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RRJoSST (2018) 35-47 © STM Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved Page 35
Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology ISSN: 2321-2837 (Online), ISSN: 2321-6506 (Print)
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Report on the Indian-Space-Programmes with Indian-
Missile-Programmes from the 20th Century of 2nd
Millennium to the 21st Century of 3rd Millennium
Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay* Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology
Arunachal Pradesh, Yupia, District-Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Abstract Newton’s laws of motion are the fundamental principles of Rocket-Science. According to the recent earlier publications, Newton’s third law of motion has been recently established in space-time by Mukhopadhyay as author, using both of the Mukhopadhyay’s concept theory and Mukhopadhyay’s concept mechanics related to the special theory of relativity in third quantisation. According to the brief description in this report, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has obtained many significant achievements in different Indian-Space-Programmes maintaining the principles of the Newton’s laws of motion. Also, according to this report, many successful technical achievements obtained by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) have been briefly mentioned related to the different Indian-Missile-Programmes maintaining the same principles. In future, this report will be helpful to briefly understand the Indian-Space-Programmes with the Indian-Missile-Programmes towards the progress of “Science and Engineering” in this 21st century of 3rd millennium. Keywords: Indian Space Research Organisation, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Newton’s laws of motion, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, Missile, 2nd Millennium, 3rd Millennium
*Author for Correspondence E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was founded by the Government of India in 1962 to initiate the space activities in India. Also, Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) at Thiruvananthapuram was started by the Government of India in 1962 [1-4]. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established in 1969 to institutionalise the Indian-Space-Programmes. The Space Commission and the Department of Space (DOS) were constituted by the Government of India in June-1972 [5-8]. ISRO was brought under the DOS in September-1972. DOS and Space-Commission are supervised by the honourable Prime-Minister of India [9-12]. At present, both of the DOS and ISRO Headquarters are located at Bangalore in India. Antrix-Corporation established in 1992 is a Government company to market the space products and necessary services [13-18]. Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was established by the
Government of India in 1958 for military-research [19-21]. The Headquarter of DRDO is at the DRDO-Bhavan, New Delhi, India. DRDO is controlled by the Ministry of Defence (Government of India). DRDO performs research on different directions of science and engineering, like Aeronautics, Armaments, Electronics, Land Combat Engineering, Life Sciences, Materials-Sciences, Missile-Systems, and Naval-Systems [19-21].
Recently, Mukhopadhyay as author has
invented the Mukhopadhyay’s concept theory
and Mukhopadhyay’s concept mechanics in
the earlier publications [22-24]. Quantum
theory is the first quantisation, and quantum
field theory is the second quantisation in
physics. Mukhopadhyay’s concept theory is
the third quantisation in physics according to
the earlier publications [22-24]. Also, in the
recent earlier publications, Mukhopadhyay as
author has established the Newton’s third law
of motion with the validity in space-time
related to the special theory of relativity in
third quantisation [22-24]. Hence, according to
Report on the Indian-Space-Programmes Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay
RRJoSST (2018) 35-47 © STM Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved Page 36
the special theory of relativity in space-time,
Newton’s third law of motion is one of the
fundamental principles of rocket-science by
Mukhopadhyay’s concept theory in third
quantisation [22-24].
In this report, author has mentioned the
administrative structure of the Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO) with the
administrative structure of the Defence
Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO) controlled by the Government of
India. Also, the significant achievements in
rocket-science obtained by the ISRO and
DRDO are briefly mentioned. This report will
be helpful to briefly understand the Indian-
Space-Programmes with the Indian-Missile-
Programmes towards the progress of “Science
and Engineering” in this 21st century of 3rd
millennium.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF
ROCKET-SCIENCE IN THE INDIAN-
SPACE-PROGRAMMES AND
INDIAN-MISSILE-PROGRAMMES Newton’s laws of motion are the fundamental
principles of rocket science in Indian-space-
programmes. Rocket is a device of variable
mass with respect to time. According to the
Newton’s first law of motion, any object at
rest will stay at rest and any object in motion
will stay in motion in a straight line unless the
same object is acted upon by an unbalanced
force. The state of rest or state of motion is
considered with respect to the immediate
surroundings of the object. A rocket as an
object is always balanced on the launch-pad.
The gravity acting on the rocket is always
pulling down the rocket and the surface of the
launch-pad is always pushing the rocket
upward making a balance between these two
forces. Any rocket after blasting off the
launch-pad always changes its state of rest to
the state of motion. After ignition of the rocket
engine, the thrust from the rocket makes the
forces unbalanced resulting into an upward
rocket motion [22-25]. Hence, the principles of
Newton’s first law of motion related to the
unbalanced force are maintained in the rocket
motion of Indian-Space-Programmes.
According to the Newton’s second law of
motion, force is equal to the mass times
acceleration. In a rocket, the force is created
by the controlled explosion occurring inside
the rocket-engine. This force pushes the gas
downward and accelerates the rocket upward.
This force on the rocket is continuous with the
firing of the engine. The major parts of the
rocket are engines, propellant-tanks, payload,
control-system and propellants. The mass of
the rocket changes due to the firing of engine
resulting into the reduction in rocket mass
during flight. Therefore, due to the validity of
Newton’s second law of motion, the
acceleration of rocket increases with the
reduction in rocket mass [22-25]. In this way,
the principles of Newton’s second law of
motion related to the acceleration are
maintained in the rocket motion of Indian-
Space-Programmes.
According to the Newton’s third law of
motion, every action has an equal and opposite
reaction. A rocket lifts off from a launch-pad
by expelling gas downward from the rocket
engine. The action is governed by the rocket
expelling the gas downward, and the rocket
moves upward by the reaction in opposite
direction. The thrust as action must be greater
with respect to the gravitational force related
to rocket mass. In the deep space, any small
amount of thrust from the rocket can change
the direction of the rocket motion [22-25]. In
this way, the principles of Newton’s third law
of motion related to the action and reaction are
maintained in the rocket motion of Indian-
Space-Programmes.
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS OF
ISRO AND DRDO IN INDIA The Space-Commission of India implements
the Indian-Space-Programmes to develop and
promote the applications of space technology
towards the benefit of the country. Department
of Space (DOS) implements the Indian-Space-
Programmes by the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO), Physical Research
Laboratory (PRL), National Atmospheric
Research Laboratory (NARL), North Eastern
Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC), and
Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL) [1-4].
The major Indian-Space-Programmes under
DOS are as follows: (A) Indian National
Satellite (INSAT) programme for
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telecommunications, TV broadcasting,
meteorology, and developmental education;
(B) Remote Sensing Programme towards the
applications of satellite imagery for several
developmental purposes; (C) Design and
development of spacecraft with associated
technologies for the applications in
communications, resources survey, and space
sciences; (D) Design and development of
launch vehicles for different space science
missions; and (E) Research on space science
and technology for the national development
[5-8].
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO,
India) has the following major Units [9-18]:
Semi-Conductor Laboratory (ISRO, India),
Western RRSC (ISRO, India), Solar
Observatory (ISRO, India), Space
Applications Centre (ISRO, India), Physical
Research Laboratory (ISRO, India),
Development and Educational Communication
Unit (ISRO, India), Infrared Observatory
(ISRO, India), Master Control Facility-B
(ISRO, India), ISRO Liaison Office (ISRO,
India), Indian Deep Space Network (ISRO,
India), Indian Space Science Data Centre
(ISRO, India), Master Control Facility (ISRO,
India), Space Commission (ISRO, India),
Department of Space and ISRO Headquarters
(ISRO, India), INSAT Programme Office
(ISRO, India), NNRMS Secretariat (ISRO,
India), Civil Engineering Programme Office
(ISRO, India), Antrix Corporation (ISRO,
India), U. R. Rao Satellite Centre (ISRO,
India), Laboratory for Electro-Optical Systems
(ISRO, India), “ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and
Command Network” (ISRO, India), Southern
RRSC (ISRO, India), Liquid Propulsion
Systems (ISRO, India), Ammonium
Perchlorate Experimental Plant (ISRO, India),
DOS Branch Secretariat (ISRO, India), ISRO
Branch Office (ISRO, India), Delhi Earth
Station (ISRO, India), Indian Institute of
Remote Sensing (ISRO, India), Centre for
Space Science and Technology Education in
Asia-Pacific (ISRO, India), ISTRAC Ground
Station (ISRO, India), Eastern RRSC (ISRO,
India), North Eastern Space Application
Centre (ISRO, India), Central RRSC (ISRO,
India), National Remote Sensing Centre
(ISRO, India), National Atmospheric Research
Laboratory (ISRO, India), Down Range
Station (ISRO, India), Satish Dhawan Space
Centre (ISRO, India), ISRO Propulsion
Complex (ISRO, India), Vikram Sarabhai
Space Centre (ISRO, India), Liquid Propulsion
Systems Centre (ISRO, India), ISRO Inertial
Systems Unit (ISRO, India), and the Indian
Institute of Space Science and Technology
(ISRO, India). In this 21st century of 3rd
millennium, all of these Units of ISRO are
being used in the Indian-Space-Programmes.
Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO, India) has the following
major Units [19-21]: Centre for Artificial
Intelligence & Robotics (DRDO, Bangalore,
India), Combat Vehicles Research &
Development Estt. (DRDO, Chennai, India),
Defence Avionics Research Establishment
(DRDO, Bangalore, India), Defence Bio-
Engineering & Electro Medical Laboratory
(DRDO, Bangalore, India), Defence Food
Research Laboratory (DRDO, Mysore, India),
Gas Turbine Research Establishment (DRDO,
Bangalore, India), Electronics & Radar
Development Establishment (DRDO,
Bangalore, India), Microwave Tube Research
& Development Centre (DRDO, Bangalore,
India), Naval Physical & Oceanographic
Laboratory (DRDO, Cochin, India), Centre
For Air Borne System (DRDO, Bangalore,
India), Aeronautical Development
Establishment (DRDO, Bangalore, India),
Centre for Military Airworthiness &
Certification (DRDO, Bangalore, India),
Defence Electronics Application Laboratory
(DRDO, Dehradun, India), Defence Institute
of Bio-Energy Research (DRDO, Haldwani,
India), Defence Institute of High Altitude
Research (DRDO, Leh Ladakh, India),
Defence Research Laboratory (DRDO, Tejpur,
India), Instruments Research & Development
Establishment (DRDO, Dehradun, India),
Institute of Technology Management (DRDO,
Mussorie, India), Snow & Avalanche Study
Estt (DRDO, Chandigarh, India), Terminal
Ballistics Research Laboratory (DRDO,
Chandigarh, India), Aerial Delivery Research
and Development Establishment (DRDO,
Agra, India), Defence Materials and Stores
Research and Development Establishment
(DRDO, Kanpur, India), “Centre for Fire,
Explosive and Environment Safety” (DRDO,
Report on the Indian-Space-Programmes Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay
RRJoSST (2018) 35-47 © STM Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved Page 38
Delhi, India), Defence Scientific Information
& Documentation Centre (DRDO, Delhi,
India), Defence Institute of Physiology &
Allied Sciences (DRDO, Delhi, India),
Defence Institute of Psychological Research
(DRDO, Delhi, India), Defence Research &
Development Establishment (DRDO, Gwalior,
India), Defence Terrain Research Laboratory
(DRDO, Delhi, India), Institute of Nuclear
Medicine & Allied Sciences (DRDO, Delhi,
India), Institute for Systems Studies &
Analyses (DRDO, Delhi, India), Laser Science
& Technology Centre (DRDO, Delhi, India),
Scientific Analysis Group (DRDO, Delhi,
India), Solid State Physics Laboratory
(DRDO, Delhi, India), Defence Laboratory
(DRDO, Jodhpur, India), Centre for Advanced
Semiconductor Technology (DRDO, Delhi,
India), Advanced Numerical Research &
Analysis Group (DRDO, Hyderabad, India),
Defence Electronics Research Laboratory
(DRDO, Hyderabad, India), Defence
Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DRDO,
Hyderabad, India), Defence Research &
Development Laboratory (DRDO, Hyderabad,
India), Naval Science & Technological
Laboratory (DRDO, Vishakapatnam, India),
Proof & Experimental Establishment (DRDO,
Balasore, India), Integrated Test Range
(DRDO, Balasore, India), Research Centre
Imarat (DRDO, Hyderabad, India), Armament
Research & Development Establishment
(DRDO, Pune, India), Defence Institute of
Advanced Technology (DRDO, Pune, India),
High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
(DRDO, Pune, India), Naval Materials
Research Laboratory (DRDO, Ambernath,
India), Research & Development
Establishment (DRDO, Pune, India), Vehicle
Research & Development Establishment
(DRDO, Ahmednagar, India), and the
Advanced Centre for Energetic Materials
(DRDO, Nasik, India). In this 21st century of
3rd millennium, all of these Units of DRDO
are being used in the Indian-Missile-
Programmes.
APPLICATIONS OF THE INDIAN-
SATELLITE-SYSTEMS Figure 1 shows the schematic structure of a
satellite communication [26]. The telemetry,
tracking and command (TT&C) subsystem is
the most essential part of any satellite [26].
Telemetry is for the remote sensing [26].
Tracking is to follow up [26]. Command is the
instructions to be obeyed [26]. Block diagram
of the TT&C system is shown in Figure 2. The
Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) was
commissioned by the Government-of-India in
1983. The major applications of Indian-
Communication-Satellites are in telephone-
communications, television-communications,
radio broadcasting, internet-access and
military applications [26].
The lower earth orbit Indian-satellites are used
for remote sensing and earth observation [25-
30]. Also, Indian-satellites are used in
meteorological applications like weather
survey and the studies on different layers of
atmosphere [25-30]. The frequency bands for
satellite communication are shown in Table 1
[26]. According to the features of satellite
orbits, the satellites are classified into the
following categories: (a) Low Earth Orbit
(LEO) satellite; (b) Middle Earth Orbit (MEO)
satellite; (c) Geo-stationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
satellite; and Highly Eccentric Orbit (HEO)
satellite [26]. The altitude of LEO satellite is
500 km to 1500 km, with a rotation period of
90 minutes and with a time in sight of 15
minutes [26]. The altitude of MEO satellite is
5000 km to 10000 km, with a rotation period
of 5 to 12 hours and with a time in sight of 2 to
4 hours [26]. The altitude of GEO satellite is
36000 km, with a rotation period of 24 hours
and with a time in sight of 24 hours [26]. The
altitude of HEO satellite is 15000 km to 30000
km, with a rotation period of less than 24
hours and with a time in sight of 8 hours [26].
Satellite communication needs appropriate
earth stations. The types of earth stations are
as follows: (a) transmit receive earth station,
(b) receive only earth station, and (c) transmit
only earth station [26]. The types and sizes of
the earth station equipments are dependent on
the following factors: (a) function of the earth
station, (b) the chosen frequency band, (c) the
type of service to be implemented, and (d) the
characteristics of antenna used [26]. The
design of an earth station has the following
requirements: (a) sufficient gain in the
direction of signal propagation, (b) sufficient
efficiency of antenna, (c) low effective noise
Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology
Volume 7, Issue 3
ISSN: 2321-2837 (Online), ISSN: 2321-6506 (Print)
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temperature, (d) minimum variation in signal
performance with respect to the local wind and
weather, (e) minimum variation in signal
illumination by the earth station to the satellite,
and (f) high discrimination between the
orthogonal polarized signal [26]. In brief,
Figure 3 shows the block diagram of an earth
station transmitter. Also, in brief, Figure 4
shows the block diagram of an earth station
receiver [26].
Table 1: Common Frequency Bands for Satellite Communication. Band User Downlink bands (in GHz) Uplink bands (in GHz)
UHF Military 0.25 to 0.27 0.29 to 0.31
C-band Commercial 3.70 to 4.20 5.90 to 6.40
X-band Military 7.20 to 7.70 7.90 to 8.40
Ku-band Commercial 11.70 to 12.20 14.00 to 14.50
K-band Commercial 17.70 to 21.20 27.50 to 30.00
Ka-band Military 20.20 to 21.20 43.50 to 45.50
Fig. 1: Schematic Structure of a Satellite Communication.
Fig. 2: Block Diagram of the Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) System.
Report on the Indian-Space-Programmes Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay
RRJoSST (2018) 35-47 © STM Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved Page 40
Fig. 3: The Block Diagram of an Earth Station Transmitter.
Fig. 4: The Block Diagram of an Earth Station Receiver.
Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology
Volume 7, Issue 3
ISSN: 2321-2837 (Online), ISSN: 2321-6506 (Print)
RRJoSST (2018) 35-47 © STM Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved Page 41
EXAMPLES OF SIGNIFICANT
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE INDIAN
SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION
(ISRO) The foreign satellites launched by the Indian
Space Research Organisation (ISRO, India)
using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicles
(PSLV) with the highly Smart Launch-
Statistics maintaining the Newton’s Laws of
Motion as Fundamental Principles of Rocket-
Science are as follows [4-14]: DLR-Tubsat
(Germany, Date of Launch: 26th May 1999),
Kitsat-3 (South Korea, Date of Launch: 26th
May 1999), BIRD (Germany, Date of Launch:
22nd October 2001), PROBA (Belgium, Date
of Launch: 22nd October 2001), Lapan-
TUBsat (Indonesia, Date of Launch: 10th
January 2007), Pehuensat-1 (Argentina, Date
of Launch: 10th January 2007), AGILE (Italy,
Date of Launch: 23rd April 2007), TecSAR
(Israel, Date of Launch: 21st January 2008),
CAN-X2 (Canada, Date of Launch: 28th April
2008), NLS-5 (Canada, Date of Launch: 28th
April 2008), Delfi-C3 (Netherlands, Date of
Launch: 28th April 2008), AAUSAT-II
(Denmark, Date of Launch: 28th April 2008),
COMPASS-1 (Germany, Date of Launch: 28th
April 2008), Rubin-8 (Germany, Date of
Launch: 28th April 2008), CUTE-1.7 (Japan,
Date of Launch: 28th April 2008), SEEDS-2
(Japan, Date of Launch: 28th April 2008),
UWE-2 (Germany, Date of Launch: 23rd
September 2009), BeeSat-1 (Germany, Date of
Launch: 23rd September 2009), RUBIN-9.1
(Germany, Date of Launch: 23rd September
2009), RUBIN-9.2 (Germany, Date of Launch:
23rd September 2009), ITUpSAT-1 (Turkey,
Date of Launch: 23rd September 2009),
SwissCube-1 (Switzerland, Date of Launch:
23rd September 2009), Alsat-2A (Algeria,
Date of Launch: 12th July 2010), AISSat-1
(Canada, Date of Launch: 12th July 2010),
TIsat-1 (Switzerland, Date of Launch: 12th
July 2010), VESSELSAT-1 (Luxembourg,
Date of Launch: 12th January 2011), X-SAT
(Singapore, Date of Launch: 20th April 2011),
SPOT-6 (France, Date of Launch: 9th
September 2012), PROITERES (Japan, Date
of Launch: 9th September 2012), Sapphire
(Canada, Date of Launch: 25th February
2013), NEOSSat (Canada, Date of Launch:
25th February 2013), TUGSAT-1 (Austria,
Date of Launch: 25th February 2013),
UniBRITE-1 (Austria, Date of Launch: 25th
February 2013), AAUSAT3 (Denmark, Date
of Launch: 25th February 2013), STRaND-1
(United Kingdom, Date of Launch: 25th
February 2013), SPOT-7 (France, Date of
Launch: 30th June 2014), AISAT (Germany,
Date of Launch: 30th June 2014), CanX-4
(Canada, Date of Launch: 30th June 2014),
CanX-5 (Canada, Date of Launch: 30th June
2014), VELOX-1 (Singapore, Date of Launch:
30th June 2014), UK-DMC 3A (United
Kingdom, Date of Launch: 10th July 2015),
UK-DMC 3B (United Kingdom, Date of
Launch: 10th July 2015), UK-DMC 3C
(United Kingdom, Date of Launch: 10th July
2015), CBNT-1 (United Kingdom, Date of
Launch: 10th July 2015), De-OrbitSail (United
Kingdom, Date of Launch: 10th July 2015),
LAPAN-A2 (Indonesia, Date of Launch: 28th
September 2015), NLS-14 Ev9 (Canada, Date
of Launch: 28th September 2015), Lemur-2-
Peter (United States of America, Date of
Launch: 28th September 2015), Lemur-2-
Jeroen (United States of America, Date of
Launch: 28th September 2015), Lemur-2-Joel
(United States of America, Date of Launch:
28th September 2015), Lemur-2-Chris (United
States of America, Date of Launch: 28th
September 2015), TeLEOS-1 (Singapore, Date
of Launch: 16th December 2015), VELOX-C1
(Singapore, Date of Launch: 16th December
2015), VELOX-II (Singapore, Date of Launch:
16th December 2015), Athenoxat-1
(Singapore, Date of Launch: 16th December
2015), Kent Ridge 1 (Singapore, Date of
Launch: 16th December 2015), Galassia
(Singapore, Date of Launch: 16th December
2015), LAPAN A3 (Indonesia, Date of
Launch: 22nd June 2016), BIROS (Germany,
Date of Launch: 22nd June 2016), M3MSat
(Canada, Date of Launch: 22nd June 2016),
GHGsat-D (Canada, Date of Launch: 22nd
June 2016), SkySat Gen2-1 (United States of
America, Date of Launch: 22nd June 2016),
Dove Satellites (United States of America,
Date of Launch: 22nd June 2016), AlSAT-1N
(Algeria, Date of Launch: 26th September
2016), Alsat-1B (Algeria, Date of Launch:
26th September 2016), Alsat-2B (Algeria,
Date of Launch: 26th September 2016), NLS-
19 (Canada, Date of Launch: 26th September
2016), Pathfinder-1 (United States of America,
Date of Launch: 26th September 2016), Flock-
Report on the Indian-Space-Programmes Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay
RRJoSST (2018) 35-47 © STM Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved Page 42
3p (United States of America, Date of Launch:
15th February 2017), Lemur-2 (United States
of America, Date of Launch: 15th February
2017), Al Farabi-1 (Kazakhstan, Date of
Launch: 15th February 2017), BGUSAT
(Israel, Date of Launch: 15th February 2017),
Nayif-1 (United Arab Emirates, Date of
Launch: 15th February 2017), DIDO-2 (Israel,
Switzerland, Date of Launch: 15th February
2017), PEASS (Belgium, Germany, Israel,
Netherlands, Date of Launch: 15th February
2017), Pegasus QB50 AT03 (Austria, Date of
Launch: 23rd June 2017), QB50-BE06
(Belgium, Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017),
SUCHAI-1 (Chile, Date of Launch: 23rd June
2017), VZLUSAT-1 (Czech Republic, Date of
Launch: 23rd June 2017), Aalto-1 (Finland,
Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017), ROBUSTA-
1B (France, Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017),
COMPASS-2/Dragsail (Germany, Date of
Launch: 23rd June 2017), URSAMAIOR
(Italy, Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017), D-
SAT (Italy, Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017),
Max Valier (Italy, Germany, Date of Launch:
23rd June 2017), CE-SAT1 (Japan, Date of
Launch: 23rd June 2017), Venta-1 (Latvia,
Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017), Lituanica
SAT-2 (Lithuania, Date of Launch: 23rd June
2017), skCUBE (Slovakia, Date of Launch:
23rd June 2017), InflateSail (United Kingdom,
Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017), UCLSat
(United Kingdom, Date of Launch: 23rd June
2017), Diamond Satellites (United Kingdom,
Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017), CICERO-6
(United States of America, Date of Launch:
23rd June 2017), Lemur-2 Satellites (United
States of America, Date of Launch: 23rd June
2017), Tyvak-53b (United States of America,
Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017), Telesat
Phase-1 LEO (Canada, Date of Launch: 12th
January 2018), POC-1 (Finland, Date of
Launch: 12th January 2018), PicSat (France,
Date of Launch: 12th January 2018), CBNT-2
(United Kingdom, Date of Launch: 12th
January 2018), CANYVAL-X (South Korea,
Date of Launch: 12th January 2018),
CNUSAIL-1 (South Korea, Date of Launch:
12th January 2018), KAUSAT-5 (South
Korea, Date of Launch: 12th January 2018),
SIGMA (South Korea, Date of Launch: 12th
January 2018), STEP CUBE LAB (South
Korea, Date of Launch: 12th January 2018),
Flock-3p (United States of America, Date of
Launch: 12th January 2018), Lemur-2 (United
States of America, Date of Launch: 12th
January 2018), SpaceBEE (United States of
America, Date of Launch: 12th January 2018),
DemoSat-2 (United States of America, Date of
Launch: 12th January 2018), Micromas-2
(United States of America, Date of Launch:
12th January 2018), Tyvak-61C (United States
of America, Date of Launch: 12th January
2018), Fox-1D (United States of America,
Date of Launch: 12th January 2018), Corvus
BC3 (United States of America, Date of
Launch: 12th January 2018), Arkyd-6 (United
States of America, Date of Launch: 12th
January 2018), CICERO-7 (United States of
America, Date of Launch: 12th January 2018),
NovaSAR (United Kingdom, Date of Launch:
16th September 2018), S1-4 (United Kingdom,
Date of Launch: 16th September 2018). The
above Launch-Statistics is the series of
remarkable achievements in the Indian-Space-
Programmes from the 20th century of 2nd
millennium to the 21st century of 3rd
millennium.
The examples of other Indian-Space-
Programmes are as follows [4-14]: Chandrayaan-1 (India’s First Lunar Probe,
Date of Launch: 22nd October 2008), Mars Orbiter Mission-1 (Spacecraft orbiting Mars,
Date of Launch: 5th November 2013), ASTROSAT (First dedicated Indian
Astronomy Satellite Mission, Date of Launch: 28th September 2015), South Asia Satellite
(India, Date of Launch: 5th May 2017), Chandrayaan-2 (India’s Second Mission to the
Moon), Aditya-L1 (First Indian-based Solar Coronagraph to Study the Solar Corona in
Visible and near IR Bands), AVATAR (India,
For low-cost Satellite-Launches as well as for Space-Tourism), GSAT-11 (India, Spacecraft),
RISAT-1A (India, Radar Imaging Satellite 1A), NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture
Radar), Mars Orbiter Missin-2 (Mangalyaan-2), Indian Venusian Orbiter Mission (Planned
Orbiter to Venus); Aryabhatta (India, Date of Launch: 19th April 1975); Bhaskara Sega-I
(India, Date of Launch: 7th June 1979); Rohini RS-1 (India, Date of Launch: 18th July 1980);
Rohini RS-D1 (India, Date of Launch: 31st May 1981); APPLE (India, Date of Launch:
19th June 1981); Bhaskara-II (India, Date of Launch: 20th November 1981); INSAT-1A
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(India, Date of Launch: 10th April 1982); Rohini RS-D2 (India, Date of Launch: 17th
April 1983); INSAT-1B (India, Date of Launch: 1st June 1983); SROSS-1 (India, Date
of Launch: 24th March 1987); IRS-1A (India, Date of Launch: 17th March 1988); SROSS-2
(India, Date of Launch: 13th July 1988);
INSAT-1C (India, Date of Launch: 22nd July 1988); INSAT-1D (India, Date of Launch:
12th June 1990); IRS-1B (India, Date of Launch: 29th August 1991); INSAT-2DT
(India, Date of Launch: 27th February 1992); SROSS-C (India, Date of Launch: 20th May
1992); INSAT-2A (India, Date of Launch: 10th July 1992); INSAT-2B (India, Date of
Launch: 23rd July 1993); IRS-1E (India, Date of Launch: 20th September 1993); SROSS-C2
(India, Date of Launch: 5th May 1994); IRS-P2 (India, Date of Launch: 15th October
1994); INSAT-2C (India, Date of Launch: 7th December 1995); IRS-1C (India, Date of
Launch: 28th December 1995); IRS-P3 (India, Date of Launch: 21st March 1996); INSAT-2D
(India, Date of Launch: 4th June 1997); IRS-1D (India, Date of Launch: 29th September
1997); INSAT-2E (India, Date of Launch: 2nd
April 1999); OceanSat-1 (India, Date of Launch: 26th May 1999); INSAT-3B (India,
Date of Launch: 22nd March 2000); GSAT-1 (India, Date of Launch: 18th April 2001); TES
(India, Date of Launch: 22nd October 2001); INSAT-3C (India, 24th January 2002);
Kalpana-1 (India, Date of Launch: 12th September 2002); INSAT-3A (India, Date of
Launch: 10th April 2003); GSAT-2 (India, Date of Launch: 8th May 2003); INSAT-3E
(India, Date of Launch: 28th September 2003); ResourceSat-1 (India, Date of Launch: 17th
October 2003); GSAT-3 (India, Date of Launch: 20th September 2004); CartoSat-1
(India, Date of Launch: 5th May 2005); HamSat (India, Date of Launch: 5th May
2005); INSAT-4A (India, Date of Launch:
22nd December 2005); INSAT-4C (India, Date of Launch: 10th July 2006); CartoSat-2
(India, Date of Launch: 10th January 2007); SRE-1 (India, Date of Launch: 10th January
2007); INSAT-4B (India, Date of Launch: 12th March 2007); INSAT-4CR (India, Date
of Launch: 2nd September 2007); CartoSat-2A (India, Date of Launch: 28th April 2008);
Indian Mini Satellite-1 (India, Date of Launch: 28th April 2008); RISAT-2 (India, Date of
Launch: 20th April 2009); AnuSat-1 (India,
Date of Launch: 20th April 2009); OceanSat-2 (India, Date of Launch: 23rd September 2009);
GSAT-4 (India, Date of Launch: 15th April 2010); CartoSat-2B (India, Date of Launch:
12th July 2010); StudSat (India, Date of Launch: 12th July 2010); GSAT-5P (India,
Date of Launch: 25th December 2010);
ResourceSat-2 (India, Date of Launch: 20th April 2011); YouthSat (India, Date of Launch:
20th April 2011); GSAT-8 (India, Date of Launch: 21st May 2011); GSAT-12 (India,
Date of Launch: 15th July 2011); Megha-Tropiques (India, Date of Launch: 12th
October 2011); Jugnu (India, Date of Launch: 12th October 2011); SRMSat (India, Date of
Launch: 12th October 2011); RISAT-1 (India, Date of Launch: 26th April 2012); GSAT-10
(India, Date of Launch: 28th September 2012); SARAL (India, Date of Launch: 25th February
2013); IRNSS-1A (India, Date of Launch: 1st July 2013); INSAT-3D (India, Date of
Launch: 26th July 2013); GSAT-7 (India, Date of Launch: 30th August 2013); GSAT-14
(India, Date of Launch: 5th January 2014); IRNSS-1B (India, Date of Launch: 4th April
2014); IRNSS-1C (India, Date of Launch: 16th
October 2014); GSAT-16 (India, Date of Launch: 7th December 2014); IRNSS-1D
(India, Date of Launch: 28th March 2015); GSAT-6 (India, Date of Launch: 27th August
2015); Astrosat (India, Date of Launch: 28th September 2015); GSAT-15 (India, Date of
Launch: 11th November 2015); IRNSS-1E (India, Date of Launch: 20th January 2016);
IRNSS-1F (India, Date of Launch: 10th March 2016); IRNSS-1G (India, Date of Launch:
28th April 2016); Cartosat-2C (India, Date of Launch: 22nd June 2016); SathyabamaSat
(India, Date of Launch: 22nd June 2016); Swayam-1 (India, Date of Launch: 22nd June
2016); INSAT-3DR (India, Date of Launch: 8th September 2016); Pratham (India, Date of
Launch: 26th September 2016); PISat (Indian
Nanosatellite, Date of Launch: 26th September 2016); ScatSat-1 (India, Date of Launch: 26th
September 2016); GSAT-18 (India, Date of Launch: 6th October 2016); ResourceSat-2A
(India, Date of Launch: 7th December 2016); CartoSat-2D (India, Date of Launch: 15th
February 2017); INS-1A (Indian Nanosatellite 1A, Date of Launch: 15th February 2017);
INS-1B (Indian Nanosatellite 1B, Date of Launch: 15th February 2017); GSAT-19
(India, Date of Launch: 5th June 2017);
Report on the Indian-Space-Programmes Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay
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NIUSat (India, Date of Launch: 23rd June 2017); CartoSat-2E (India, Date of Launch:
23rd June 2017); GSAT-17 (India, Date of Launch: 29th June 2017); IRNSS-1H (India,
Date of Launch: 2nd September 2017); CartoSat-2F (India, Date of Launch: 10th
January 2018); MicroSat-TD (India, Date of
Launch: 10th January 2018); INS-1C (Indian Nanosatellite 1C, Date of Launch: 10th January
2018); GSAT-6A (India, Date of Launch: 29th March 2018); IRNSS-1I (India, Date of
Launch: 12th April 2018). The above Launch-Statistics is another series of remarkable
achievements in the Indian-Space-Programmes from the 20th century of 2nd millennium to the
21st century of 3rd millennium.
EXAMPLES OF SIGNIFICANT
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE DEFENCE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATION (DRDO) Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO, India) has achieved the
successful results in the following Indian-
Missile-Projects with the highly smart Launch-
Statistics maintaining the Newton’s laws of
motion as fundamental principles of Rocket-
Science [19-21]: Pinaka MBRL Missile,
Akash (Surface-to-Air Missile), Nag (Anti-
Tank Missile), Helina (Air-Launched Anti-
Tank Missile), Amogha Missile (Anti-Tank
Missile), CLGM (Cannon Launched Anti-
Tank Missile), DRDO Anti-Tank Missile,
Prithvi-1 (Surface-to-Surface Ballistic
Missile), Prithvi-2 (Surface-to-Surface
Ballistic Missile), Prithvi-3 (Surface-to-
Surface Ballistic Missile), Agni-1 (Surface-to-
Surface Medium-Range Ballistic Missile),
Agni-2 (Surface-to-Surface Medium-Range
Ballistic Missile), Agni-3 (Surface-to-Surface
Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile), Agni-4
(Surface-to-Surface Intermediate-Range
Ballistic Missile), Agni-5 (Surface-to-Surface
Intercontinental Ballistic Missile), Agni-6
(Four-Stage Intercontinental Ballistic Missile),
Dhanush (Ship Launched Surface-to-Surface
Ballistic Missile), K-15 (Submarine-Launched
Ballistic Missile), K-4 (Submarine-Launched
Ballistic Missile), K-5 (Submarine-Launched
Ballistic Missile), Shaurya (Surface-to-Surface
Hypersonic Tactical Missile), BrahMos
(Cruise-Missile), BrahMos-A (Air-Launched
Cruise Missile), BrahMos-NG (Miniature
Version based on BrahMos-Missile),
BrahMos-2 (Hypersonic Missile), Astra (All
Weather Beyond-Visual-Range Air-to-Air
Missile), DRDO Anti-Radiation Missile (Air-
to-Surface Anti-Radiation Missile), Nirbhay
(Long-Range Subsonic Cruise Missile),
Prahaar (Tactical Short-Range Ballistic
Missile), Pragati Missile, Pinaka Mk-3, Barak-
8 (Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile), Maitri
Missile, Trishul Missile, Pradyumna Ballistic
Missile Interceptor Programme, Ashwin
Ballistic Missile Interceptor Programme,
Prithvi Air Defence Missile Programme,
Advanced Air Defence Missile Programme,
and Prithvi Defence Vehicle Missile
Programme.
As a particular missile test by DRDO, on the
date of 10th February 2012, an Air Defence
Missile developed by DRDO hit a mimicking
ballistic missile successfully and destroyed
that at 15 Km height from the coast of Orissa
near Wheeler’s island [31]. The incoming
ballistic missile was tracked by the Radars
located at different positions [31]. Trajectory
of the incoming ballistic missile was
continuously computed by the guidance
computers and the interceptor missile was
launched by the same guidance computers at
the properly calculated time [31]. Radar and
Electro-Optic Tracking Systems (EOTS)
tracked the missile properly and the fragments
of target missile were recorded as falling into
the Bay of Bengal [31].
In the year of 2014, DRDO tested the
indigenously developed Surface-to-Air missile
‘Akash’ successfully [32]. On the date of 1st
March 2017, DRDO tested the interceptor
missile Advanced Area Defence (AAD) from
Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha [33]. This endo-
atmospheric missile destroyed the incoming
target missiles at an altitude of 15 to 25 Km
successfully [33]. On the date of 11th March
2017, BrahMos Extended Range Missile as
supersonic cruise missile was successfully
tested from the Integrated Test Range (ITR) of
Chandipur at the sea in Balasore off the coast
of Odisha [34]. In an earlier year, on the date
of 21st July 2011, DRDO successfully tested
the surface-to-surface missile ‘Prahaar’ from
the Launch-Complex-3 at the Integrated Test
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Range (ITR) of Chandipur at the sea in
Balasore off the coast of Odisha [35].
In the year of 2012, Agni-1 as India’s 700 Km
range ballistic missile was tested successfully as
a textbook launch fulfilling all the mission-
objectives [36]. The road mobile launcher was
used to launch this missile [36]. This missile
was tracked by the radars and telemetry-stations
located along the coastline of the Wheeler
Island off the coast of Odisha [36]. On the date
of 13th June 2017, the Anti-Tank Guided
Missile (ATGM) ‘Nag’ was tested successfully
by DRDO in the Desert-of-Rajasthan [37]. On
the date of 3rd July 2017, DRDO successfully
tested one Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air
Missile (QRSAM) from the Integrated Test
Range (ITR) of Chandipur at the sea in
Balasore off the coast of Odisha [38].
On the date of 18th June 2014, Indian Army
successfully tested the low altitude near range
trial of ‘Akash’ missile from the Integrated
Test Range (ITR) of Chandipur at the sea in
Balasore off the coast of Odisha [39]. Again,
on the date of 20th June 2014, DRDO
successfully tested the ‘Astra’ as beyond
visual range air-to-air missile from Su-30 Mk1
by the Indian-Air-Force from a naval range of
Goa [40]. On the date of 2nd January 2017,
‘Agni-IV’ as long-range surface-to-surface
ballistic missile having the range of 4000 Km
was successfully tested fulfilling all the
mission-objectives [41]. In an earlier test, on
the date of 26th December 2016, ‘Agni-V’ as
long-range surface-to-surface ballistic-missile
was successfully tested by DRDO from the
Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha [42].
Again, DRDO successfully tested the Guided
Pinaka Mark-II in two phases on the dates of
12th January 2017 and 24th January 2017
from the Launch-Complex-3 at the Integrated
Test Range (ITR) of Chandipur, Odisha [43].
In the duration of 11th-14th September 2017,
‘Astra’ as Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air
Missile (BVRAAM) was successfully tested
on the Bay of Bengal off the coast of
Chandipur, Odisha [44]. DRDO successfully
conducted total seven individual trials against
the pilotless target aircrafts [44]. Earlier in the
same year, on the date of 8th September 2017,
DRDO successfully tested the ‘Nag’ as third-
generation anti-tank guided missile (ATGM)
[45]. In this way, DRDO is achieving many
significant milestones of Indian-Missile-
Programmes in this 21st century of 3rd
millennium.
CONCLUSIONS Newton’s laws of motion are the fundamental
principles of rocket-science in the Indian-
Space-Programmes along with the Indian-
Missile-Programmes under the Government-
of-India from the 20th century of 2nd
millennium to the 21st century of 3rd
millennium. The presence and validity of the
Newton’s laws of motion in the Indian-Space-
Programmes are described in this report.
Newton’s laws of motion are valid in the
space-time according to the special theory of
relativity using the Mukhopadhyay’s concept
theory and Mukhopadhyay’s concept
mechanics in third quantisation. In this report,
the significant achievements of the Indian
Space Research Organisation (ISRO) related
to the Indian-Space-Programmes maintaining
the Newton’s laws of motion are briefly
mentioned. Also, the remarkable achievements
of the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) related to the Indian-
Missile-Programmes maintaining the
Newton’s laws of motion are briefly
mentioned. These achievements are obtained
by ISRO and DRDO under the guideline and
financial-support from the Government of
India. This report will be helpful to briefly
understand the Indian-Space-Programmes with
the Indian-Missile-Programmes in future
towards the progress of “Science and
Engineering” in this 21st century of 3rd
millennium by increasing the Indian-Space-
Power with the Indian-Missile-Power.
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Cite this Article Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay. Report on the
Indian-Space-Programmes with Indian-
Missile-Programmes from the 20th
Century of 2nd Millennium to the 21st
Century of 3rd Millennium. Research &
Reviews: Journal of Space Science &
Technology. 2018; 7(3): 35–47p.