Republic of TurkeyMinistry of Labour and Social Security,

Directorate General of Occupational Health and Safety and

Occupational Health and Safety Center (ISGUM)

Contents

• Some Statistical Data about Turkey

• Worklife in Turkey

• Ministry of labour and social security (MoLSS)

• Directorate General Of Occupational Health And Safety(DGOHS)

WHAT IS A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE?

ACCORDİNG TO TURKISH LEGİSLATION ANY ELMENT, COMPOUND OR MIXTURE THAT;

•NATURALLY EXIST IN THE ENVIRONMENT or

•PRODUCED/MANUFACTURED or

•FORMS INTENTIONALLY OR UNINTENTIONALLY AS A

RESULT OF ANY PROCESS OR OPERATION or

•FORMS AS WASTEPRODUCT OF ANY PROCESS or

OPERATION

Any other possibility?

WHAT DOES ISGUM DO WORPLACES HAVING CHEMICALS?

1. ANALYZE THE PROCESS (COVERED NOW)

2. PREPARE THE LIST OF CHEMICALS USED OR FORMED (COVERED NOW)

3. TAKE SAMPLES WHERE NECCESARRY (COVERED LATER)

4. ANALYZE SAMPLES AND EVALUATE RESULTS(COVERED LATER)

5. EXPLAIN PREVENTIVE MEASURES (COVERED LATER)

Analysis of a Sample Process: Iron Production

• Iron ore is divided into pieces and pellets are formed (floating or magnetic method)

• It is mixed with the high furnace chimney dust and the coal dust and smoothened in a sintering furnace

• Hot air is fed to the sintering furnace by a transfer pipe from the high furnace

Analysis of a Sample Process: Iron Production

•The hole at the top of the sintering furnace is opened and the slag and iron mixture is fed to the furnace

•As the mixture moves down the slag and the iron are separated,

•The air blown from the bottom of the high furnace is heated up by hot waste gases coming from the top of the sintering furnace

• The cehmicals at the furnace:

Burning product CO2 Iron (III) oxides reduced to Iron (II)

oxides athe bottom parts pure iron is formed by consecutive reducings.

• The CO2

formed is reduced again with coke and CO is

formed.

• As the material moves down the counter current gases causes to form calcium oxide and carbon monoxide.

• The pure iron is poured into baskets Several other chemicals form during the pouring of iron to baskets and

production of steel. The rest is not anaylzed for time convenience

Analysis of a Sample Process: Iron Production

Results of Analysis (For iron and steel together)

• CO exposure is highly possible especially during maintenance

• Oil mist (Oil is used in pouring baskets)

• Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (degrading of oils at high temperatures)

• Physical agents like heat stress, radiation and noise

Results of Analysis (For iron and steel together)

• Finishing chemicals (painting, production of lead including steel, sin coating etc.) will be mentioned later.

DUSTS!!!

I want exchange knowladge with the audience about dusts in this process.

Process Scheme

iron ore + lime stone

DUSTS!!!

Hot air

coke

SINTERING

Dust cyclone

High furnace

Hot air

Cold air

Heated air Gas out

Very hot region

İron goes to baskets

COPPER PRODUCTION

• SULPHUR DIOXIDE DURING BURNING PROCESS

• HOW DO YOU MEASURE SO2?

• CARBON MONOXIDE (Burning Processes)

• Suplhuric acid is also in the process??? Can we discuss this?

• 10-16% Sulphuric acid is used in electrolysis

COPPER PRODUCTION

Metal fumes (Cu, zn, As, Cd, Mo) in copper production

• Loading of oxygen flash furnace

• Operating oxygen flash furnace

• Anodes of electrolysis cells

DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

ENCOUNTERED RFEQUENTLY IN TURKEY!! Hazard of these operations are underestimetd in Turkey!!Mechanical cleaning

Ultrasonic cleaning

Vibration or drum cleaning

DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

Chemical cleaningCleaning solvents

Acids

Bases

DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

Cleaning of metal surfaces with blasting techniques are problematic in Turkey.

Sand, some silicates and aluminium oxides used in these operations create hazards.

Iron balls, large particulated sand and zinc balls also create hazards

DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

Sand blasting device Blasting cabinet

How to work with these?

DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

The worse case in Turkey was that blast was done in open cabinets and the particle contentartions were very high!!!

DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

We are sure that:Silica sand blasting and other blasting

operations create respirable dusuts hazardous to lungs. Cyristaline silica and respirable dust must be measured.

Lead and Mercury exposure is likely in removing paints from metals.

DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

Chemical Degrasing (Underestimated in Turkey)

With sovents

Direct application (brushing, wiping off etc.)

Spreying

Immersion

DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

Mostly used solvents:

Chlorinated hydrocarbons (methylene chlorate, tricholoroethylene etc.)- highly toxic

Petroleum based solvents and mineral compounds

Alcohols (isopropanol)

DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

Chemical degreasing with acids and bases

Spreying

Immersing

Low tempearures are required for fast cleaning

When a pH of 10.5-11.5 is required, ultrasonic vibrations are used to increase performance of cleaning

Chemical degreasing with acids and bases

Acids!?

Sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid etc. are used.

Fro example, 5-15% sulphuric acid, 10-25% hydrochloric acid are used in 60-82oC non-electrolytic baths

Samples are generally below OEL's

DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

Chemical degreasing with acids and bases

Hazardous bases:Caustic soda (local exhaust ventilation is

essential)

Sodium silicate, trisodium phosphate etc. (not encountered in high concentrations)

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

FOR THE PURPOSES OF;

Preventing corrosion,

Obtaining good view

Electrical isolation

And special applications

PAINTING IS VERY FREQUENT IN TURKEY!

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

Unlike degraesing and cleaning, painting is not underestimated in Turkey.

Solvents and other industrial chemicals are licenced by İSGÜM and their usage schemes are regularly controlled.

Degreasing are cleaning is not that much legislated.

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

Recommended Geometry for Spreying

What do you recommend? What are the pros and cons of this geometry?

Air out

Painted object

sprey

painter

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

The chemistry of paintsMAJOR COMPONENT

CONSTITUENTS PURPOSE

VEHİCLE BINDER

SOLVENT

RESIN THAT FORMS FILM

THINNER FOR ADJUSTMENT OF VISCOCITY

FİLLER GENERAL FILLER

PIGMENT

EXTENDER

HIDING ABILITY, BODY, COLOR

OPAQUENESS COLOR

FILLERS THAT BUILD BODY

ADDİTİVES DRIERS

BIOCIDE

FLATTING AGENTS

STABILIZERS

ANTISKINNING

SPEED DRYING

PREVENT GROWTH OF MOLD/FUNGS

PROVİDE LOW LUSTER

PREVENT HEAT AND UV RADIATION

PREVENT SKIN FORMATION IN CAN

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS, MOSTLY USED PIGMENTS

White:

Titanium dioxide (TiO2),

Zinc oxide (ZNO),

Antimony oxide (Sb2O3),

White Lead (2PBCO3 Pb(OH)2)

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS, MOSTLY USED PIGMENTS

Yellow inorganic pigments

Lead Chromates (PbCrO4)

Zinc Chromates (ZnCrO4)

Yellow iron oxides (Fe2O3 . H2O)

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS, MOSTLY USED PIGMENTS

Green inorganic pigments:

Chromium oxide (Cr2O3)

Lead Chrome Greens ( PbCrO4 . KFe[Fe(CN)6] )

Blue Inorganic pigments:

Prussian Blue (KFe[Fe(CN)6])

Ulltramine Blue (3Na2O3 . 3Al2O3 . 6SiO2Na2S)

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS, MOSTLY USED PIGMENTS

Red inorganic pigments:

Red iron oxide (Fe2O3)

Black pigments

Black iron oxide (Fe3O4)

Carbon blacks

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS, MOSTLY USED PIGMENTS

Hansa yellows

Benzidine yellow

Pigment Green B

Phthalocyanine blue

Toluidine reds

Arylamide reds

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

SOLVENTS!!!

Aromatic solvents:

Benzene

Toluene

Xylene

Aromatic naphthas

Aromatic petroleum solvents

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

SOLVENTS!!!

Aliphatic Solvents

Petroleum etjher

Lacquer diluent

Mineral spirits

Kerosene

High flash naphthas

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

SOLVENTS!!!

Glycol Ethers

Chlorinated solvents:

Methyl chloride

Chlorothene

Carbon tetrachloride

Trichloroethylene

Percholroethylene

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

SOLVENTS!!!

Trepenes:

Turpentine

Dipentene

Pine oil

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

SOLVENTS!!!

Alcohols

Methanol

Ethanol

Isopropyl alcohol

n-propyl alcohol

N-butyl alcohol

Secondary butyl alcohol

Cyclohexanol

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

SOLVENTS!!!

Acetates: Ethyl-

Isopropyl-

n-Propyl-

Secondary butyl-

N-butyl-

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

SOLVENTS!!!

Ketones

Acetone

MEK

Mathyl acetone

Methyl isobutyl ketone

Diacetone

Cylcloheanone

Diisobuyly ketone

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

Resins? (are they very hazardous?)

Acyrilic resin: Polyvinilyidene compunds

Alkyd resin: Interaction of a polycarboxylic or fatty acid or its anhydride, a polyhydric alcohol (eg. glycol) and a vegatble oil or its fatty acid.

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

Resins? (İnhaled?)

Amino resins: condensation polymerization of an aldehyde with an amine or amide

Epoxy resins: Condensation polymerization between epichlorodyrin

OTHER RESİNS: Touched with bare hands

I want to discuss with the audience

INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

Example operation: car painting

Solvent Highest (ppm) Mean(ppm)

Toluene 250 30.6

Xylene 36 5.8

Butyl acetate 130 6.8

Methyl isobutyl ketone 39 1.7

Isporopanol 85 2.9

Ethyl acetate 33 2.6

Acetone 25 3.1

FINAL SLIGHT

I WOULD LIKE TO DISCUSS WITH THE AUDIENCE THE HAZARDS OF THE CONCENTRATIONS GIVEN AND THE POSSIBILITES OF BETTER GEOMETRY FOR SPREY PAINTING

THANK YOUTERIMA KASIH