Report ELEPHANT REPONSE UNITS

in Way Kambas National Park, Indonesia

July – December 2017 By

Community for Sumatran Nature Conservation Komunitas untuk Hutan Sumatera (KHS)

In cooperation with Way Kambas National Park Department

Supported by

INTERNATIONAL ELEPHANT FOUNDATION AND ELEPHANT

CONSERVATION RESPONSE UNITS IN WAY KAMBAS NATIONAL

PARK, INDONESIA PROJECT SUPPORT PROVIDED BY

2 July – December 2017

1. Forest Patrols inside the National Park areaOne of the ERU (aka CRU) duties is to conduct patrols inside the NP in a radius of about 8 to15 km around their base camps. The Goals for these patrols are to identify and prevent illegal, activities such as illegal hunting, fishing, logging, cattle grazing and forest fires as well as record direct sightings and signs (e.g. foot prints, feeding and scratching marks) of any wildlife.

ERU No. Component Total Bungur Tegal Yoso Margahayu

1 Patrol & Monitoring 29 57 52 138 2 Days 29 57 52 138

Table 1. Patrol and Monitoring inside the NP, July-Dec 2017

During a total of 138 patrols, a variety of illegal activities were discovered during the reporting period between July and December 2017.

Poaching by traps During the period between July and December 2017 a total of 102 wire and rope snare traps from 30 different locations were detected. 25 units at 9 locations of snare traps in Bungur area, 65 units of snare traps and 1 box trap in 17 locations were found in Tegal Yoso, whereas 11 units of snare traps at 4 locations in Margahayu. These findings have decreased compared to the data of January-July 2017 which reached 130 units of wildlife and box traps. All findings of traps were recorded with its GPS locations and traps seized and destroyed by the ERU Teams.

Poaching by direct hunting On the 24th of November 2017 the Bugur ERU team discovered the remains of a deer carcass, only skin, bones were left, which were obviously from a deer shot and slaughtered in the forest and only the meat taken by the poacher. The case was documented and immediately reported to the NP headquarters.

Case of Forest fires 13 Locations of forest fires with sizes between 20 and 345 hectare were found during the patrolling. In five of these cases the fires were still burning and the ERU teams conducted firefighting activities until the fires were extinguished.

Illegal Fishing 2 cases of illegal fishing using electric fishing poles were detected inside the NP in the Bungur region. The people fled the scene when they recognized the ERU patrols teams. The fishing gear left behind was confiscated, photographed for documentation for the report to the NP headquarter, and finally destroyed.

Cases of Livestock grazing and Grass cutting Livestock grassing: 6 cases of livestock grazing with as many as 70 cows and buffalos in total with herd sizes from 8 to 17 animals were found inside the NP in the Tegal Yoso and Bungur region. The livestock was driven out of the NP by the ERU teams.

3 July – December 2017

Case of Grass cutting: 7 cases of illegal grass cutting for livestock fodder, 6 in the Tegal Yoso region and 1 on the Margahayu region, were detected during the reporting period. The cutters, people from local villages, were issued a formal warning, escorted out of the NP and the cases have been reported to the village heads.

Illegal logging During the reporting period 21 cases of illegal logging, 15 in the Bungur region and 6 in the Tegal Yoso region, were detected. 15 logs from different hard wood species, usually used for construction, with sizes of 4-5 meters and diameters between 4 and 20 cm were confiscated and destroyed. Another 14 tree stumps from different hard wood species with diameters between 4 and 15 cm were found where the logs had already been extracted. 7 logs of soft wood species with length between 2 and 4 meters which are usually used as fire wood were found and destroyed as well as a bundle of harvested rattan.

Encroachment The Tegal Yoso ERU team detected small scale encroachment activity inside the NP on October 2017. A plot of ± 5 m x 20 m inside the NP had been converted into a cassava and plantation and vegetable garden. The perpetrator is a local villager well known by the local community and the ERU team as a “crazy person” suffering from some mental disorder making it impossible to approach this person with common sense or logic. The plantation was destroyed and the case reported to the NP headquarter.

Table 2. The total number of illegal activities, July-Dec 2017

Incident ERU

Bungur Tegal Yoso Margahayu Number of snares trap/locations 25/9 66/17 11/4 Box/Cage traps 0 1/1 0 Illegal hunting/herd sizes 3/3 0 0 Forest fires/still burning 3/1 9/3 1/1 Illegal fishing 2 0 0 Livestock grazing cases/herd sizes

0 4/9-17 2/8-12

Grass cutting 0 6 1 Logging cases/trunk diameters 15/4cm - 20cm 6/5cm - 20cm 0 Encroachment 0 1 0

All above findings were recorded with GPS coordinates, documented with photos and reported by the ERU teams in their monthly reports to the NP headquarter. The head of the NP forwards the ERU reports to central conservation authorities in the ministry for environment and forestry in Jakarta.

4 July – December 2017

Sighting of wildife Findings of wildlife through direct and indirect sightings of footprints were Sambar deer which have been seen 3 times and an eagle with its nest has been seen in the Tegal Yoso area. Themost frequently sightings of wildlife are the sightings of wild elephants.

Figure 1. The preparation of elephant’s howdah for patrol and monitoring activity. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 10 October 2017

Figure 2. On-foot patrol by ERU Bungur team. Photo Credit by ERU Bungur, 22 August 2017

5 July – December 2017

Figure 3. 25 units of wildlife traps found while patrolling were confiscated during the period ofJuly-December 2017 at 9 different locations.

Photo Credit by ERU Bungur, 22 August 2017

Figure 4. The 66 units of wildlife traps were successfully destroyed at 17 different locations found while patrolling during the period of July-December 2017. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 12 December 2017

6 July – December 2017

Figure 5. 11 units of wildlife snares were successfully destroyed at 17 different locationswhile patrolling. Photo Credit by ERU Margahayu, 24 October 2017

Figure 6. Direct sighting of 1 dead of Deer due to snares. Photo Credit by ERU Bungur, 25 August 2017

7 July – December 2017

Figure 7. Direct findings of 2 box/cage traps and destroyed by the team. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 12 December 2017

Figure 8. Firefighting by the local community and ERU team in Tegal Yoso. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 02 December 2017

Figure 9. Firefighting of 15 hectares burned inside the NP by the local community and ERU team. Photo Credit by ERU Margahayu, 09 September 2017

8 July – December 2017

Figure 10. Illegal fishing by the local community inside the NP. Photo Credit by ERU Bungur, 22 August 2017

Figure 11. Findings of illegal logging activities. Photo Credit by ERU Bungur, 07 October 2017

9 July – December 2017

10 July – December 2017

2. Monitoring of Wild Elephant and Elephant Drives inside the NationalPark Area during Patrols

During the reporting period, a total of 38 wild elephant encounters and drives inside theNP occurred in the working areas of the 3 ERU units, with elephant herd sizes between 2 and 30 animals.

Incident ERU

Bungur Tegal Yoso Margahayu Wild elephant sighting and drives 8 22 8 Herd sizes 2 - 30 2 - 25 4 - 30

Table 3. Wild elephant sighting and drives

Figure 12. Patrol and monitoring activities inside the NP. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 18 July 2017

11 July – December 2017

Figure 13. Findings of elephant’s dung while patrolling. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 10 August 2017

Figure 14. Findings of wild elephant’s footprints while patrolling inside the NP. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 27 September 2017

12 July – December 2017

Figure 15. Direct encounter of 9 wild elephants during successful elephant drive. Photo Credit by Tegal Yoso, 27 September 2017

Figure 16. Direct encounter of 7 wild elephants during successful elephant drives in Bungur area. Photo Credit by ERU Bungur, 20 September 2017

13 July – December 2017

Figure 17. Direct encounter with 1 female from the group of 12 wild elephants. Photo Credit by ERU Bungur, 21 September 2017

Figure 18. The group of 30 wild elephants crossed the street inside the NP. The team successfully drove the elephant deeper into the NP.

Photo Credit by ERU Margahayu, 11 December 2017

14 July – December 2017

Figure 19. Direct encounter with the group 19 wild elephants while patrolling inside the NP. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 17 December 2017

Figure 20. Direct encounter of 1 wild deer during patrol and monitoring activity. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 21 November 2017

15 July – December 2017

Figure 21. Direct encounter with 25 wild elephants duirng successful drive back into the NP. Photo Credit by ERU Bungur, 25 August 2017

Figure 22. The observation of elephant’s footprints at one of the swamp areas inside the NP. Photo Credit by ERU Margahayu, 02 August 2017

16 July – December 2017

3. Supporting and guiding local communities with crop guardingDuring the reporting period the ERU team assisted the local communities with crop guarding a total of 468 days in the 3 ERU areas to prevent wild elephants from crossing the NP border and venture into farmland. On some of these days in Bungur and Tegal Yoso such crop guarding assistance was provided in 2 & 3 different locations. In total of 8 cases action was taken to successfully drive elephants away from the border before trying to leave the NP area. In 93 cases elephants, despite crop guarding, succeeded to penetrate the border attempting to reach into the farmland. In 28 cases elephants were driven back before being able to reach into cultivated land and cause damage to it. In 65 cases elephant managed to reach into cultivate land causing damage to sizes between 2 sqm to 75.000 sqm, with the majority of the cases being below 50 sqm. Major crops effected were cassava, rice, corn and sugar cane.

Incident Bungur Tegal Yoso Margahayu Total Days of crop guarding with no interference needed

167 155 146 468

Days where crop guarding is conducted in 2 locations 63 89 2 154

Days where crop guarding is conducted in 3 locations 0 3 0 3

Elephant drives from the NP border 4 3 1 8 Elephant passing NP border, driven back before any crop damage happens 9 10 9 28

Elephants passing NP border / crop damage caused 6 33 26 65 10 - 200 sqm 2 – 54.100 sqm 30 - 75.000 sqm 2 - 75.000 sqm

Table 4. Crop guarding July – December 2017

The large areas affected by these incidents on the southeastern border actually are outside the normal reach of patrol and night guarding activites for the Margahayu ERU, but the Margahayu in such cases still tries to stretch their capacities to also help in this area. In order to much better cover this area south-east from ERU Margahayus it is planned to establish a fourth ERU unit in this region in 2018 funded by IEF and the Singapore Zoo.

Figure 23. Guarding team walking towards vulnerable conflict area. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 09 July 2017

Figure 24. Night guarding by the ERU and local community at the embankment area which is the border between the NP and community farmland. Photo Credit by ERU Bungur, 24 October 2017

19 July – December 2017

Figure 25. Teaching the local community to look for wild elephant’s footprints as a means of early detection of their presence. Photo Credit by ERU Margahayu, 24 October 2017

Figure 26. Findings of wild elephant dung at the embankment area. The elephants were unsuccessful venturing into farmland due to the ERU team.

Photo Credit by ERU Bungur, 24 October 2016

20 July – December 2017

Figure 27. Night guarding by the ERU team and local community at Menara Besi. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 08 August 2017

Figure 28. Teaching the community the importance of elephant habitat protection as well as the NP and handling conflict during a night guarding activity. Photo Credit by ERU Margahayu, 20 November

2017

21 July – December 2017

Figure 29. One of night guarding sites at the border of the NP and local community farmland. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 21 December 2017

Figure 30. One of areas which was crossed by wild elephants causing severe damage. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 22 December 2017

22 July – December 2017

Figure 31. Day guarding activity by the ERU team and local community. Photo Credit by ERU Margahayu, 07 December 2017

Figure 32. With the help of one of the patrol elephants, the team has successfully set up a wooden bridge, an important tools during patrol and monitoring activity. Photo Credit by ERU Margahayu, 16 November 2017

23 July – December 2017

24 July – December 2017

4. Veterinary health care for the ERU elephants

General Health Care To ensure the health of the ERU elephants, KHS is working together with the veterinary team of the Wildlife Ambulance from Syiah Kuala Universities veterinary faculty which is led by KHS project coordinator Christopher Stremme.

From 17 - 20 August 2017 a KHS team consisting of Christopher Stremme and the new KHS board member Miss Fithria visited the ERU team for project evaluation, accompanied by the ERU coordinator Mr. Nazaruddin. During this visit rectal and abdominal ultrasound checks for pregnancy were conducted in the four female elephants in the ERUs Bungur and Margahayu which currently have no young calves. The known pregnancies in the elephants Gunturia (about 18 – 20 months) and Heli (about 8 – 10 months) were checked and confirmed to be developing normally and new pregnancies were detected in the elephant Wulan (about 3 months) and Meli (about 2 months)

From the 12th till 14th a vet team from the wildlife ambulance consisting of Dr. Arman Sayuti and Dr. Christopher Stremme visited all three ERU to conduct health checks on all elephants. The following procedures were conducted:

• Overall visual health check.• Weighing of each elephant with a portable digital scale• Administration of anthelmintic drug (ivermectin 0,15mg/kg BW p.o.)• Ultrasound of the 4 pregnant female elephants in the ERU Bungur and Margahayu.• Elephant foot care• Evaluation and revision of the feeding scheme for the orphaned elephant calf Elena.• Discussion about the handling and first initial training step for the captive born calves.

25 July – December 2017

Table of bodyweight and dose of anthelmintic drug administered

DEWORMING SHEET

Location: Way Kambas ERUs

Drug: Ivermectin oral (100mg/ml)

ERU BUNGUR (12 September 2017)

No Nama Gajah Berat (Kg) Dosis 1 Aji 2833 4,2 2 Wulan 1751 2,7 3 Gunturia 2263 3,5 4 Renggo 3941 6

ERU TEGAL YOSO (12 September 2017)

No Nama Gajah Berat (Kg) Dosis 1 Karnangun 3405 5,1 2 Karnangin 3105 4,7 3 Boy 2642 4 4 Aditiya 2800 4,2 5 Elena 300 0,5 6 Dona 2070 3,2 7 Riska 2490 3,8 8 Qori 242 -

ERU MARGAHAYU (13 September 2017)

No Nama Gajah Berat (Kg) Dosis 1 Daeng 3137 4,7 2 Melli 2366 3,6 3 Amel 845 1,4 4 Heli 2200 3,3 5 Toni 3645 5,6 6 Rendi 3112 4,7

26 July – December 2017

Figure 33. The preparation of digital scale for weighing elephants. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 17 August 2017

Figure 34. Veterinary health care and USG check for pregnancy in Bungur. Photo Credit by ERU Bungur, 18 August 2017

Figure 35. Veterinary health check of elephant Meli. Photo Credit by ERU Margahayu, 19 August 2017

27 July – December 2017

Trimming tusks The tusks in the male elephants often wear and develop thin and sharp ends which bear the following risks:

• Thin ends bear the risk to easily crack when used by the elephant to push on things like trees to remove bark, pushing over trees to reach higher leaves or fruit or dig in the ground for roots and minerals. Such cracks can cause serious problems when reaching the pulp inside the tusk leading to painful root canal infections.

• The sharp ends of the tusks often cause injury to other elephants when elephants fight or push on each other when free roaming in the forest or inside the fenced paddocks for foraging.

• The sharp ends of the tusks also bear the risk of easily causing injury to the mahouts when elephant makes a sudden move during routine care procedures like bathing, feeding foot care etc. or try to push in mahouts or behave disobediently during handling. For this reason, it is advisable from time to time trim the sharp end of the permanently

growing tusks. This is a standard procedure to ensure the trimming does not cut into the pulp and does not cause any pain to the animals. Depending on the behavior and handling reliability of the individual elephant, the procedure is done with or without light standing sedation.

• On the 13 December 2017 trimming of tusk was performed under observation of theNP veterinarian Dr. Esti in th following ERU elephants

• Elephant Renggo trimmed left tusk with a length of 10 cm, 21 cm base diameter, 340grams in weight. Trimmed right tusk with length of 8 cm, 22 cm base diameter, 357grams in weight

• Elephant Boy trimmed left tusk with a length of 13.5 cm, 21 cm base diameter, 588grams in weight. Trimmed right tusk with a length of 13 cm, 21 cm base diameter, 635grams in weight.

• Elephant Karnangun trimming left tusk with a length of 23 cm, 23 cm base diameter,763 grams in weigh. Trimming right tusk with a length of 13 cm, 29 cm base diameter,1225 grams in weight

• Elephant Aditya trimming left tusk with length of 9 cm, 15.5 cm base diameter, 179grams in weight. Trimming right tusk with a length of 10.5 cm, 17 cm base diameter,226 grams in weight.

The procedures is documented by the NP department’s forest police and records about this submitted to the central conservation agency in ministry of forestry in Jakarta. The trimmed ends are kept in safety box in the NP headquarter until sent to central conservation agency in Jakarta for destruction.

28 July – December 2017

Figure 37. Preparation for trimming. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 13 December 2017

Figure 38. The trimmed tusks of elephants Boy and Renggo. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 13 December 2017

Figure 39. The trimmed tuskss of elephants Aditia and Karnangun. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 13 December 2017

29 July – December 2017

Elephant birth The female elephant Gunturia in the ERU Bungur gve birth to her 3rd calf on the 12th of October 2017. The healthy female calf weighed about 85kg at birth.

Figure 40. Elephant Gunturia with her calf. Photo Credit by ERU Bungur, 22 October

2017

Figure 41. The measurement of height and chest size in order to calculate the approximate weight of new calf by ERU Bungur team. Photo Credit by ERU Bungur, 22 October 2017

Figure 42. Veterinary health care - tusk trimming by the NP’s vets. Photo Credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 13 December 2017

30 July – December 2017

5. Mahout and staff training

Between 16th and 21st of August 2017, the senior Mahouts and ERU team leaders at each of the 3 ERUs conducted training on the use of GPS devices for field navigation and data recording for mahout assistants and local community members who participate in patrols and crop guarding. 10 people participated in each training course. During the first day theoretical instruction was given about the function, settings and handling of the GPS units in the camp. During the 2nd and 3rd day, the trainees went out in the field in groups of 4 people each accompanied by a senior mahout experienced in the use of GPS. The orientation, navigation and data recording was practiced with each participants under field conditions, Upon returning they practiced how to record the collected data in electronic files and map the way points.

From 1st till 25th of September the two of new mahouts (Priyo and Hendro) who in the future will be working at the Surabaya Zoo, were given their initial training at the ERU Tegal Yoso. The Senior mahouts from the ERU Tegal Yoso and ERU field coordinator Pak Nazaruddin conducted the training. The mahouts were taught all activities conducted at the ERU Tegal Yoso and received training about the following aspects:

• Handling and training of elephants• Daily elephant care procedures such bathing, feeding, grazing foot care, training

elephant for medical procedures• Elephant nutrition and food preparations• Appropriate use and preparation of elephant management tools such as ropes chains

hobble, hook, knifes, saddle gear• Analyzing and understanding elephant behavior• Conducting patrolling and monitoring and handle elephant during these activities• Data collection and recording

KHS and the ERU coordinator Pak Nazaruddin have agreed to be involved in the training of such new mahouts for other facilities in Indonesia in order to contribute to the overall improvement of captive elephant care and welfare in Indonesia.

Figure 43. One of the training subjects. Photo Credit by ERU,

11 September 2017

31 July – December 2017

6. The establishment observation sheltersDuring the month of December 2017 on the border of the Way Kambas NP in the Tegal Yoso region two new observation shelters were built. These observation shelters are to serve as a base and shelter for the community crop guarding and the ERU teams during night guarding activities on the NP border in this area, as well as for watching out for forest fires and wild elephants inside the NP from an elevated vantage point. The shelters have been built in a joint effort between the local community and the Tegal Yoso ERU team.

Figure 44. The preparation of building the foundation at Gubuk PPA. Photo credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 12 December 2017

Figure 45. ERU team and the local community at Gubuk PPA. Photo credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 12 December 217

32 July – December 2017

Figure 46, 30 31. The construction of observation shelter in an joint effort between the local community and ERT team. Photo credit by ERU Tegal Yoso, 19 December 2017

33 July – December 2017

34 July – December 2017

7. Activities that support Tiger conservation

Although, the main aim and activity scope of the ERU program is the mitigation and management of Human Elephant Conflict, it also tries to conduct additional patrols to prevent various kinds of illegal activities which are threating not only wild elephants and their habitat but also various other wildlife such as tigers. Snare traps pose a very high and direct risk for wild tigers. However, snare traps are usually not fitted by the poacher with the aim to kill tigers but to trap wild boar and deer. But in many areas in Sumatra during the past years tigers have been trapped and killed in such snare traps. Therefore, the detection and removal of such snare traps is one of the most important and direct action needed to prevent wild tigers deaths in the WKNP. During the year 2017 the ERU team have detected and confiscated more than 250 rope and wire snare traps.

In addition to the direct threat which snare traps pose for tigers, the illegal hunting and thus reduction of prey caused by any poaching of tiger prey such as deer and wild boar poses direct risk to the tiger population in the Way Kambas NP. The increased presence of the ERU team during their additional patrols not only on the NP border but deeper inside the NP reduces the confidence of the poachers to enter these areas as well reducing the poaching success rate due to removal and confiscation of any illegal material such as traps, snares, fishing gear, shelters and vehicles detected by the ERU teams.

The tiger funds also were used to enable a special patrol and monitoring outside from the regular ERU patrolling area. This was conducted from 21st till 25th August. Team members from the ERU Tegal Yosos and ERU Bungur together with other national Park staff from the NP section No II (Bungur) section Bungur II conducted river patrols northeast from the normal ERU Bungur Patrol area, on the river system which is entering the NP from its border and are suspected to be an important entry point of poachers into this remote are of the NP. This area is fare outside the normal ERU patrol area and also poorly patrolled by NP rangers. Due to its abundance of prey such as deer and wild boar it is suspected to be an important habitat for Sumatran tigers but also suspected to be under high threat of poaching activities. A motor boat was used as means of transportation for this patrolling activity, GPS and maps were used for navigation and data recording of any finding. Overnight the team did camp in tends on the riverbanks.

The patrol was conducted by the 4 persons listed below:

No Name/Staff Registration

Number

Group of

Staffing

Position Remarks

1. Nurjoni /

19600220 199102 1 001

III/c Polhut Penyelia Head of the

Team

2. Riza Suyanto /

19680314 199703 1 002

III/a Polhut Pelaksana

Lanjutan

ERU Member

35 July – December 2017

3. Sugiyanto /

19741214 200604 1 004

II/c Pengolah Bahan

Kelengkapan

Kantor

WKNP staff

4. Aris Hendriyanto /

19830426 201407 1 001

II/a Tenaga

Pengaman Hutan

Lainnya

ERU Member

The following illegal activities have been detected during the patrol: 1. Several tracks which seemed to be regularly used to gain illegal access into the NP2. Old camp site seemingly from illegal hunters with old fire places and left-overs from

hunting equipment and animal parts.3. Detecting and confiscating one boat with 6,5 horse power engine inside the NP,

supposedly belonging to illegal wildlife hunters.4. Detecting, confiscating and destroying snares made from nylon ropes and wire in as

many as 17 different locations.5. Identifying and recording the presence of various wildlife such as samba deer,

muntjac, wild boar, long tailed macaque, water monitor.

All the findings of this patrol have been reported the NP head office and have confirmed the suspect of illegal activities especially outside the patrol areas of the ERU patrolling areas are an ongoing problem. Establishment of regular patrolling in this area and strengthening of law enforcement is needed to effectively protect this remote area and it potential as wild tiger habitat within the Way Kambas NP.

Although during the past years occasionally foot prints of wild tigers and even direct sighting of tigers have been made by ERU teams especially in the Bungur region, during the year 2017 no direct sighting and detection of tiger foot prints have been made by the ERU teams. Findings of tiger foot print have been recorded by the PKHS tiger patrol team from their patrols far deeper into the NP in eastern and south eastern direction from the ERU Bungur camp. For its patrol into these areas the PKHS tiger patrol teams often coordinate with the ERU Bungur using the Bungur ERU camp as base for their patrols and coordinating and communicating their patrol routes with the ERU Bungur and Tegal Yoso teams.

As a result it can be concluded that despite increased patrols and prevention of illegal activities potentially threatening wild tigers of the ERU teams, there is still the needs to increase patrols in several remoter areas of the NP to significantly reduce the various kinds of activities threatening wild tiger in the Way Kambas NP. The establishment of a permanent base camp and regular patrols from this camp deeper inside the NP in eastern direction from the ERU Bungur camp could much contribute to better protect this part of the Way Kambas NP. Furthermore, the installation of camera traps could help to better detect and monitor the presence of tigers.

36 July – December 2017

Figure 47. Waterway patrol. Photo Credit by Team of RPN

Rantau Jaya SPTN Wil II Bungur, 21 August 2017

Figure 48. Findings of feces of wild elephant at the patrolling

route. Photo Credit by Team of RPN Rantau Jaya SPTN Wil. II

Bungur, 23 August 2017

Figure 49. Finding of snares at the patrolling track. Photo Credit by Team of RPN Rantau Jaya SPTN Wil. II Bungur, 23 August 2017

MAP OF WATERWAY PATROL IN RPTN RANTAU JAYA SPTN II, BUNGUR TAMAN NASIONAL WAY KAMBAS 21 - 25 AUGUST 2017