reporting larch - angkor [p2]
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a once glorious, yet lost, cultural,national and ethnic heritage .
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Background
Angkor Archaeological Park, Cambodia- is one of the most important archaeological
sites in Southeast Asia.- over 400 square kilometers of land- over 1000 temples surrounded by forests and
farmland to the north of the Great Lake and
south of the Kulen Hills.- Angkors most important compounds were its
temples of Angkor Wat and Thom [Bayon].
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Angkor wat
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Angkor ThomThe Bayon
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Angkor Archaeological Park
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Angkor[Sanskrit, nagara meaning city]
- had been the largest preindustrial city in the world,with an elaborate agiricultural system andinfrastructure.
- the capital of Khmer Empire [9th-13thc.]- the Khmers built thousands of temples and Buddhist
monasteries throught Thailand, Laos and Cambodia.- Population: about 1 million
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- occupies around 400 sq. k. of flat plains in NWCambodia.
- the landscape incorporates four mainelements:- tropical forest
- areas of cultivated land- a number of isolated villages- architectural legacy of angkorean period
Elements of AngkoreanLandscape
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Elements of AngkoreanLandscape
The Ruins / Remains testify to both the scale and wealth of SE Asia's
greatest empire in history. Cultural Influences
From the early Indian traders Spirituality andreligion
Brahmanism Hinduism Buddhism
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Elements of AngkoreanLandscape
Extensive Temple Construction Programs of thevarious Rulers- to culminate the projects of its predecessor.
-to attain more power Rice Fields Barays - While it has long been assumed that they
were used for irrigation, some historians argue that
their primary function was political or religious. Moats Causeways Open Courts
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Landscape :Agriculture andFlora
Rice Fields-Land use was based
upon the cultivation of
rice, either in dry fieldsor in wet paddies.-Rice cultivation has
influenced both the
pattern of settlementand the arrangementof the land.
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Landscape :Agriculture and Flora
Rice Fields-Fields needed to be cleared
and a system of canals, dykes,
and embankments needed tobe constructed andmaintained.
-These fields became importantworks of landscapeengineering requiringmanipulation of grades andearthworks.
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Landscape :Agriculture and Flora
Crops- Other crops, such as coconuts, tamarind, and
sugar cane, were cultivated on shifting tracts.
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Landscape :Agriculture and Flora
Ancient Trees the photogenic and atmospheric combination of
ancient trees growing out of the ruins and the jungle surroundings [Ta Phrom Temple]
Dominant Species: silk-cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra) or thitpok
Tetrameles nudiflora strangler fig (Ficus gibbosa). Gold Apple (Diospyros decandra)
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Landscape: Planning andDesign
Hindu Planning Influences :- the idea of the city as an ordered place;
- the plan inspired by cosmological systems;- cities divided into distinct areas or quarters- a city plan was an expression of royal power
derived form the kings association with thegods.
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Landscape: Planning andDesign
The Grid Pattern- followed typical grid plan of SE Asian cities.- The city itself was laid out on a rectangular,
almost grid-like, scheme
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Landscape: Planning andDesign
Walled and Moated Material: Sandstone For defensive purposes
Tree Planting andGardens lush garden-like places
with trees planted along
streets and large landareas reserved forplantations of coconutand other fruit trees.
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Landscape: Planning andDesign
Type of Soil large plain of primarily alluvial soils
Weather Seasonably wet and humid
Bodies of Water Streams of Kulen Hills Tonle Sap [Great Lake] Mekong River
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Kulen HillsMekong River
TonleSap
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Landscape: Planning andDesign
Barays A large rectangular pool
for storing water from
channelized rivers andcanals. provided water for
drinking, irrigation,
bathing andtransportation. were also used as fish
tanks and waterfowlponds.
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Landscape: Planning andDesign
Moats-surrounded important temples or urban areas, separatingthem from the rest of the urban fabric- may have had a primarily ceremonial function [bathing].
Causeways
- a raised Sandstone paved path over the Moat forpassage
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Symbolisms and MotifsAbstracted and Symbolic landscape modeled after
the natural and cosmological landscape of Indiaand SE Asia.
Representation: The FORM of Temples
Towers- the sacred Mount Meru, home of the Gods
Galleries foothills around the mount
Channels of Water ocean and rivers
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Representation of mount meru
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Symbolisms and Motifs
Galleries surrounding the main temple represent the foothills around the mount
Channels of water between the galleries were torepresent the ocean and rivers .
Each temple compound was both an abstracted andsymbolic landscape modeled after the natural and cosmological landscape of India and Southeast Asia.
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The Galleries and Channels of water
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E n d
CONCEL 4AR5-P2 LARCH
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References
Encyclopedia Americana 2002 edition, the World BookEncyclopedia 1999 edition, the Hidden Glories (1990)by Michael Freeman & Roger Warner, CambodiaHandbook 1997 by John Colet & Joshua Eliot,Indochina: Social and Cultural Change 1994 by DavidW.P. Elliott, the World Book Encyclopedia 1999 edition,Wikipedia Media Encyclopedia.
Offical Cambodia Tourism Board Passage Through Angkor by Mark Standen Landscapes in the Living Memory Angkor: Cambodia
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Copyrights
Dictionary . The American Heritage Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage, Fourth Edition Copyright 2007, 2000by Houghton Mifflin Company . Updated in 2007. Publishedby Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . Britannica ConciseEncyclopedia. 1994-2010Encyclopdia Britannica,Inc. All rights reserved.
Asian Mythology . A Dictionary of Asian Mythology. Copyright 2001, 2002 by David Leeming. All rights reserved.
Columbia Encyclopedia . The Columbia ElectronicEncyclopedia, Sixth EditionCopyright 2010, ColumbiaUniversity Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press.All rights reserved.