REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

By: Emily Migliorini, Graham Munson, Cole Pecora, & Alexia Petruzziello

Definition

Reproductive System: a system of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction.

*Female and male systems work together to produce offspring

Male Reproductive System

Overview

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90R25QkD4mc

Comparison of the Female andMale Reproductive Systems

Female Male

● Produce gametes

and hormones● designed to

produce, nourish, and transport either the egg or sperm

● start making an increasing number of hormones at puberty

● XY Chromosomes● sex cells produced

in ovaries● Sex organs located

entirely in the pelvis● Egg ● Sex Cell travels

through fallopian tubes

● produces sex hormone Estrogen

● Vagina-where sex cell exits body

● Produced in testes● XX Chromosomes● Sex organs located outside

of the body.● Sperm● Sex Cell travels through Vas

deferens ● testosterone● Penis-where sex cell exits

body

Female Reproductive System● Female’s sexual organs are located inside the body● Born with all of the potential eggs they will ever have. After puberty, one egg matures a month.

● When a mature egg is released from an ovary, it travels through one of the fallopian tubes

● If an egg meets sperm while in the fallopian tube, fertilization is likely to result

*only one sperm can successfully fertilize the egg.

Female Reproductive System

● Designed to carry out several functionso produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction

(ova)o transports the ova to the site of fertilization(Fallopian

tube)o produces female sex hormones that maintain the

reproductive cycleo enables sperm to enter the body and to protect the

internal genital organs from infectious organisms● Involves: ovaries, fallopian tubes, the uterus, the vagina, and

the vulva

Female Reproductive System

Menstruation(lasts 4-6 days)● If an egg has not been fertilized, it starts to break down as it enters the

uterus. ● The lining of the uterus,which has been thickening with blood and extra

tissue to support the fertilized egg, also breaks down.● The unfertilized egg and extra tissue leave the uterus through an opening

called the cervix● They enter the vagina and leave the body

Ovaries ● pair of small glands located on the left and right sides of

the pelvic body cavity lateral to the superior portion of the uterus

● produce:o female sex hormones

estrogen and progesteroneo ova (commonly called "eggs"), the female gametes

Fallopian Tubes ● a pair of muscular tubes that extend from the left and

right superior corners of the uterus to the edge of the ovaries

● end in a funnel-shaped structure

● the inside of each fallopian tube is covered in cilia that work with the smooth muscle of the tube to carry the ovum to the uterus

Uterus (womb) ● Located posterior and superior to the urinary bladder● Connected to the two fallopian tubes on its superior end

and to the vagina (via the cervix)● surrounds and supports the developing fetus during

pregnancy● inner lining of the uterus

o Endometrium provides support for embryo

● the visceral muscles of the uterus contract during childbirth to push the fetus through the birth canal

Vagina● an elastic, muscular tube ● connects the cervix of the uterus to the exterior of the

body● located inferior to the uterus and posterior to the urinary

bladder● functions

o the receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse

o carries sperm to the uterus and fallopian tubeso serves as the birth canal by stretching to allow

delivery of the fetus during childbirth

Vulva ● located in the pubic region of the body● surrounds the external ends of the urethral opening and the vagina ● includes:

o the mons pubis (pubic mound) a raised layer of adipose tissue between the skin and the pubic bone cushions vulva

o labia major the inferior portion of the mons pubis splits into left and right halves enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs

o labia minora smaller, hairless folds of skin surround the vaginal and urethral openings

o clitoris small mass of erectile tissue contains many nerve endings

Process of Male Reproductive System● Sperm are produced in the testes● They travel through one of two muscular tubes inside the body

called the vas deferens ● They mix with several fluids.This mixture of fluids is called semen. ● From these tubes the sperm-rich semen passes into the urethra

within the penis.(tube urine travels through)● When semen passes through the urethra, muscles near the

bladder contract ● Contraction is so semen and urine do not travel through the urethra

at the same time. ● Semen leaves the body through the opening of the penis.

Scrotum

● Skin, muscle, connective tissue● made up of 2 testicles● keeps the temperature of the the testes

slightly lower than that of the rest of the body (homeostatsis)

Testes● Produce sperm and testosterone● Each testis is found inside its own pouch on

one side of the scrotum● connected to the abdomen by a spermatic

cord and cremaster muscle● The inside of the testes are divided into

small compartments known as lobuleso small lobes

Penis● the male sex organ ● roughly cylindrical● contains the urethra and the external

opening of the urethra● large pockets of erectile tissue in the penis

allow it to fill with blood and become erecto the erection of the penis causes it to

increase in size and become turgid

Sperm Formation

● Meiosis forms sperm in gametes ● Sperm forms in testes ● Scrotum keeps sperm cooler than the inside

of the body, ideal location and heat● Sperm with protecting fluid is called seman● Goes through the vas deferens and then

through the Urethra after leaving the testes

Ovum Formation

● Meiosis forms the egg● Eggs are formed in the female before birth

occurs ● Usually, one egg is released from the

ovaries after it is matured, once a month● The fallopian tube is the place of travel for

the eggs and is also the place where fertilization may occur

Fertilization

● Only one sperm is used to fertilize an egg at one time

● When an egg becomes fertilized it gets the name of a zygote

● The average length of the pregnancy process last 9 months

Implantation of The Zygote

● The zygotes are formed in the thick walls of the uterus

● Zygote slowly forms into an embryo● The umbilical cord provides the embryo with

the essential nutrients to survive● The uterus grows along with the embryo,

which causes for the pregnant woman to have that larger body size

The First Trimester ● Known as the first 13 weeks of pregnancy ● The heart of the embryo develops ● Spine and brain develop after● Other body formations develop after ● Side Effects :

o Morning Sickness: Fatigue and nauseao Breast Tenderness: This is from change in hormones and is really the

first sign of pregnancy.o Constipation: Food that moves through the intestines slow down

because of higher levels of hormone progesteroneo Bleeding: 25% of early pregnancies experience slight bleeding in the

vagina. Light spotting in the area shows that the fertilized embryo has been planted in the uterus

Second Trimester ● 14-27 weeks ● the nausea and fatigue should begin to stop going into it (morning

sickness)● Baby starts to kick ● Fingers and toes develop well● Eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes, hair and nails are also formed● side effects:

○ congested nose: leading to snoring at night○ breast enlargement: most of the growing will happen in the first

trimester but will still continue to grow to feed the baby○ bleeding gums: hormonal changes send more blood to the mouth

causing gums to bleed.○ backache: caused by extra weight from the baby

Third Trimester● Week 27-end of pregnancy ● Side effects:

o Backacheo Bleeding o Breast enlargement o Dischargeo Braxton Hicks contractions o Spider veinso Constant urination

● Fat is deposited to the baby● Hearing is developed● Position changes to prepare for birth ● Stay away from a lot of exercise ● Each small meals, frequently

Diseases for WomenCervical Cancer:

● Cancer that forms in tissues of the cervix (the organ connecting the uterus and vagina).

● cells of the cervix become abnormal● slow-growing cancer ● found with regular Pap tests (a procedure in which cells are

scraped from the cervix and looked at under a microscope)● almost always caused by human papillomavirus infection.

Cervical CancerSymptoms of Cervical Cancer include:●Vaginal bleeding after intercourse.●Watery/bloody vaginal discharge.●Pelvic pain.

Treatment:● Removal of the uterus and cervix

(surgery)● Radiation Therapy● Chemotherapy

Endometriosis● an often painful disorder in which tissue that normally lines

the inside of your uterus — the endometrium — grows outside your uterus.

Symptoms:● Painful periods ● Pain with intercourse● Pain with bowel movements/urination● Excessive bleeding● Infertility

Causes:

● Immune system disordero makes the body unable to recognize and destroy

endometrial tissue that's growing outside the uterus● Embryonic cell growth

o one or more small areas of the abdominal lining turn into endometrial tissue

● Endometrial cells transporto The blood vessels or tissue fluid (lymphatic) system may

transport endometrial cells to other parts of the bodyTreatments:

● Pain medications● Hormone Therapy● Conservative Surgery

Diseases For MalesProstate cancer

● Most common form of cancer in men over 40

● risks of developing increase with age.

● developed in the prostate● Tumor is formed due to abnormal

cells multiplying and reproducing

Prostate CancerSymptoms of early prostate cancer:

● A frequent need to urinate, especially at night● Difficulty starting or stopping a stream of urine● Blood in urine or semen

Symptoms of advanced prostate cancer include:● Dull, deep pain or stiffness in the pelvis, lower back, ribs, or upper

thighs; pain in the bones of those areas● Loss of weight and appetite, fatigue, nausea, or vomiting

Prostate Cancer

The three options for early-stage/low-risk prostate cancer are:● Surgery● Radiation therapy - external beam radiation or radioactive tumor seeding ● Active surveillance- expectant management or watchful waiting. (a form of

patient management that involves close observation and testing.)

Hydrocele● a fluid-filled sac surrounding a testicle that results in swelling of the

scrotum, the loose bag of skin underneath the penis.o common in newborns, but most hydroceles disappear without

treatment within the first year of lifeo Older boys and adult men can develop a hydrocele due to

inflammation or injury within the scrotum.

Symptoms:● Scrotal swelling (one or both testicles)

● discomfort and pain in the penisand testicles

Causes:Babies

● can develop in the womb● opening between abdomen and scrotumMen

● inflammation or injury in the scrotum

Treatments:● surgical excision ● needle aspiration

Infertility

Not being able to get pregnant despite having frequent, unprotected sex for at least a year for most people.

Signs/Symptoms

the inability for a couple to get pregnant.

an infertile woman may have irregular or absent menstrual periods.

an infertile man may have some signs of hormonal problems, such as

changes in hair growth or sexual function.

Damage of the fallopian tubes Fertilization is prevented due to sperm and the egg may never come in contact

Hormonal causes-some women have problems with ovulation Cervical causes- cervical condition in which the sperm cannot pass through the cervical canal.

Uterine causes- Abnormal anatomy of the uterus; the presence of polyps and fibroids.

Infertility-Female

Infertility-Male

Abnormal sperm production or function- Enlarged veins in the testes can increase blood flow and heat, affecting the number and shape of sperm.

Overexposure to certain environmental factors-radiation, or to certain medications (anabolic steroids, or marijuana)

Problems with the delivery of sperm- due to sexual problems, such as premature ejaculation; semen entering the bladder instead of emerging through the penis during orgasm or damage or injury to the reproductive organs.

How Is the Cause of Infertility Determined?

If male infertility is suspected tests can be performed:

Semen analysis- will evaluate the number and health of his sperm

Blood test- to check his level of testosterone and other male hormones

If female infertility is suspected tests include:

A blood test to check hormone levels

An endometrial biopsy to check the lining of the uterus

Treatment *Some causes of infertility can't be corrected. However, a woman may still

become pregnant with assisted reproductive technologyFor women:Stimulating ovulation with fertility drugs. Surgery to restore fertility.

For male:Sperm retrieval.Surgery, hormones or assisted reproductive technologyMedication or behavioral approaches.

Works Cited http://www.livescience.com/44076-reproductive-system-surprising-facts.htmlhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90R25QkD4mc

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