RESEARCH DESIGN

By:Shivangi SinghKriti AgarwalJyoti VermaLavisha BassiMonica SwamiPallawiShivani Gautam

RESEARCH DESIGN• A detailed outline of how an investigation will take place. • A research design will typically include how data is to be

collected, what instruments will be employed, how the instruments will be used and the intended means for analyzing data collected.• A research design depends on the purpose and nature of the

research problem.• Thus, one single design cannot be used to solve all types of

research problem, i.e. , a particular design is suitable for a particular problem.

Classification of Research Designs

Single Cross-Sectional Design

Multiple Cross-Sectional Design

Research Design

Conclusive Research Design

Exploratory Research Design

Descriptive Research

Causal Research

Cross-Sectional Design

Longitudinal Design

EXPLORATORY DESIGN Explores the research questions and does not intend to offer

final result Conducted in order to determine the nature of the problem Exploratory research is flexible and can address research

questions of all types(what, why, how) Leads to generation of new ideas and assumption, development

of tentative theories of hypothesis Exploratory studies help establish research priorities Provides an opportunity to define new terms and clarify existing

concepts The research process underpinning exploratory studies is

flexible but often unstructured, leading to only tentative results that have limited value in decision-making

CONCLUSIVE DESIGN

It provides information that helps the executive make a rational decision

It is the research designed to assist the decision maker in determining, evaluating & selecting the best course of action to take in a given situation

Information needed is clearly definedResearch process is formal & structuredFindings are used as input to decision making

CONCLUSIVE RESEARCHConclusive research uses statistical

tests, advanced analytical techniques , and larger sample sizes, compared with exploratory studies

Conclusive research is more likely to use quantitative, rather than qualitative techniques

Types of Conclusive Research Descriptive Causal/ experimental

CAUSAL RESEARCHThe investigation into an issue or topic that looks at the effect

of one thing or variable on another. For example, causal research might be used in a business environment to quantify the effect that a change to its present operations will have future production levels to assist in the business planning process.

For example, if a clothing company currently sells blue denim jeans, causal research can measure the impact of the company changing the product design to the color white.

Following the research, company bosses will be able to decide whether changing the color of the jeans to white would be profitable.

CAUSAL RESEARCHCausal research has two objectives :

Understanding which variables are the cause, and which variables are the effect.

Determining the nature of the relationship between the causal variables and the effect predicted.

CAUSAL RESEARCHConditions of causality

Concomitant variation Time order of occurrence Absence of other causal factors

Kinds of variables Type 1: Independent variables Type 2: Dependent variables Type 3: Extraneous variables

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCHWhy Do we use Descriptive Research?

◦To describe characteristics ◦To estimate percentage of units◦To determine perception of product characteristics◦To determine degree to which variables are

associated

METHODS OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

Methods of descriptive research:◦Analysing secondary data◦Surveys◦Panels◦Observational data

LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH

A longitudinal research is an observational. In this, the researches do not interfere with their subjects.

In longitudinal study, researches conduct several observations of same subjects over a period of time.

A fixed example of population elements is measured repeatedly on the same variable.

ADVANTAGES• Incident events are recorded.• Prospective ascertainment of exposure.• Measurement of industrial change in the

outcomes.• Accuracy.• Large amount of data collection.

DISADVANTAGES• Representative Sampling.• Response Bias.

CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCHCross-sectional research is used to examine one variable in

different groups that are similar in all other characteristics, such as socioeconomic status, educational background, and ethnicity. 

Cross-sectional research studies are based on observations that take place in different groups at one time.

There is no experimental procedure, so no variables are manipulated by the researcher. Instead of performing an experiment, you would simply record the information that you observe in the groups you are examining.

The benefits of cross-sectional study design are that it allows researchers to compare many different variables at the same time.

TYPES OF CROSS-SECTIONAL

Cross-sectional research studies all have the following characteristics:• Takes place at a single

point in time• Variables are not

manipulated by researchers

• Provide information only; do not answer why

TYPES OF CROSS-SECTIONAL

CROSS SECTIONAL

SINGLE CROSS-SECTIONAL

MULTIPLE CROSS-SECTIONAL