clavigera, Urosulpinx cinerea , and Batillaria cumingi.

Author' s Abstract

Quayle, D.B. and N. Bourne. 1972. The clam fisheries of British Columbia. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin, 179: 1-70.

Annual clam landings in British Columbia are not extensive, but the fishery is important to many communities along the coast. Since 1900, landings have fluctuated from under 1 million lb to a high of about 8 million lb in 1938; the value has varied from $ 10, 000 to $ 220 , 000. In recent years landings have declined.

53

F our clam species are expl oi ted commerci a l ly . The butter clam ( Saxi domus giganteus) is the mo st imp ortant and mo st re search ha s been done on thi s specie s . The bi ology i s de scribed in some de tai l and serve s as a mode l of the life hi st ory of the other sp eci e s . Fi shery methods de scribed inc lude standard fork digging as we l l as newer type s of mechanical digging and their appli cabi l i ty to Bri ti sh Co lumbia clam beache s . Product ivi ty of clam beds i s di scus sed and estimate s of annual sustained yi e l ds are given . The hi st ory of the fi shery , the uses to whi ch cl ams are put , clam farming possibi l i tie s , and regu lati ons are also di scussed.

Two species of litt leneck cl ams , the nat ive (Protothaca staminea) and the exotic Mani la (Venerupis japonica) , are di scussed. These occur in .habi tat s s l ight ly di fferent from the but ter clam and f rom each othe r. The fi sheries for the two speci es are simi lar and are centere d mainly in the Strai t of Georgi a . Both specie s are used fresh for steaming and enter the Uni ted States Paci fic c oas t marke t .

The fourth commerci al specie s is the razor clam ( Si l igua patula) , that occurs on ly on surf-swept open sand beache s in contrast t o the protected sand-grave l habi tat o f the other three speci e s . A different digging techni que i s re qui red since each clam is dug individua lly . The on ly connnercial population i s near Masset in the Queen Charlotte I s lands .

Other species wi th future potent ial such as the cockl e ( C l inocardium nutt al li) , horse clam ( Tresus capax) , sof t-she ll clam (� arenaria) , bay mu ssel (Myti lus edulis) , and sea mus s el (Myti lus calif 9rnianus) , are mentione d bri efly .

Re sults o f 1 9 6 0 and 1961 survey s to a s s e s s deepwater clam re source s in Bri tish Columbia are presen ted. These survey s contributed extensive ly to our knowledge of the di s t ribution and occu rrence of shall ow-wat er invertebrates , but point ed out that no commerci al quantit ies of deepwat er clams occur in Bri tish Columbi a.

The p otential of the industry in British Co lumbia i s menti oned.

Author ' s Abstrac t

5 4

MUSSEL: Mytilus edulis

Black, R. 1973. Growth rate of intertidal molluscs as indicators of unexpected incidents of pollution. Fisheries Research �oard of C anada, Journal. 30(9): 1385-1388.

S hells of living mollusks contain a record of previous growth rate in the time interval between check marks is known. The check marks of Mytilus edulis and Littorina littorea are probably annual marks. Growt h rates of t!• edulis in 1969, the year of significan t elemental pollution at Long Harbour, Newfoundland, were no different from those in preceeding or succeeding years. This sort of analysis provides a method of examining nonlethal effects of unexpected polluting events. The method must be used with caution because the effects of pollutan ts may be confused with effects of other variables.

Author's Abstract

Ross, J.R.P. and D. Goodman. 1974. Vertical intertidal distribution of Mytilus edulis. Velinger, 16(4) : 388-395.

Examination of ecological stresses on Mytilus edulis populations in a protected intertidal zone at Point Atkinson, British C olumbi a (C anada), shows that several factors affect part of the vertical distribution. Adult specimens survived when transplanted 0.3 m above the highest natural occurrence of the species. This suggests that successful spat settlemen t and survival of developing mussels control the upper limit of the species. The lower limit of M. edulis relates to a gradual increase in predation pressure bY starfish, particularly Pisaster ochraceous, which is controlled by duration of intertidal subnergence and number of predators. The competitive exclusion principle is inoperative between Mytilus edulis and Balanus glandula because a large proportion of the intertidal area is cleared of both t!• edulis and �· glandula by the abrasive action of logs during autumn and winter storms.

Shortened Author1 s Abstract

S eed, R. 1969. The ecology of Mytilus edulis L. (Lamel li branchiata) on exposed rocky shores, I . Breeding and settlement. Oecologia , 3: 277-316.

The population structure and apparen tly erratic distribution patterns exhibited by t!• edulis on many open exposed coasts, are discussed in the light of findings rel ating to the breeding and settlement of this species. In the absence of previous literature concerning open coast mussels, the reproductive cycle has been described

55

in some de tai l . The se mu s s e l s do cont ri bute to the spawning stock , and in the three years from October 1964 - December 1967 , the pe riod of spawning was shown to be particul arly extended. Spawning occurred mainly from ear ly spring to late summer , though indivi duals could be found in the spawning condi tion more or le s s throughout the year. No marked or cons is tent di fference s in the spawning periods of mu s se l s from di fferent loca l habi tat s or among s t anima l s o f di fferent s i z e (=age) were recorde d. Sexual maturity wa s at tained in the first year of li fe.

Modi fied Author' s Sunnnary

Seed , R. 1969 . The ecology of Myt i lus edu l i s L. ( Lamel libranchi at a ) on exposed rocky shore s , II . Growt h and mortality. Oecologia , 3 : 3 17-3 50 .

Growth studies i n Myt i lus edu l i s L. have shown that rat es vary consi derably according to age , size , and environmenta l conditions . Thi s may in part be att ributed to i t s se s s i le habi t being unable to move away from the variable external condi ti ons.

Growt h is particu lar ly sea s ona l , litt le or none occurring during the wint er. Growth rate s varied cons iderably wi th a vari ety of envi ronmental fact ors ( both bi ot i c and physical) and some of the se are di scu s s ed. Vari able indivi dual growth rate s , together wi th s low growth of the maj ori ty of animals in mi xed popu lations , are perhap s the maj or factors in producing popul ati on st ructures typical of thi s speci es on open shore s.

Modi fied Author ' s Summary

Thomp s on , R. J. and B. L. Bayne. 19 7 4 . Some relat i onships between g rowth, metabol i sm , and food in the mus s e l Myt i lus eduli s. Marine Bi ology , 2 7 : 3 17-3 2 6 .

Measuremen ts o f ingested rat ion , assimi late d rat i on , and me tabo lic rat e in Myt i lus edulis L. of di fferent s i z e s have been integrated to provide an e s timate of energy ba lance , whi ch in turn de scribe s the physiol ogical state of the animal . These dat a a l l ow the empirical de termination of growth efficiency and rat ion. Growt h efficiency inc rea ses hyperbolically wi th increas ing ingested rati on to reach a maximum , after whi ch effi ciency decreases as rat ion i s further increa sed. The optimum rati on for efficient growth increa ses wi th increas ing weight of the mu s s e l ; maximum growth eff iciency decreases wi th increasing body weight.

Author' s Ab stract

56

LIFE HISTORIE S AND DISTRIBlITI ONS OF FINFISH USE D IN THE STUDY

Alverson, D .L. 1960. A study of annual and seasonal bathymetric catch patterns for corrrnercially important groundfishes of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission , Bulletin 4 . 66 pp.

Migrations of the corranercially important groundfishes exploited along the Pacific Coast have been reported on by various investigators. The discussions, however , are generally confined to lateral movements defined by the results of tagging studies. Vertical migrations are only occasionally encountered in the literature. The Washington D epartment of Fisheries ini tiated a new sy stem in 1953 designed to collect information on the geographic and the bathymetric origin of trawl-caught fishes. The system provides the needed information for analyses of catch trends and movements of bottom fish.

These data have been examined for the period 1955 through 195 7 to evaluate: (1) annual and seasonal depth-catch ranges of important trawl-caught fishes; (2) timing, amplitude, and direction of indicated seasonal bathymetric movements; and (3) effects seasonal depth migrations have on the availability of groundfish to the commercial fishery.

Five Pleuronectids - English sole (Parophrys vetulus) , Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus), petrale sole (Eopsetta j ordani), starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), and rock sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata) - and four roundfish - true cod (Gadus macrocephalus), lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), and Pacific ocean perch (Sebastodes alutus) - are included in the study.

Modified Author' s Introduction

Forrester, C.R. 1969. Life history information on some groundfish species. Fisheries Research Board of Canada , Technical Report. 105 , 17 pp.

This paper contains an extensive bibliography and consolidates much of the available information on the life histories of some speci es of groundfish. The information on each species is not comp let e. The manuscript does not pretend to be definitive and should be considered as only a preliminary swnmary of the biological information available on the groundf ish species and their fishery. Those groundfish covered are: English sole, rock sole, petrale sole , butter sole, lingcod and pacific cod.

57

Harry , G . Y. , J r . 1959 . Time of spawning , length at maturity , and fecundity of the Eng li sh , pe trale and Dover sole ( Parophrys ve tu lu s , Eopse tta j ordani and Microst omus pacificu s , re spe ctive ly) . Oregon Fi sh C ommi s sion Re search Brie f s . 7 ( 1 ) : 5-13 .

As part of the otter-t rawl marke t samp ling program for bott om fish, begun in the winter of 1947-48 at Astoria , Oregon , informat ion was gathe red on the time of spawning , length at mat urity , and fecundi ty of the Eng li sh (P arophrys ve tulus) , pe tra le ( Eopsetta j ordani) , and Dover sole s ( Micro stomus pacificus) . Samples we re taken from market de live ries after the smal l f i sh had been cu l led out at sea , leaving mo s t ly fi sh larger than the gene ra lly accepted market minimum size . ( Eng lish sole 13 inche s , pet rale 14 inche s , and Dover 14 inche s . ) Total leng ths were t aken on a cradle-type mea suring board to the neare st one-ha lf centimete r .

Hong skul , V . 19 7 5 . Fi sheries Dynamic s of the Northeastern P acific Groundfish Re s ources . Ph . D . The s i s , Unive rsi ty of Wa shington , Col lege of Fi sheries , Seat t l e , Washing ton . 284 pp .

The deve lopmen t and production of the otter-t rawl fi sherie s , both dome stic and foreign , in the nort heastern Paci fic Ocean since 1906 were revi ewed. The current knowl edge on the bi ology and population dynami cs of the ma j or groundfi sh species exploited by the se fi sheries was also summarized.

Using the catch and eff ort stati stics of the Washington coastal t rawlers , the indi ce s of re lat ive apparent abundance of ma j or g roundf i sh s t ocks were calculat ed. A new technique in estimating the cat ch-pe r-un it of effort in the mul t i species fi shery was pre sen ted. The re sul tant e stimat e s indi cat e a de cl ine in abundance of groundf i sh re source s in recent years , particularly those of Eng l i sh sole , pe trale sole and P acific ocean pe rch . For the Pacific cod and lingcod , the fi shery for the se speci es wa s un stable due t o variat i on of year class strength.

The effects of fi shing on the ma j or groundf ish s t ocks were inve stigated , via the surp lu s-production analys is . The resu l t s in genera l are inconclus ive due part ly to lack of accurate cat ch and eff ort data as a who le . Neve rtheless , the effect s of fi shing were evi dent in the cases of Engli sh sole , pet rale s o le , D over s o le , lingcod and Pacific ocean perch . The e s timates of the maximum sus tainab le yie l d and the co rre sp onding optimum eff ort for the se st ocks indi cat e that the se speci e s have been ha rve sted at or beyond their op timum leve l s . No signifi cant increa se in the sustainable cat ch from these re sources can be expected from increasing fi shing intensi ty . The managemen t st rategies for the se re source s and the deve lopment of exp l oitat i on on other lat ent re source s were di scussed.

Author ' s Ab stract

58

ENGLISH SOLE (Parophrys vetulus)

Anonymous . 19 6 1 . Mig rat ions of Eng l i sh sole (Parophrys vetulus) on the Paci fic coast of United State s . Thirteenth Annual Report , P acific Marine Fi sheries C onnni s sion , 1960 . Appendix I . pp . 3 9-42 .

The re search staff of the Pacific Marine Fi sheri e s C onnni s s ion member stat e s have insti tut ed indivi dua l tagging project s as part s of a prog ram of stock identificat i on. Thi s report concern s the finding s of t he se tagging proj e cts . No attempt ha s been made to compen sate for fi shing effort . Thi s i s simp ly a record of the movemen t of tagged indivi dua l s from tagging area s . The returns have been grouped by quarterly periods , regardle s s of year , and by general area of re covery .

Shortene d Author' s Int roduc tion

Ehrhardt , N.M. 1973 . Popul ation dynamic s of Eng lish sole ( Parophrys ve tulus) off the coas t of Washingt on. Unive rsity of Wa shington , NORFISH Te ch. Rep . 43 . 1 7 7 pp .

The Eng li sh sole ( Parophrys ve tulus) i s an important groundfish resource , and needs proper managemen t , theref ore ba sic kn owledge abou t growth rat e s , mort a li t y and di spe rsion is nece s sary . The present study at tempt s to e l uci date some of the prob lems in stock a s s e s sment previ ou s ly encounte red. From Wa shington State Department of Fi sheries tagging data an effect ive unit of fi shing eff ort was deve loped and di spersion and popu lation paramet ers were e s timat ed. Thi s info:rmat ion wa s in turn used to assess change s in equilibrium yie l d per re cruit corresponding to change s in fishing mort a l i ty , and the probab le s t atus of the fi shery .

el-Sayed , S . Z . 1959 . Popula tion dynami cs of Eng li sh sole (Parophrys vetulus Gi rard) in Puget Sound , Washing ton , wi th special refe rence to the prob lems of samp ling . Ph. D . The si s , Unive rsi ty of Wa shingt on , C o l l ege of Fi sheri e s , Seatt le , Washington; · l 89 pp .

The investigation of an i solated population of the Eng li sh sole (Parophrys ve tu lus) in the nort hern part of Puget Sound , Washing ton , was undert aken t o dete:rmine the nature of the factors whi ch contro l the produc tivity of such a stock o f fi sh . The factors s tudie d during thi s inve stigat i on we re growt h , natural mort a l i ty and fi shing mortality .

As t o the det ermination of the rate of growth , the study of the effect of me sh selection indicated t hat no one me sh size can adequate ly de scribe the growth rate of the f i sh and that a seri e s of cod-end meshe s were nece s sary i f a more repre sent ative g rowth curve of the popu lat ion

59

was to be obtained. Seasonal and annual rates of growth of fish were determined and variations of growth from year to year examined. T otal mortality rates were obtained from the age-frequency curves, and no major fluc tuations in the strength of the year classes was evident in the samples taken between 1953 and 1956, inclusive. A mathematic al model of the .!:• vetulus fishery was constructed in order to assess the chang� s in the eq uilibrium yield corresponding to changes in fishing mortality and age recruitment under the simplest conditions of constant parameters. P. vetulus is apparently not overfished.

-

Shortened Author' s Abstract

English, T . S. 1967. Preliminary assessment of the English sole in Port Gardner, Washington. Journal of Water Pollution C ontrol Federation. 39(8) : 1337�135 0.

P ort Gardner receives the effluent of two pulp and paper mills and supports a valuable commercial fishery for English sole. A small research trawl was used to sample depths from 15 to 360 ft (5 to 120 m) near the deep-diffuser outfall installed in 195 1. English sole dominated both researc h and commercial catches.

English sole were observed as planktonic eggs, young-of-the-year in shallow water, older age groups in deeper water, and in spawning c ondition; the eggs, planktonic larvae, and the youngest bottom stages were not sampled adequately, and future work is required.

T he size distribution of English sole in a trawl catc h is shown to be influenced by depth, season, and the mesh siz e of the net: smaller fish are in shallower water and larger fish tend to be in deeper water; the modal length of young-of-the-year and yearling fish increases during the growing season.

Modified Author' s Summary

Forrester, C . R. 1969. Results of English sole tagging in British C olumbia waters. Pacific Marine Fisheries C ormnission, Bulletin. 7: 1-10.

Between 1943 and 1961, over 25, 000 English sole or lemon sole ( Parophrys vetulus) were tagged in C anadian waters as part of the Fisheries Research Board' s program to obtain knowledge of the biology of several important species whic h contribute to the otter-trawl fishery. This report summarizes information on movements as indicated by tag recaptures and endeavours to :answer questions on the identity of stocks and directive fac tors in migration.

Shortened Author' s Introduction

60

Hol land , G . A. 1969 . Age , growth and mo rt a li ty of race s of Eng li sh sole ( P arophrys ve tulus) in Puget Sound , Washing ton . Paci fic Marine Fi sherie s C ommi s sion , Bu l letin . 7 : 3 5-50 .

Thi s study wa s largely confined t o two areas , Carr Inlet in southe rn Puget Sound and off Golden Garden s beach in Shi l shole Bay , wi thin the Seatt le city limi t s . A limi ted s tudy wa s made of Engli sh sole obt ained from C ase Inlet , which is separat ed from Carr Inlet by a long penin sula and i s a l so we ll wi thin l owe r Puget S ound . One of the obj ect ive s of thi s inve s tigat i on wa s t o de termine if a di fferential g rowth rate exi st e d in C arr Inlet because of popu lation density. Another obj ective was t o de termine if the C arr Inlet populat i on we re a di stinct race and could be di s t ingui shed from the others on the ba si s of meri stic count s , morphol ogical mea surement s , and tagging experiment s . Pos si ble di fferential rate s of natural morta l i ty we re determined on the basi s of random samples of age groups f rom each area .

Modi fied Author ' s Int roduc tion

Hol land , G . A. 1954. A preliminary s tudy of the populat ions of Eng li sh sole ( P arophrys vetulus) in C arr Inlet and other l ocalities in Puget Sound . M . S . Thes i s , University of Washington , C o l lege of Fi sheries , 139 pp .

Thi s s tudy of the age and g rowth of the Engli sh sole wa s large ly conf ined t o C arr Inlet in southern Puget Sound and Golden Garden s beach in Shi l shole Bay , wi thin the Seatt le ci ty limi t s . Limited s tudie s were a l so made of Eng l i sh sole from C a se Inlet , adj acent t o C arr Inlet , and Port Madi son , acro s s a deep ba sin from Shi l sho le Bay . An at tempt wa s made to de termine the pre sence of separa te races of Eng li sh s o le through meri sti c count s and morphol ogical me asuremen ts and t o de termine i f di fferent mean rat es of growth of the fi sh was demons t rable in the pre sumable separate population s . Stati stical di fference s in dorsal and anal fin ray counts were found , and the ob serve d rate of g rowth wa s approximately the same in a l l four samp le areas .

Pattie , B . H . 1969 . Di spersal of Eng l i sh sole , Parophrys ve tu lus , tagged off the Washing ton coast in 19 56 . Pacific Marine Fi she ries C ommi ss i on , Bu l letin . 7 : 1 1-14.

In an at temp t to define the mi g ration and di s tribution patterns of a comme rcial ly important concentrat i on of Eng l i sh sole along the northern Wa shington coa s t , a t otal of 862 fi sh we re t agge d be tween LaPu sh and Destruct i on I s land. The tagging wa s done during a 10-day peri od , between Ju ly 23 and August 1 , 195 6 . A total of 85 Eng lish s o le or 9 . 9"/o of the f i sh tagged wa s re covere d ove r a 6-year peri od f o l l owing t agging . Recoveri e s exhibited a southe rly movement during the wi nter months . No mi grat ions we re noted north of the general t agging area .

Author ' s Abstract

61

Pruter , A.T . and R. Van C leve . 1954. A pre liminary study of the popul ation of Eng li sh so le (Parophrys vetulus) in Holme s Harbor , Washingt on. Washington State Department Fi sherie s , Fi sheries Re search Paper . 1 ( 2 ) : 3 - 1 8 .

A pre liminary study of the population of Parophry s ve tulus in Holmes Harbo r , Washington , wa s made in the winter of 1952-53 . T agging occurred between December 2 6 and 3 1 , 1952 and tag s recovered between January 1 and February 13 , 19 53 . Estimate s on the population size at the time of tagging wa s made , both uncorrected est imates for e rrors due to emigrat ion or immigrat ion and wi th the corrections based on tag recove ri e s ou ts ide Holme s Harbor.

Van C leve , R. and S . Z . el-Sayed. 1969 . Age , g rowt h , and productivi ty of an Eng l i sh sole ( Parophrys ve tulus) population in Puget S ound , Washington . Pacific Marine Fi sheries C ommi s s i on , Bu l l e tin . 7 : 52-7 1 .

I n thi s inve stigation a total o f 58 , 89 0 fish o f both sexe s were measured for length and iden ti fied by sex , some were age d as we l l . Fi sh we re taken in C arr Inlet t o compare the growth rate of Parophrys vetulus in southern Puget Sound wi th those in northern Puget Sound . Growth of the " ze ro" age-group wa s also studied from a seriel; of sample s from beach seines at Golden Gardens in Seattle . Mortality rat e s we re also compu ted from the age di stributi on s .

Zebold , S . L . 1 9 7 0 . Inter and intraspecific compari sons of the die l di st ributions and the food and fee ding habi ts of demersal fi she s from Duwami sh Head , Puget Sound , Washington, Seat t l e . M . S . The si s , University of Washington , College of Fi sherie s , Seat t le , 7 6 pp .

In thi s study , the di fference s in the di e l di stribut ions , and t he food and feeding habi ts of five species and a t otal of 18 c la s s e s wi thin Parophrys , Lepidopset ta , and Chi t onotus were examine d . The di ffe rence s i n food habits are probab ly the be st indi cat ors of niche speciali zati on . T he di e l di stri butions and fee ding habi ts serve t o support or amplify the re sul t s of the food study .

6 2

DOVER SOLE (Microstomus paci ficus)

Demory , R . L . 19 68 . Age-length-frequency di s t ributi ons of Dove r sole ( Mic rost omus paci ficus) landed in Oregon in 1948 and 195 1-65 from PMFC area 2D . Fish C onuni s sion of Oreg on , Inve st igat ion Report . No . 7 , 3 5 PP•

Thi s report pre sents dat a col lect ed on age-leng th-f requency di stribut ions of D over sole , Mi crost omus pacificu s , landed in Oregon , near Astori a . The data cove r on ly the pe ri od from June through September of each year . Age determinat i ons for years 1948 and 195 1-56 were made from otoliths . Ag e detenninati ons for years 19 57-65 were from scale s .

Demory , R . L . and H . A. Bai ley . 19 67 . Leng th-frequency and age-leng th­frequency di s tribution for Dover sole , pe tra l e sole , and Pacif i c oce an perch landed i n Oregon , 19 48-6 5 . Fi sh Conuni s sion o f Oregon , Inve s t . Rep t . No . 6 . 53 PP•

A market samp ling prog ram wa s started in 1948 by the Oregon Fi sh C orruni s sion to c o l lect bi ological dat a from certain bott omfi sh speci e s . Dover sole ( Micro stomus paci ficus) , Eng l i sh sole (P arophrys ve tu lus) , and pe trale s o le ( Eopsett a j ordani ) were se lected because of t heir imp ort ance in bott omf i sh landing s . In lat e 1950 a simi lar program wa s undertaken of Paci fic ocean pe rch ( S eba stode s a lutu s) .

Inc luded in thi s report are length-f requency and , in some case s , age- length-frequency di stributi ons for Eng li sh sole and petrale s ole and Paci fic oce an perch. Length-frequency di s t ribut ions only are pre sented for D ove r s ol e .

Hagerman , F . B . 195 2 . The bi o l ogy o f the D ove r sole , Microst omus paci ficus ( Locking t on) . Cali fornia Department Fi sh and Game , Fi sh Bul let in 85 , 48 pp .

F acts on the bi ology of the Dover sole , Mi crostomus paci ficu s , are pre sente d , as we l l a s data on the t rawl fi shery i t part i a l ly supports . Dove r s o le are found in deeper waters than the other f l at fi she s , and frequent muddy bott oms . There i s a sea sonal migrat i on int o deep wat er over the winter months , and in the surrmer large cat che s are taken in sha l l ow dep ths of 100 fa thoms or le s s .

Ag e and rate of growth were determine d both by sca les and otoli ths , mal e s maturing earlier than the fema le s . St omach content s reve a l that the D over sole fee d s only on inve rtebrat e s , mainly mud inhabi ting sedent ary forms . Change s of surviva l seem be tter for the Dover sole t han the other f l atfi she s because of i t s migrat i ons , l arge r e s capement size , and separate nursery area s .

Author' s Summary

63

Mearns , A. J . and L. Harri s . 197 5 . Growth in normal and di seased Dover s o le popul at i ons . Coa s tal Water Re search Proj ect Annua l Report -

19 7 5 , Southern Cali fornia Coastal Water Re search Proj ec t . pp . 43-46 .

To evaluate the health of local populat i ons of Dover sole and to gain insight int o the devel opment of the fin erosion di sea se , we looke d at the growth and condi t i on of individua l s from a number of southern Calif ornia loca l i tie s . Data taken over the past few ye ar s indi cate that , wi th some notable excep tions southern Calif ornia is not a particul arly hospi tab le regi on for growt h and reproduction of Dover sole , even though the specie s i s cormnon al ong our coast . Fi sh from a number of local sites were examined t o de termine age , length, sex , body weight , and liver we ight . The se data were used to compare growth among southern California localities and be tween local s i te s and area s in central and northern Calif ornia and Oregon . Age wa s de termined by count ing the number of trans lucent ring s in the left ot olith.

We s t rheim , S . J . and A. R. Morgan . 1963 . Resul t s from tagging a spawning s t ock of Dover sole , Micro stomus paci ficu s . Paci fic Marine Fi sheri e s Commi ssion Bu l letin , 6 : 13-21 .

Oregon trawl ers have been ut ilizing avai labi lity of Dove r sole on inshore grounds in summer months and di scove red a concentration of Dover sole off Wi l lapa Bay , Washington , in 180-280 fa thoms . Fi shing en sued and cont inued from Oct ober to Apri l when the f i sh di s sappeared from the area . They returned the following year . Cont rove rsy immediately arose as to the de sirabi l i ty of fi shing thi s winter s t ock , part icularly if it wa s the same as the summer s tock in shore . Therefore , thi s rep ort dea ls wi th such a s tudy of t agging D over sole .

64

PETR.ALE SOLE ( Eopsetta jordani)

Alverson, D.S. and B.M. Chatwin. 1957. Results from tagging experiments on a spawning stock of petrale sole , Eopsetta j ordani (Lockington). Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Journal. 14(6): 953-974.

A review is made of the historical development of the petrale sole (Eopsetta j ordani) fishery off the State of Washington (U.S. A.) and British Columbia ( Canada) , wi th statistical records of catches. A shif t in recent years in the depth of trawl fishing from shallow water over the continen tal shelf to deeper water on the continental slope resulted in the discovery of dense concentrations of petrale sole at depths from 170-250 fathoms off the west coast of Vancouver Island. Tagging was carried out in the early spring of 1954 and 1955 on these deep-water stocks. Recoveries to May 30 , 1956 , from some 3 , 800 tags released showed that the male segment of the stock moved north and inshore along the Vancouver Island coast af ter spawning and at least part of the stock moved eventually in Hecate Strait , British Columbia. The tagged population contributed mainly to the fisheries adj acen t to the northwest coast of Vancouver Island and in the Queen Charlotte Sound area. Subsequent recoveries f rom the Esteban Deep during the spawning seasons of 1955 and 1956 and the absence of the stock on this gro und at other seasons, strongly suggest a homing tendency for this species. A discussion is given of the possible directive factors in the spawning migration. However, at the present time the actual factors involved remain unknown.

Author's Abstract

Didonato , G. and N. Pasquale. 1970. Migration patterns of petrale sole ( Eopsetta j ordani) tagged in deep water off the Washington coast. Washington Department of Fisheries, Fisheries Research Papers , 3( 2) : 53-62.

It's evident that the Willapa Deep petrale sole spawning population contributes to the sunmer inshore fishery along the Washington coast and various grounds off the lower west coast of Vancouver Island. The petrale sole inhabiting deep-water spawning areas off the Washington coast are distributed over continental shelf waters of the Washington coast and west coast of Vancouver Island. During the spring, sunmer , and fall months these fish appear separate from the Esteban Deep spawning population to the north and from spawning populations to the south off Oregon and California. Geographic range overlap (and mixing of stocks) does occur, however, between fish from various spawning deeps during the sunmer months when f ish are inshore along the continental shelf. Evidence of no detectable differences in siz e or sex ratios between off shore and inshore petrale sole tag recoveries indicates that after spawning both sexes migrate inshore and contribute to the sunmer fisheries.

Author's Conclusion

65

Ket chen , K. S . and C . R . Forre ster. 19 66 . Population dynamics of the pe trale sole , Eopsetta j ordani , in waters off western C anada . Fi sheries Research Board of Canada , Bu lle tin No . 1 53 , 1 9 5 pp .

The pet rale s o le i s an impor tant cont ributor t o the t rawl fi shery a l ong the we st coa s t of North America . Re su l t s of tagging suggest that there are two main uni t s of s t ock in Bri t i sh Co lumbia wa ters , one off southern Vancouver I s land and the othe r t o the northward , mainly in Queen Charlotte Sound and Hecat e St rai t . Sharp re ducti on in abundance occurred in both s t ocks after the incep tion of fi shing . Para l le ling classica l examples , ave rage size and age decreased in catche s from the southern st ock unt i l 1947 , but thi s trend wa s reve rsed between 19 48 and 1955 and accompanied a continued dec line in abundance . Timing of the ri sing trend in size and ag e composi tion was the same in both the southern and northern stocks , though the hi storie s of expl oitati on were di fferent , thus indicat ing t rends in recrui tment . Year-clas s e s of 1940-1 9 43 cont ributed st rong ly to the fi shery , but succeeding ye ar-classes t o 1 9 49 we re progre s s ive ly weake r . Thereaft e r , there wa s some re covery , and early pe rformance of the 1958 year-c la s s sugge sts that i t i s o f about the same size a s those of the early 1940 s .

Shortened Author ' s Ab stract

P aci fic Marine Fi sheri e s Cormni s si on. 19 6 1 . Coastal movements of petrale sole as de termine d from tag recoveries . P acific Marine Fi sherie s Cormni s si on , 13th Annua l Report for the year 19 6 0 , pp . 43 -44.

Nearly a l l experiment s have been de signed to determine the di stribution of selected s t ocks of petrale sole , and many time s only sma l l numbers o f t agged fi sh were re leased and few recoveri es were made . Thi s rep ort dea l s wi th five expe riment s of tagging of petrale so le wi th fairly large numbers of re leases or recoveri e s or both .

Pederson , M . G . 19 7 5 . Movement s and growth of petrale sole (E opsetta j ordani) tagged off Wa shington and southwe st Vancouver I s land . Fi sheri e s Re search Board of C anada , J ourna l , 3 2 ( 1 1 ) : 2 1 69-2 177 .

T agging studi e s indi cat e that sp awning groups of petrale sole ( E opsetta j ordani ) from Cape Fl att e ry Spit Deep and Wi l lapa Deep were the mo st significant contributors to the surrmer in shore fi shery for petrale sole off Wa shing t on and Vancouver I s land. Spawning group s south of Wi l lapa Deep contribut ed l e s s than 5% t o thi s fi shery . The Wi l lapa Deep group wa s e stimat e d to be at lea s t a s large a s the Cape Flat tery Spi t Deep , al though the latter supported a much larger winter fi shery . F i sh tagged during wint er on Cape Flat t e ry Sp it Deep ranged primari ly from Est eban Point s outh t o Qui l l ayute during surrmer . Ninety-seven pe rcent of the winter recove rie s from tag re leases in deepwat e r spawning area s were made in the area of re lease .

Length composi tion dat a sugge s ted that after spawning off shore , adu l t sole returned to in shore grounds during the surrnne r .

F o r mature sole , growt h parameters e s t imat ed from tagged fi sh agree d wi th those ca lcu lated by other methods of ageing .

66 Author ' s Abs t ract

CURRENT BI BLIOGRAPHIES AND LITERATURE REVIEWS

Anderson , J . W. , J . M. Ne ff , S . R. Pe troce l l i , M. A. Q . Khan and J . P . Bederka , J r . ( e d. ) . 19 7 4 . Sub le thal ef fect s of oil , he avy me ta l , and poly ­ch lorinated bi phenyl s on ma rine organi sms . l!l= Su rviva l in Toxi c Environm�nt s . Symposium. XXI , Academic Pre s s , N . Y . , N . Y. , p p . 83 -1 2 1 .

Thi s review de scri be d what ha s been and i s now being done in the study of the sublethal effects of three ma j or classe s of pol lutants commonly found in the e s tuarine envirorunen t . The mat erial pre sented indicat e s that there is sti l l a great dea l of basel ine inf ormat ion on the "normal" responses and funct ions of marine and e s tuarine specie s needed before t he effect s of pol lutants on the se parameters can be a s s e s se d fu lly . Furthermore , physio logical parame ters and the e f fect s of pol lutan t s on them are grea t ly complicated by natura l factors such a s sea s on of the year , condi t i on of the animal , i t s sex , i t s life s tage and countle s s other vari able s . There fore , in any a s se s sment of sublethal ef fect s of pol lutants , the bi ology of the organi sm under inve stigat i on must be we l l unders tood .

Modi fied Author ' s Di scus sion

Anonymous . 1970. Me rcu ry contaminat ion in the natural envi rorunent . A cooperat ive bibliography . U . S . Department o f the Int erior , Office of Library Service s , Washingt on , D . C . , 3 2 pp .

Environmental contamina tion by mercury i s a cu rrent concern of many bureau s and offices of the U . S . Department of the Interior. The purpose of thi s bibliog raphy i s to provide acce s s to the literature related t o thi s subjec t for those people who are now beginning to work on the problem.

Shortene d Author ' s Preface

Anonymous . 19 7 2 . Mercury in wat er-a bibli ography . U . S . Office of Wat e r Re sources Re search , Wa shing t on , D . C . , Water Re search Scient i fic Informat i on Cente r , WRSIC 7 2-2 1 4 .

Thi s i s a comp i l at i on o f 19 5 abs tract s f or se lected report s , j ournal article s , and variou s documen ts pub li shed mos t ly since 1967 on mercury in wat er. The ab s t racts inc lude fu l l bibliographi cal citations and a set of de scrip tors from the Wat er Re source s Thesau ru s .

Bat te l le ' s Columbus Laborat orie s . 19 7 1 . Ef fect s of chemicals o n aquatic life . Se lected dat a from the li terature through 1968 . For the Environmen tal Pro tect i on Ag ency , Re search and Monit oring , May 19 7 1 , � Water Qual i ty Cri te ria Data Book - Vol . 3 .

67

Origina l data from more than 500 technical publi cat i ons conce rning the specific effects of chemical s on individua l species of aquatic biota were collected and surmnarized in uni form format. Alphabetical as semb ly of the data by chemi cal a l l ows rapid acce ss to conside rab le de tai led informat ion. A Species � faci li tates search for informat i on on the toxicity of chemicals t o indivi dual aquatic speci e s .

The detai l s o f ma j or procedure s i n laborat ory bioassay and fie ld assessment of chemical toxi city in water are di scus sed , and fre shwater and marine proce dure s are inc luded. A total of approximate ly 1 , 000 re ferences we re ut il ized in preparing thi s report .

Shortened Author ' s Abst ract

Chapmen , G . 1973 . Effect of heavy met a l s on fi sh. !.!!.: Heavy Metals in the Envi ronment; Proceedings , Seminar at Oregon State University , Corval li s , Oregon , 19 7 2 : avai lable from Oregon St ate University , Wat e r Re source s Re search Inst. Report . S

.EMN WR 016. 73 : 141-162 .

A review of li terature wi th re spect t o the t oxi ci ty t o freshwater fi sh of zinc , coppe r , and cadmium, showed a wide range of LC-50 ( 9 6 hr) values. For zinc thi s range wa s 90 to 40 , 900 ug/ l ; for copper 46 to 10 , 000 ug / l ; and for cadmium 47 0 to 9 , 000 ug / l . Two genera l conc lu si ons are that t oxicity vari e s inve rsely wi th hardness , and that salmoni ds ( t rout and salmon) are more suscep tible than mo st other cormnon fre shwat er t e l eost s Disregarding speci e s and age , al l other gene ra l ly recogni zed fact ors whi ch inf luence toxi ci ty of heavy metals to fi sh do so by influencing rate of accumulation of metal and , primari ly , rate of up take. Thus pH , hardne ss and alkalini ty , temperature , and di ss olved oxygen content inf luence rate of up take of the metal by changing ei ther the bi ological avai labi lity of the metal by al tering its f orm or by a l tering the rat e and volume of ventilat i on of the fi sh .

Collias , E. E. 1970. Index t o physical and chemi cal data of Puget Sound and i t s approache s , 193 2-1966. Washington Sea Grant Pub licat ion , Unive rsity of Washing ton , Seatt le , WSG 70- 4 , 823 PP •

The purpose of thi s index to physical and chemi cal dat a of Puget Sound and its ap proache s are ( 1 ) to provi de a conveni ent and rapid re fe rence to the ma j ori ty of locat ions where water samples we re col lected for vari ous physical and chemi cal det e rminations be tween the years 193 2 and 19 66 , ( 2 ) to provide a li sting of the type of data taken , and ( 3 ) to re fe rence the sou rce s from whi ch the se data may be obt ained.

68

C o l lias , E . E . and A . G . Duxbury . 197 1 . Bibli ography of li terature : Puget Sound Marine Envi rorunent . Washing ton Sea Grant Program, University of Washington , Seat t le , WSG 7 1-6 , 1059 pp .

T hi s work pre sent s an annotated bibli ography covering geography , cl imat ol ogy , hydro logy , ge ology , volcanology , sei smo logy , geomagne t i sm , geodesy , hydrog raphy , physical oceanog raphy , and marine biology of Puget Sound and i t s adj acent land area s .

Day , D . and C . R. Forre ster. 197 1 . A pre l iminary bibli ography on the t rawl fishery and groundfi sh of the Pacific coa s t of North America . Fi sherie s Re search Board of Canada , Technical Report No . 2 46 .

The need for a bibli ography on the trawl fi shery and groundfish of the we st coast of North Ame rica has become increasing ly obvi ou s t o groundfish workers . Thi s i s a preliminary l i s t hopefu l ly of va lue t o groundfi s h workers on the Pacific coas t . Mo s t of the re ference s included are confined to work done on the Paci fic coa s t even though many of the speci e s al so occur i n At lantic waters .

Doudorof f , P . an d M. Katz . 1953 . Indu s t rial Wa s te s : Cri tical review of li terature on the toxici ty of industri a l wa st e s and thei r components to fish. II . The met a l s , a s sal t s . Sewage and Industrial Waste s , 2 5 : 802-839 .

Mo s t of the me tal compounds here are those simp le inorganic sal t s , the toxicity of which i s evident ly re ferab le chi efly to the component metal s . C ompara tive s tudies of the t oxi ci ty of di ff erent met a l s the fact ors which account for variations o f thei r t oxici ty are also considere d . The me ta l s are then di scu s sed individual ly .

Ei sler , R . and M. Wapne r. 197 5 . Second Annot ated Bibliography on Bi ological Effects on Met a l s in Aquat ic Envirorunen ts . U . S . Envirorunental Protection Agency , Office of Re search and Deve lopmen t , Envi ronmental Re search Lab . , Eco logical Re search Serie s . EPA-600/ 3-7 5-008 .

A t otal of 725 re ference s are li sted on the toxi cologic al , physiological , and me tabolic influence of stable and radi olabe led chemi cal specie s of me tal cations t o marine , e s tuarine , and fre shwat er fauna and flora . Re fe rence s we re annotated and subsequent ly indexed by metal , by taxa , and by au thor , in cumu lative indici e s which encompa s s thi s volume and the initial vo lume i n thi s series (Ei sler , R . , 1973 ) .

Ei s l e r , R. 19 73 � Annotated bibliography on biological eff ect s of metals in aquat ic envi ronment s . U . S . Envirorunental Protect i on Agency Report EPA-R3-007 : 1-287 .

A total of 567 reference s on bi ological eff ect s of me tal s to aquat ic organi sms were annot ated and subsequent ly indexe d by me tal and by taxa . Pre fe rence wa s given to articles on toxici ty of heavy me tals t o marine , e s tuarine , and anadromou·s speci e s .

Author ' s Ab stract

69

E l l ing er, Elaine and George Snyder. 19 7 5 . An anno tated bibliography of the effects of dredging and dredge di sposal on aquat ic org ani sms in the Pacific Northwe st wi th se lected re ference s on bi ological s tudies of the lowe r C o lumbi a River and on re lated dredge and di sposal s tudie s . C omp let ion Report for U . S . Army C orp s of Enginee rs , Dredged Material Re search Program. By Environment al Conse rvat ion Divi sion , Northwe s t Fi sheri e s Cent e r , Seat t l e .

Thi s bi bli og raphy was prepared in conjunct ion wi th studies by the Nat iona l Marine Fi sheri e s Se rvice on channe l maintenance dredg ing and habi tat creation in the Co lumbia River Estuary . Al though much li terature on dredg ing deals wi th negat ive impact of di spo sa l of pol luted and /or fine-g rained spoi l , Columbia River dredge spoi l s are genera l ly clean and sandy . Some o f the dredging studi e s in the annotated secti on of the bi bliog raphy concern p o l luted dredged area s ; other re lated studies are included in the supplementary reference list .

Short ened Author ' s Int roducti on

Ferens , M . C . 1974. A review of the physio logical impact of mercuria l s . Office of Re search and Deve l opment , U . S . Envi ronment a l Protect ion Agency , EPA-660/ 3-73-02 2 .

Literature on the bi ol og ical effect s of mercuri a l s was reviewed wi th the purpose of unde rstanding impact on individual organi sms in terms of bi ochemical or ce l lular damage . Mercuri a l i sm i s mani fe sted primari ly in ki dney or brain damage in anima l s and in growth reduct ion in plant s . Exposure to inorganic mercury compound s usua l ly re su l t s i n kidney damage whi le a l dy l mercuria lism i s characteri zed by brain damage ; however , s ome degree of both kidney and neurological inj ury resu l t s from exposure t o either category of mercuri a l s . Kidney inj ury i s due apparently t o damage of Kreb' s cycle enzyme s , thu s reducing avai lable energy to act ive ly re sorb ions . Impaired pro tein synthesi s as we l l as re duction in activity of Kreb ' s cycle enzyme s may be important in brain damage re su l ting from mercury poi soning . Photo synthetic damag e i s apparen tly the biochemica l ba si s for mercuria l effect s observed in plant s .

Shortened Author ' s Ab stract

7 0

F l ick, D . F . , H . F . Kraybi l l and J . M. Dimitroff . Toxic effe cts of Cadmi um: A revi ew . Envi ronmental Re search , 4 ( 2 ) : 7 1-85 .

A review has been made of current knowledge , pub li shed and unpubli shed, re lating t o cadmium toxicity . The survey inc lude d wor ldwide epidemiology of the me tal , di stribut i on pat t ern in our envi ronment , industrial produc tion and uses , mode s of incorporation int o the human body , and possi ble signi ficance of the me t a l wi th respect t o metaboli sm.

The finding s revealed that cadmium is vi rtua l ly ubiqui tous , not only being deposi ted and accumu l at e d in vari ou s body ti s sue s , bu t found in varying concen trat i ons throughout a l l environmental comp artment s ( ai r , soi l , food , and water) in which man must live . I t appears that wi thin the pa st two decades there ha s been increased industrial production and use of the met a l . Concomitant ly , there ha s been an incre ased inci dence of both acute and chronic cas e s o f clinica l ly identi fiable cadmi o s i s .

Experiment al evidence obtained under cont ro l led l aborat ory condi tions sugge s t s that cadmi um may function in or may be an etiological factor for va ri ous pathological proce sse s including testicu lar tumors , renal dy sfunct ion , hype rtension , arteri oscleros i s , growth inhi bition , chroni c di sea ses of old age , and cance r . In addi t i on , i t was re ported that cadmium may re su l t in hemorrhagic le s ions in sensory gang lia wi thin the cent ral ne rvou s sys tem. A numbe r of inve s tigators found s ome t oxi c aspe ct s of exogenou s ly admini s tere d cadmium to be parti a l ly o r even tota l ly prevented by zinc , coba l t , se lenium , estrogen , Bri t i sh anti lewi site ( BAL) and thiol compounds .

Author ' s Abst ract

F riberg , L . , M. Pi scator and G . Nordberg . 197 2 . Cadmium in the envi ronment . The Chemi cal Rubber C o . , Cleve l and , Ohi o . , 166 pp.

The se cond edi tion of Cadmitnn in the Envi ronment pre sent s and in some ca ses reevalua�a l l inf�a��ined in the first edi t i on , in the second EPA report , and subsequent findings , publi shed as we l l a s unpub li she d , up to and including part of 1973 . The pre sent wo rk focuse s upon information e s sential t o the understanding of the t oxi c ac ti on of cadmium and the re lat i onship between expo sure and e f fect s on human be ing s and anima l s .

Katz , M. 1973 . The effects of heavy me t a l s on fish and aquatic organi sms . Int ernationa l C onfe rence on Heavy Met a l s in the Aquat ic Environment , Vande rbi l t University , Dec. 4-7 , 1973 .

A review of the literature concerned primari ly wi th actua l concen trations of heavy me ta l s permi s sible in water without having any harmfu l ef fect s .

7 1

Mi et t inen , J . K. 1973 . The accumulation and excre tion of heavy met a l s in organi sms . Internat iona l Conference in Heavy Met a l s i n the Aquatic Environment , Vanderbi lt University , Dec. 4-7 , 1973 .

Thi s review i s concerned mainly wi th mechani sms and rat e s of absorption and excretion of cadmi um , mercury and lead wi th particu lar re fe rence to their bi ological ha lf-time s and accumulation in man with t reatment of f i sh and she l lf i sh . On ly the latest re su l t s and views are di scussed.

Oregon S t ate Univers i ty . 197 1 . Oceanog raphy of the ne ar shore/ coastal wat ers of the P acific Northwe st re lat ing t o pos sible P o l lution . Vol . I . For the Wat er Quality Office , Envi ronmen tal Protecti on Agency , Grant No . 1607 0EOK. Wat er P o l lution C ont rol Re search Serie s .

Thi s study i s limi ted t o the coastal zone of the Pacific Northwe st from high tide to ten ki lome ters from shore , and doe s not include e stuarie s and bay s . The literature ha s been reviewed in 2 1 chap ters inc luding chap ters on ge ology , hydro l ogy , winds , temperature and sa linity , he at budget , wave s , coa stal current s , carbon di oxide and pH , oxygen , nut ri ent s , and bi ology . Special chap ters deal wi th field studies on therma l di scharges , heat di spersion mode l s , pulp and paper industri a l wa ste s , trace me tal s , radiochemi stry , pe sticide s and chl orine , therma l ecology , and bi ology of 20 selected species . A sununary chap ter is enti tled "The nearshore coastal ecosystem: an overview . " The bibliography contains mo:t;'e than 3 100 entries , mo st from the open Li te rature , but some from unpub li shed report s .

Shortened Author ' s Ab stract

Peaka l l , D . B . 197 2 . Polychl orinated bipheny l s : Occurrence and biologica l effect s . Re sidue Review , 44: 1-2 1 .

Thi s review i s concerned wi th the leve ls found in the envi ronment for PC B ' s and an evaluation of toxico logica l and physio logical effect s . PC B ' s have been shown to be widespread in the envi ronment . The leve l s found tend t o parall el total DDT in concent rat ion and PC B ' s are frequent ly the dominant organochl orine compounds known to be pre sent . Since PCB ' s are highly s tab le , they can be expect ed to persi st in the envi ronmen t for many years . The acute t oxicity of PCB' s is low although impuri ties such as the chl orinat ed dibenz o­furans are hi ghly t oxi c . Pre liminary re sul t s suggest that PC B ' s are embryotoxic in the ten ppm range in the diet .

Ri sebrough , R.W. and B . DeLappe . 19 7 2 . Accumulat ion of polychlorinat ed bipheny ls in ecosys tems . Confe rence on PCBs . , Papers . (Held in Rougemont , N . C . , Dec . 20-2 1 , 19 7 1 ) . �: Environmental Hea lth Perspec­tive s , Experimen tal I s sue No . 1: 3 9-45 .

In thi s paper some of the avai lab le re sidue data are summarized within the framework of a pre liminary formulation of a ma s s ba lance equat i on for the globa l di stribut ion of po lych lorinate d bipheny l s .

7 2

Sandeman , E . J . 197 1 . C anadian Re search Programs . }E: Proceeding s Confe rence on the Canadian shrimp fi she ry . C anadian Fi sheries Report s , No . 1 7 , PP • 25-29 .

Thi s paper pre sent s a bri ef review of C anadian re search programs on the biol ogy of the pink shrimp or great northe rn prawn , P andalus borea li s . The obj ect ive s of fu tu re re s earch and some of the me thods and priori tie s that might be applied to achi eve the se obj ect ive s are enumerated .

Scrivener , J . C . and T . H . But ler. 197 1 . A bi bliography of shrimp s of the fami ly P andalidae , empha siz ing economical ly important species of the genu s Pandalu s . Fi sheries Re search Board of Canada , Technical Rep ort 241 , 42 pp.

Re sea rch on commerci a l ly important pandal i d shrimp populations has been conducted on the genus Pandalu s , but some li terature on remaining genera i s also include d . The bib liography contains 458 re ference s , annotated by spe cie s , geographi cal areas and subj ect .

Shaw , J . T . and s . Schott . 1974. A Compendium of Current Envi ronment a l S tudies in Puget Sound and Northwe s t E st uarine Wat ers . Oceanographic Institute of Washington .

The primary re su l t of the ini tiat i on of thi s Current Envi ronmen tal Studies prog ram by the Oceanog raphic Institute of Washington wa s the compi lat ion of thi s documen t . It i s a de script ive record of many of the marine environmental s tudi es and re search programs that were in progre s s in the area during the calendar year 1974.

S teinberg , M.A. 19 7 2 . A review of some ef fect s of contaminants on marine organi sms . Inda-Pac . F i sh Counc. Proc . , 1 5 ( 2) : 8-23 .

The e f fects of some pe sticide s , PCB' s , heavy me tal s , solids and petro leum product s on aquatic organi sms are reviewe d. The need to understand the mode of action of the se toxicants on bi ological sy s tems as we l l as the pos sible synergi stic effects of pol lutants on sing le speci es and en tire ecosy s tems is s t re s sed. The signi ficance of exposure to sub-letha l do s e s of pol lutant s in re spect to the saf e-guarding of aqua tic re source s i s considere d and the deve lopment of proper experimental design in thi s fie ld of re search are considered.

Author ' s Ab st ract

Veith , G . D . and G . F . Lee . 19 7 0 . A review of ch lorinated biphenyl contamination in natura l wat ers . Water Re search , 4( 4) : 265-269 .

73

A review of t he present state of knowledge concerni ng envi ronmental contaminati on by organochlorine compounds i ndi cates that the chlorinated biphenyls may be one of the more widespread contaminants. T he significance of this contamination has not yet been evaluated due, in part, to the lack of systematic analytic procedures for the quantitative and qualitative determinations of the components of chlorinated biphenyl mixtures. T he possibility of the chlori nated biphenyls producing serious errors in chlorinated pesticide analyses is emphasized.

·

Author' s Abstract

Water Resources Scientific Information Center. 197 3. Cadmium in water - a bibliography. U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Water Resources, WRSIC - 7 3-209. 231 pp.

" Cadmium in Water" is one of several bibliographies from the U. S. Department of the Interior in water resources. T hese bibliographies are produced from the information base of Selected Water Resources Abstracts ( SWRA) only.

Water Resources Scientific Information Center. 1975. Mercury in Water, Volume 2. Office of Water Research and T echnology, U.S. Department of the Interior, 307 pp.

T his bibliography follows in a series of planned bibliographies in water resources to be produced from the information base comprising the Selected Water Resources Abstracts ( SWRA). T he first volume, issued in 1972 covered the material from 1968 to 197 1, and volume 2 covers the period from 197 2 to February 15, 1975.

Author' s Introduction

Water Resources Scientific Information Center. 197 3. PCB in water - a bibliography. U. S. Department of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research, WRSIC - 7 3-201.

"PCB in Water" is another in a series of planned bibliographies in water resources to be produced wholly from the information base comprising only Selected Water Resources Abstracts ( SWRA). T his bibliography covers through December 15, 197 2 .

Author' s Introducti on

Zitko, V. and P. M. K. Choi. 197 1. PCB and other indust rial halogenated hydrocarbons in the environment. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Technical Report No. 27 2 .

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Industrial applications of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) , chlorinated naphthalenes, chlorinated paraffins, chlorinated benzenes, polybrominated biphenyls, chloro-bromo biphenyls, chloro-hydroxy biphenyls, and halogenated carboxylic acids are described. A list of other halogenated hydrocarbons and derivatives, used as solvents, fumigants, refrigerants, flame retardants, aerosol propellants, heat-transfer media, hydraulic fluids, etc., is included. Current methods for the measurement of PCB are reviewed. PCB and p, p' -DDE levels in fishes and aquatic birds, reported in the literature, are summarized. Recently determined PCB concentrations in Atlantic salmon, bluefin, yellowfin, and skipj ack tuna, bluefish, swordfish, and blue marlin, cod, white hake, plaice, and redfish, double-crested cormorant, herring gull, black duck, and guillemot are presented. The determination of polychlorinated terphenyls (PCT) in biological samples and the behaviour of polybrominated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p­dioxins and dibenzofurans during cleanup and gas chromatography is described. Biological effects of PCB and other halogenated hydrocarbons are reviewed. The sources of PCB leakage into the envirorunent and their circulation are discussed. Analytical procedure for the determination of PCB and organochlorine pesticides based on the modified cleanup chromatography of Holden and Marsden is described.

Author' s Abstract

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