research at the sociocultural level of analysis ethical considerations alli cales & david rivera

Research at the Sociocultural Research at the Sociocultural Level of AnalysisLevel of Analysis

Ethical ConsiderationsAlli Cales & David Rivera

Command word: DiscussCommand word: Discuss

Offer a considered and balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses. Opinions or conclusions should be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

OutcomesOutcomes

Participate in an open discussion of common ethical considerations.

Identify ethical considerations related to research studies at the sociocultural level of analysis.

Review current evidence-based literature that demonstrates ethical research.

Apply critical thinking to real studies that demonstrate application of ethical and/or unethical principles.

Ethical guidelinesEthical guidelines

Professional organizations of psychologists have developed different sets of guidelines or principles; for example, the American Psychological Association (APA), and the British Psychological Society (BPS).

Source: mrhansson.wikispaces.com/file/view/Ethical+considerations.ppt

Ethical issuesEthical issues

"An ethical consideration is a consideration of what is acceptable to do in a study. Researchers always have to balance between what they want to find out and the rights of participants."


Common ethical considerationsCommon ethical considerations

Informed consent Use of deception Protection from harm The right to withdraw Confidentiality Privacy Debriefing


Elements of informed consentElements of informed consent

The purpose of the research, expected duration, and procedures

Their right to decline to participate and to withdraw from the research once participation has begun

Reasonable factors that might influence their willingness to participate, such as potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects

Any potential research benefits

Informed consent continuedInformed consent continued

Limits of confidentiality Incentives for participation Whom to contact for questions about the research and

research participants' rights Informed consent also provides an opportunity for

prospective participants to ask questions and receive answers

Source: American Psychiatric Association (APA)

DeceptionDeception

When the participant is deceived of the true aims of a study Is sometimes necessary because otherwise participants

might alter their behavior to fit experimenters´ expectations There should be strong scientific or medical justification for

deception Costs should be weighed against benefits; Deception

prevents participants from giving informed consent. Participants may feel embarrassed or have lowered self

esteem, and may not want to participate in the future.


Protection from harmProtection from harm

Avoid any situation that may cause a participant to experience psychological or physical damage

Harm may include death and injury, psychological abuse, loss of privacy and public exposure and may not only affect individuals, but specific population subgroups as well (such as with the Tuskegee Experiment).


The right to withdrawThe right to withdraw

Participants have the right to withdraw at any time during the study

Participants may feel they should not withdraw because it will ruin the study


ConfidentialityConfidentiality

Researchers should not record the real names of any participants, they should use numbers or false names.

Security of participants’ information collected in the study should be a high priority; for example, using strong computer passwords and encryption, or keeping data under double locks.


PrivacyPrivacy

The state of being free from unsanctioned intrusion

Do not observe anyone without their informed consent unless in a public space

Not always acceptable to observe in a public space, e.g. lovers on a park bench


DebriefingDebriefing

Participants are informed of the true nature of the study after the research has taken place

The aim of debriefing is to restore the participant to the state he/she was in at the start of the experiment


Application of ethical Application of ethical considerationsconsiderations

Seeing the importance of these considerations from the perspective of the human participant.

Applying a sociocultural level of analysis.

Social and cultural environment influences Social and cultural environment influences individual behavior.individual behavior.

Research participants need to:

feel safe and protected.

have full disclosure (informed consent).

free to say no and withdraw.

Belonging and connectednessBelonging and connectedness

Participants need to: feel a part of

something important (such as a study that might improve health care).

belong without losing their uniqueness (such as cultural beliefs and differences).

Conception of individual and Conception of individual and social selfsocial self

Human participants are social by nature but still treasure their privacy and confidentiality (In many cultures, privacy and confidentiality are considered fundamental to human dignity.

May use feedback to validate own sense of self-worth and well-being (debriefing).

Psychology studies with ethical issuesPsychology studies with ethical issues

The Mall Study by Loftus & Ketcham, 1992. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=Q8xPfJ8cPhs

The Tuskegee Experiment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=esHdbZYwoxo

SourcesSources

Crook, L. S. & Dean, M. C. (1999). “Lost in a shopping mall:” A breach of professional ethics. Ethics & Behavior, 9(1), 39-50.

Hansson, D. (2012). Psychology studies with ethical issues. Retrieved from http://mrhansson.weebly.com/ethical-considerations.html.

Hansson, D. (2012). Ethical considerations. Ppt. Retrieved from http://mrhansson.wikispaces.com/file/view/Ethical+considerations.ppt.

Loftus, E. F. & Ketcham, K. (1994). The myth of repressed memory. New York: St. Martin. Press.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=Q8xPfJ8cPhs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=esHdbZYwoxo

research at the sociocultural level of analysis ethical considerations alli cales & david rivera

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