report on transformer wheelchair
TRANSCRIPT
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PROJECT REPORT
on
TRANSFORMER WHEELCHAIR
Submitted By :-
PIYUSH GUPTA
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ABSTRACT
Embedded systems are found in variety of common electronic devices like (a)
consumer electronics cell phones, pagers, digital cameras, camcorders, videocassette
recorders, portable video games, calculators and personal digital assistants; (b) home
appliances microwave ovens, answering machines, home security, washing machines
and lighting systems; (c) office automation fax machines, copiers printers and
scanners; (d) business equipment; (e) automobiles transmission control, anti lock
brakes etc.
This report is an attempt to throw some light on over of embedded systems,
classification and description of various application areas of embedded system.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Embedded Systems
2. Microcontrollers Trend in the Embedded Systems
3. Application of Embedded Systems in sphere of life
4. Variants in Atmel 8051 Microcontroller
5. Introduction to the project
6. Circuit Diagram
7. PCB Layout
8. Program in Assembly
9. Conclusion & Future work
10. Bibliography
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Introduction to Embedded Systems
In the daily life we use lots of electronic devices like Calculators, Computers,
Automatic Washing Machines, and Mobile phones etc. The common thing in all these
devices is that they all contain Microprocessor. So they all are Microprocessor based
system.
Actually Microprocessor based systems are divided into two categories:
1. Reprogrammable Systems
2. Embedded Systems
Reprogrammable Systems
These are the general purpose systems. We can run programs of different type of
language programs like C, C++, Java etc. Even we can listen the music, watching the
movies etc. That is, these systems can be reprogrammed from the users side of view
and they are general purpose type. Examples of these systems are Personal Computer,
Workstations etc.
Embedded systems
These are not general purpose systems but these systems can specially designed for
specific applications. The examples of embedded systems are Robots, Calculators,
Metro Rails without drivers etc. In such a way we can say that, Embedded Systems
are microprocessor based electronics systems which are designed for the specific
task only.
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Micro Controllers Trend in the Embedded Systems
Application of embedded systems in sphere of life
Consumer electronics
Telecommunication
Automobile
Medical instrumentation
Industrial control equipment
Defense
Communication satellite
Data communication
Internet appliances
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
4-bit 8-bit 16-bit 32-bit 64-bit Special
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
4-bit 8-bit 16-bit 32-bit 64-bit Special
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8051 Microcontroller
AT89C51:
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4Kbytes
of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and iscompatible
with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventionalNon-volatile memory
programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flashon a monolithic chip, the Atmel
AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which providesa highly-flexible and cost-effectivesolution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of
RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a
full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is
designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software
selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,
timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-downMode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions
until the next hardware reset.
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Pin Configuration:
Pin Description:
VCC: Supply voltage.
GND: Ground.
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Port 0:
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink
eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high
impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order
Address /data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode
P0 has internal pull ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming,
and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull ups are required
during program verification.
Port 1:
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high
by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and
verification.
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Port 2:
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high
by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory
and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @
DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During
accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits
the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-orderaddress bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3:
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled highby the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also
serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below: Port 3
also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
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ALE/PROG:
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during
Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the
oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note,
however, that one ALE
Pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation
can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is activeonly during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high.
Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution
mode.
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RESET:
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device.
PSEN:
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice
each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access
to external data memory.
EA/VPP:
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to
fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.
Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.
EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives
the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts
that require 12-volt VPP.
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XTAL1:
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2:
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
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Block Diagram:
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INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT
The project presents the design and construction of a prototype of an electronic
wheelchair for people (children and adult) with motor disability. The prototype of the
wheelchair was built using a small computer embedded in a chip known as a
microcontroller, chosen for its low cost, in addition to its versatility and ability to
handle signals and its performance in mathematical operations and communication with
other electronic devices.
In this project
In this project we try to give the prototype for Electronic Wheelchair. We are using
microcontroller 89c51 as CPU. The motion of the wheelchair is controlled by two dc
motor. Using a remote control, this prototype can be manipulated to perform basic
movements like forward, backward, turn left or right and stop.
Project Features
Suitcase Portable
Low power consumption
Light weight
Durable
Mecha-tronic assembly
Mecha-tronic assembly:
It is the combination Mechanical and Electronic modules.
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Electronic Module:
Components Used
Atmel 89C51 microcontroller
IC- L293D
Voltage regulator IC- LM7805
Voltage regulator IC- LM7812
2 pin connector- 3
8 pin connector- 2
12 MHz crystal oscillator
Ceramic capacitor(30-33pf)- 2
Micro switch
Resistance 470 ohm
Semiconductor LED
Design and Development of the Prototype
Having identified the components which were used to build the prototype of the chair, a
design was made, resulting in a circuit that was divided into four main modules, these
are:
The power module.
The wired remote control module.
The module for the electronic logic control.
The actuators module.
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Power module:
Considering that this is a low energy scale model, we decided to operate on batteries;
specifically, squared, 14 volt batteries were used, to which a voltage regulator known as
LM7805 and LM7812 was applied to reduce battery voltage. In this module, a power
indicator light for the circuit and a capacitor for energy were added, to make the power
stable and independent from the consumption required by the other modules of the
circuit, which may cause voltage variations that affect other parts.
Wired remote control module:
For this module we decided to use four buttons to indicate the direction of movement of
the chair (forward, backward, left and right).
Module for the electronic logic control:
This module is the main part of the circuit, where the main electronic components for
the operation of the microcontroller are located. Here, programmed routines are stored
to control all the actions of the chair. For the working frequency, a 12MHz oscillator
was connected, considering an appropriate speed for the tasks scheduled.
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Actuators Module:
This module controls the motors in accordance with electrical signals received by the
microcontroller. It uses a chip to interface signals from the microcontroller and provide
the appropriate energy consumption required by the engines. Without it the
microcontroller would be unable to provide the minimum energy for their operation.
L293D IC was implemented, which is a dc motor controller. This IC can connect two
motors, which is appropriate to the prototype of a wheelchair.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Circuit of Logic Control:
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Circuit for Keypad :
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PCB Layout:
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Program in Assembly:
/*PROGRAM FOR PROTOTYPE ELECTRONIC WHEELCHAIR */
$MOD51
ORG00h
Back: MOV P0,#00000000b
MOV P2,#00000000b
MOV A,P0
XRL A,#04h
JZ Forward
MOV A,P0
XRL A,#02h
JZ Rev
MOV A,P0
XRL A,#01h
JZ Left
MOV A,P0
XRL A,#08h
JZ Right
SJMP Back
Forward:
MOV P2,#10010000b
SJMP Back
Rev:
MOV P2,#01100000b
SJMP Back
Left:
MOV P2,#00010000b
SJMP Back
Right:
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MOV P2,#10000000b
SJMP Back
RET
END
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Conclusions and Future Work
This project presents the design and construction of aprototype of an electronic
wheelchair motor drive for people with disabilities using electronic and computer
technologies based particularly on the use ofmicrocontrollers aimed at allowing users a
greater degreeof independence, which will improve their quality of life.This project is
intended to serve as a basis for implementing further functions such as timely and
accurate detection of obstacles to prevent the chairs colliding with walls or other
objects, as well as prevent the chair from fallingdown stairs or curbs. Another project
that can be derived from this is handling it wirelessly via Bluetooth communication
using an electronic device (cell phone orPDA), the wireless controller will perform the
samemovements as the manual control.
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BIBILOGRAPHY
Books:
Title: The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded System.
Author: Muhammad Ali Mazidi & Janice Gillispie Mazidi.
Publication: Pearson Education.
Title: The 8051 Microcontroller
Author: J. H. Ayala
Publication: Eastern Economy Edition
Websites:
SOFTWARE:www.keil.com
Reference: www.efymag.com
Datasheets: www.datasheetarchive.com
http://www.keil.com/http://www.keil.com/http://www.efymag.com/http://www.datasheetarchive.com/http://www.keil.com/http://www.efymag.com/http://www.datasheetarchive.com/