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S.P. MANDALI’S

R. A PODAR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND ECONOMICS

MATUNGA, MUMBAI-400 019.

A PROJECT REPORT ON

THE PREVALENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND ITS

CURRENT TREATMENT TRENDS

SUBMITTED BY

RUTUJA DEEPAK CHUDNAIK

M.COM (SEM. IV): RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

ROLL NO 12

SUBMITTED TO

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

2015-2016

PROJECT GUIDE

Prof. VINITA PIMALE

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S.P. MANDALI’S

R. A PODAR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND ECONOMICS

MATUNGA, MUMBAI-400 019.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr/Ms. RUTUJA DEEPAK CHUDNAIK of M.Com ( Business

Management/ Accountancy) Semester IV (2015-2016) has successfully completed the project on

THE PREVALENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND ITS CURRENT TREATMENT

TRENDS under the guidance of Prof. VINITA PIMPALE

Project Guide/Internal Examiner External Examiner

Prof. _______________________ Prof. _______________________

Dr. (Mrs) Vinita Pimpale Dr.(Mrs) Shobana Vasudevan

Course Co-ordinator Principal

Date Seal of the College

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge the valuable assistance provided by S. P Mandali’s R. A. Podar

College of Commerce & Economics, for two year degree course in M.Com.

I specially thank the Principal Dr.(Mrs) Shobana Vasudevan for allowing us to

use the facilities such as Library, Computer Laboratory, internet etc.

I sincerely thank the M.Com Co-ordinator for guiding us in the right direction

to prepare the project.

I thank my guide Prof. VINITA PIMALE who has given his/her valuable time,

knowledge and guidance to complete the project successfully in time.

My family and peers were great source of inspiration throughout my project,

their support is deeply acknowledged.

Signature of the Student

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DECLARATION

I, Rutuja Deepak Chudnaik of R. A. PODAR COLLEGE OF

COMMERCE & ECONOMICS of M.Com SEMESTER IV, hereby

declare that I have completed the project THE PREVALENCE OF

DIABETES MELLITUS AND ITS CURRENT TREATMENT

TRENDS in the academic year 2014-2015 for the subject Research

Methodology_.

The information submitted is true and original to the best of my

knowledge.

Signature of the Student

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THE PREVALENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND ITS CURRENT

TREATMENT TRENDS

Contents Diabetes Mellitus .................................................................................................................................... 6

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 6

Prevention ........................................................................................................................................... 7

What do we mean by collecting data? ................................................................................................. 9

What do we mean by analyzing data? ................................................................................................ 11

How do you collect and analyze data? ............................................................................................... 11

Data Analysis Procedures ................................................................................................................... 15

Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 16

General Information .......................................................................................................................... 18

Perceived Blood Glucose Control ...................................................................................................... 19

Weight Change Readiness. Readiness for Change for Attempting Weight Loss .................................. 20

Diet Knowledge and Skills ................................................................................................................ 21

Diet Change Readiness - Decision Making & Behavior Related to Diet and Blood Glucose Control ... 23

Diet Decision Making ........................................................................................................................ 23

Eating problems................................................................................................................................. 25

Diet Barriers ...................................................................................................................................... 25

Medication use .................................................................................................................................. 26

Medication Barriers ........................................................................................................................... 28

Blood Glucose Monitoring Barriers ................................................................................................... 29

Physical Activity ............................................................................................................................... 29

Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 31

Reference .......................................................................................................................................... 32

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Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction

Diabetes has emerged as a major health care problem globally and is one of the top five leading

causes of death in most developed countries. A substantial body of evidence suggests that it

could reach epidemic proportions particularly in developing and newly industrialized countries.

It has been estimated that the global burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for 2010 would

be 285million people (2010) which is projected to increase to 438 million in 2030; a 65 %

increase. Similarly, for India this increase is estimated to be 58%, from 51 million people in

2010 to 87 million in 20301 Indeed, by the year 2025, three-quarters of the world’s 300 million

adults with diabetes will be in developing countries and almost a third in India and China alone.

The global diabetes numbers are out, and it’s not looking too good for India. The prevalence of

diabetes in India is showing a sharp upswing as is evident from secular trends from different

parts of the subcontinent and studies of migrant Indians. The World Health Organization has

estimated that in 1995, 19.4 million individuals were affected by diabetes in India and these

numbers are expected to increase to 57.2 million by the year 2025 i.e. one- sixth of the world

total.1 The revised figures are 80.9 million by the year 2030.

India is home to over 61 million diabetic patients - an increase from 50.8 million last year. By

2030, India’s diabetes burden is expected to cross the 100 million mark as against 87 million

earlier estimated. The country is also the largest contributor to regional mortality with 983, 000

deaths caused due to diabetes this year. The International Diabetes Federation’s (IDF) fifth

diabetes atlas has released the staggering figures. IDF says India’s prevalence of diabetes among

20-79 year olds is 9.2%. India is only second to China, which has 90 million diabetics (2011)

that will increase to about 130 million by 2030.

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Various studies have shown that the high incidence of diabetes in India is mainly because of

sedentary lifestyle, lack of physical activity, obesity, stress and consumption of diets rich in fat,

sugar and calories.

Prevention

There is no cure for diabetes, but it can be treated and controlled. The goals of managing

diabetes are to:

1. Keep your blood glucose levels as near to normal as possible by balancing food intake with

medication and activity.

2. Maintain your blood cholesterol and triglyceride (lipid) levels as near the normal ranges as

possible by decreasing the total amount of fat to 30% or less of your total daily calories and by

reducing saturated fat and cholesterol.

3. Control your blood pressure. (Your blood pressure should not go over 130/80.)

4. Decrease or possibly prevent the development of diabetes-related health problems.

You hold the keys to managing your diabetes by:

• Planning what you eat and following a balanced meal plan

• Exercising regularly

• Taking medication, if prescribed, and closely following the guidelines on how and when

to take it

• Monitoring your blood glucose and blood pressure levels at home

• Keeping your appointments with your health care providers and having laboratory tests

completed as ordered by your doctor.

What you do at home every day affects your blood glucose more than what your doctor can do

every few months during your check-ups.

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Care and Treatment

Here is a summary of the guidelines that will help you manage your diabetes for a lifetime of

good health -

Plan what you eat and follow a balanced meal plan. See your dietitian at least once a

year.

Exercise at least five times a week for 30 minutes each session. Talk to your doctor

before starting any exercise program. Tell your doctor what kind of exercise you want to

do so adjustments can be made to your medicine schedule or meal plan, if necessary.

Follow your medicine schedule as prescribed by your doctor.

Know what medicines (brand and generic names) you are taking and how they work.

Keep a list of your medicines with you at all times.

Test your blood glucose regularly, as recommended by your health care provider. Test

your blood glucose more often when you're sick.

Try to continuously keep your blood glucose level at the recommended range. If your

blood glucose is less than 70 mg/dl and you have more than one unexplained low blood

glucose reaction a week, call your doctor. If your blood glucose is greater than 160 mg/dl

for more than a week or if you have two consecutive readings greater than 300 mg/dl, call

your doctor.

Contact your doctor when your blood glucose is over 300 mg/dl. Test your urine for

ketones if recommended by your doctor.

Record your blood glucose and urine ketone test results in a record keeping log. Bring

your log book with you to all of your doctor's visits.

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Keep your scheduled appointments with your health care providers. See your doctor at

least every three to four months for regular check-ups if you are treated with insulin. See

your doctor every four to six months if you are treated with other diabetes medicines or if

you are managing diabetes with diet and exercise alone.

Have an eye exam (including a retinopathy screening test) and urinalysis test once a year,

or as recommended by your doctor. (Your doctor might request that you have these tests

more frequently.)

Have your cholesterol and triglyceride levels checked (lipid profile test) once a year.

Have a dental exam every six months.

If you have any signs of infection, call your doctor or health care provider.

Practice good foot and skin care.

DO NOT SMOKE.

Try to manage stress as best as you can. You might think about attending a stress

management workshop to help you learn better coping methods.

Discuss your travel plans with your doctor. Make sure to bring enough medicine and

supplies with you on your trip. Keep medicines, syringes, and blood glucose testing

supplies in your carry-on bag. Do not check these supplies in case your luggage is lost.

Continue learning about your diabetes to maintain and improve your health. Attend a

diabetes class or schedule visits with your diabetes educator at least once a year.

What do we mean by collecting data?

Essentially, collecting data means putting your design for collecting information into operation.

You’ve decided how you’re going to get information – whether by direct observation,

interviews, surveys, experiments and testing, or other methods – and now you and/or other

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observers have to implement your plan. There’s a bit more to collecting data, however. If you are

conducting observations, for example, you’ll have to define what you’re observing and arrange

to make observations at the right times, so you actually observe what you need to. You’ll have to

record the observations in appropriate ways and organize them so they’re optimally useful.

Recording and organizing data may take different forms, depending on the kind of information

you’re collecting. The way you collect your data should relate to how you’re planning to analyze

and use it. Regardless of what method you decide to use, recording should be done concurrent

with data collection if possible, or soon afterwards, so that nothing gets lost and memory doesn’t

fade.

Some of the things you might do with the information you collect include:

•Gathering together information from all sources and observations

•Making photocopies of all recording forms, records, audio or video recordings, and any other

collected materials, to guard against loss, accidental erasure, or other problems

•Entering narratives, numbers, and other information into a computer program, where they can

be arranged and/or worked on in various ways

•Performing any mathematical or similar operations needed to get quantitative information ready

for analysis. These might, for instance, include entering numerical observations into a chart,

table, or spreadsheet, or figuring the mean (average), median (midpoint), and/or mode (most

frequently occurring) of a set of numbers.

•Transcribing (making an exact, word-for-word text version of) the contents of audio or video

recordings

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•Coding data (translating data, particularly qualitative data that isn’t expressed in numbers, into a

form that allows it to be processed by a specific software program or subjected to statistical

analysis)

What do we mean by analyzing data?

Analyzing information involves examining it in ways that reveal the relationships, patterns,

trends, etc. that can be found within it. That may mean subjecting it to statistical operations that

can tell you not only what kinds of relationships seem to exist among variables, but also to what

level you can trust the answers you’re getting. It may mean comparing your information to that

from other groups (a control or comparison group, statewide figures, etc.), to help draw some

conclusions from the data. The point, in terms of your evaluation, is to get an accurate

assessment in order to better understand your work and its effects on those you’re concerned

with, or in order to better understand the overall situation.

There are two kinds of data you’re apt to be working with, although not all evaluations will

necessarily include both. Quantitative data refer to the information that is collected as, or can be

translated into, numbers, which can then be displayed and analyzed mathematically. Qualitative

data are collected as descriptions, anecdotes, opinions, quotes, interpretations, etc., and are

generally either not able to be reduced to numbers, or are considered more valuable or

informative if left as narratives. As you might expect, quantitative and qualitative information

needs to be analyzed differently.

How do you collect and analyze data?

Whether your evaluation includes formal or informal research procedures, you’ll still have to

collect and analyze data, and there are some basic steps you can take to do so.

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Implement your measurement system

We've previously discussed designing an observational system to gather information. Now it’s

time to put that system in place.

•Clearly define and describe what measurements or observations are needed. The definition and

description should be clear enough to enable observers to agree on what they’re observing and

reliably record data in the same way.

•Select and train observers. Particularly if this is part of a participatory process, observers need

training to know what to record; to recognize key behaviors, events, and conditions; and to reach

an acceptable level of inter-rater reliability (agreement among observers).

•Conduct observations at the appropriate times for the appropriate period of time. This may

include reviewing archival material; conducting interviews, surveys, or focus groups; engaging

in direct observation; etc.

•Record data in the agreed-upon ways. These may include pencil and paper, computer (using a

laptop or handheld device in the field, entering numbers into a program, etc.), audio or video,

journals, etc.

Organize the data you’ve collected

How you do this depends on what you’re planning to do with it, and on what you’re interested in.

•Enter any necessary data into the computer. This may mean simply typing comments,

descriptions, etc., into a word processing program, or entering various kinds of information

(possibly including audio and video) into a database, spreadsheet, a GIS (Geographic

Information Systems) program, or some other type of software or file.

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•Transcribe any audio- or videotapes. This makes them easier to work with and copy, and allows

the opportunity to clarify any hard-to-understand passages of speech.

•Sort your information in ways appropriate to your interest. This may include sorting by category

of observation, by event, by place, by individual, by group, by the time of observation, or by a

combination or some other standard.

•When possible, necessary, and appropriate, transform qualitative into quantitative data. This

might involve, for example, counting the number of times specific issues were mentioned in

interviews, or how often certain behaviors were observed.

Conduct data graphing, visual inspection, statistical analysis, or other operations on the

data as appropriate

We’ve referred several times to statistical procedures that you can apply to quantitative data. If

you have the right numbers, you can find out a great deal about whether your program is causing

or contributing to change and improvement, what that change is, whether there are any expected

or unexpected connections among variables, how your group compares to another you’re

measuring, etc.

Take note of any significant or interesting results

Depending on the nature of your research, results may be statistically significant (the 95% or

better certainty that we discussed earlier), or simply important or unusual. They may or may not

be socially significant (i.e., large enough to solve the problem).

There are a number of different kinds of results you might be looking for.

•Differences within people or groups. If you have repeated measurements for individuals/groups

over time, we can see if there are marked increases/decreases in the (frequency, rate) of behavior

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(events, etc.) following introduction of the program or intervention. When the effects are seen

when and only when the intervention is introduced – and if the intervention is staggered

(delayed) across people or groups – this increases our confidence that the intervention, and not

something else, is producing the observed effects.

•Differences between or among two or more groups. If you have one or more randomized

control groups in a formal study (groups that are drawn at random from the same population as

the group in your program, but are not getting the same program or intervention, or are getting

none at all), then the statistical significance of differences between or among the groups should

tell you whether your program has any more influence on the dependent variable(s) than what’s

experienced by the other groups.

•Results that show statistically significant changes. With or without a control or comparison

group, many statistical procedures can tell you whether changes in dependent variables are truly

significant (or not likely due to chance). These results may say nothing about the causes of the

change (or they may, depending on how you’ve structured your evaluation), but they do tell you

what’s happening, and give you a place to start.

•Correlations. Correlation means that there are connections between or among two or more

variables. Correlations can sometimes point to important relationships you might not have

predicted. Sometimes they can shed light on the issue itself, and sometimes on the effects of a

group’s cultural practices. In some cases, they can highlight potential causes of an issue or

condition, and thus pave the way for future interventions.

•Obvious important findings. Whether as a result of statistical analysis, or of examination of

your data and application of logic, some findings may stand out. If 70% of a group of

overweight participants in a healthy eating and physical activity program lowered their weight

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and blood pressure significantly, compared to only 20% of a similar group not in the program,

you can probably assume that program may have been effective.

Interpret the results

Once you’ve organized your results and run them through whatever statistical or other analysis

you’ve planned for, it’s time to figure out what they mean for your evaluation. Probably the most

common question that evaluation research is directed toward is whether the program being

evaluated works or makes a difference. In research terms, that often translates to “What were the

effects of the independent variable (the program, intervention, etc.) on the dependent variable(s)

(the behavior, conditions, or other factors it was meant to change)?”

Data Analysis Procedures

Data analysis is an ongoing activity, which not only answers your question but also gives you the

directions for future data collection. Data analysis procedures (DAP) help you to arrive at the

data analysis. The uses of such procedures put your research project in perspective and assist you

in testing the hypotheses with which you have started your research. Hence with the use of DAP,

you can

convert data into information and knowledge, and

explore the relationship between variables.

Understanding of the data analysis procedures will help you to

appreciate the meaning of the scientific method, hypotheses testing and statistical

significance in relation to research questions

realise the importance of good research design when investigating research questions

have knowledge of a range of inferential statistics and their applicability and limitations

in the context of your research

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be able to devise, implement and report accurately a small quantitative research project

be capable of identifying the data analysis procedures relevant to your research project

show an understanding of the strengths and limitations of the selected quantitative and/or

qualitative research project

demonstrate the ability to use word processing, project planning and statistical computer

packages in the context of a quantitative research project and report

be adept of working effectively alone or with others to solve a research question/ problem

quantitatively.

The literature survey which you carried out guides you through the various data analysis methods

that have been used in similar studies. Depending upon your research paradigm and methodology

and the type of data collection, this also assists you in data analysis. Hence once you are aware of

the fact that which particular procedure is relevant to your research project, you get the answers

to:

What kinds of data analysis tools are identified for similar research investigations? and

What data analysis procedures should you use for your purpose?

Methodology

Inorder to Collect, Analyse, and Understand the Scenario about the topic a survey was done for

50 sample size through Google Form for a Question Size of 38 relevant Questions.

The Questionnaire and Survey Analysis of the data collected is attached herewith for reference.

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THE PREVALENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND

ITS CURRENT TREATMENT TRENDS -

ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONNAIRE

Data was collected for Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus for a Sample Size of 49.

The Sample Size consisted of 22 male and 27 female. The sample size was

consisting of various age groups and Different weight. The data was collected

through Google Forms during 6th October 2016 to 9th October 2016. Of which

Analysis is as follows:

Segments of Questions Analyzed

General Information .......................................................................................................................... 18

Perceived Blood Glucose Control ...................................................................................................... 19

Weight Change Readiness. Readiness for Change for Attempting Weight Loss .................................. 20

Diet Knowledge and Skills ................................................................................................................ 21

Diet Change Readiness - Decision Making & Behavior Related to Diet and Blood Glucose Control ... 23

Diet Decision Making ........................................................................................................................ 23

Eating problems................................................................................................................................. 25

Diet Barriers ...................................................................................................................................... 25

Medication use .................................................................................................................................. 26

Medication Barriers ........................................................................................................................... 28

Blood Glucose Monitoring Barriers ................................................................................................... 29

Physical Activity ............................................................................................................................... 29

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General Information

1. How old are you

Out of 22 males, 19 males were of age group of 21- 35 years and 3 males were of age group

50-60 years. Out of 27 female sample size, 24 females were from age group of 21- 40 years and

3 females were from age group of 50-60.

2. How tall are you? __________ feet __________ inches

Out of the selected population of the sample size, the average height among the female is 5’3”

and among the males is 5’9”.

3. How much do you weight? __________ pounds

Among the sample size of Male population, 16 males were of average weighing – 70 kgs, 3

males were of average weighing – 177 kgs and 3 male were of average weighing – 77 kgs.

Among the sample size of female population, 3 females were average weighing between 110-135

kgs, 19 females were average weighing approximately 55 kgs and 4 females were average

weighing 65 kgs.

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4. What is your desired weight? What do you think would be a good, realistic weight for you?

The desired weight which was thought realistic for the Male sample size was 75-80 kgs, whereas

for the female population Sample size was 60-65 kgs.

Perceived Blood Glucose Control

5. How satisfied are you with your overall blood glucose control

Out of the sample size, 51 percent of population was satisfied with their overall blood glucose

control, whereas 41 percent was not satisfied and 8 percent of the sample size were not

interested.

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Male (21-35) Male (50-60) Female (21-35) Female (50-60)

Deviation

Desired

Actual

51 % satisfied

8% NA 41 % not satisfied

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6. Do you have a target range for your blood glucose? That is, do you try to keep your blood

sugar from getting lower or higher than certain values that you and your doctor or nurse have

agreed on?

In order to keep blood sugar from getting lower or higher than certain values that doctor or

nurse have agreed on 15 male said that they are not sure regarding any target for blood glucose, 7

male have target, 17 female said no target at all while 10 females have target for blood glucose.

7. Sometimes when you test your blood sugar, it can be too high. How often is this problem for

you?

With respect to high blood sugar test, the problem for the population of 25 was for a couple

times a month or less, for 11 samples the problem arised Once or twice a week, for 8 samples

there was no problems regarding high blood pressure and 5 samples of the population were not

sure.

8. Sometimes blood sugar can be two low causing hypoglycemia (an insulin reaction). How often

is this a problem for you?

With respect to low blood sugar test, the problem for the population of 27 was for a couple

times a month or less, for 17 samples the problem arised Once or twice a week, and 5 samples of

the population were not sure.

Weight Change Readiness. Readiness for Change for Attempting Weight Loss

9. Are you currently trying to lose weight?

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Out of the sample size, 21 sample population selected No, but I am trying to gain weight, Of

them 8 selected No, I am not making any attempts to control my weight now, 18 selected Yes, I

am trying to lose weight, of the sample size 2 were not sure.

10. If you are NOT currently trying to lose weight or avoid gaining weight, is this something you

plan to do in the future?

Out of the selected sample size, 7 said that they have already following a weight control plan, 10

said that the question is not answerable, 9 said that they have no plans right now for starting a

weight control plan, 7 were about to plan to start within the next month while 16 were planning

to start within the next six months.

Diet Knowledge and Skills

11. Use the information about the number of calories in foods to make decisions about what to

eat? During the past 3 months, how often did you:

Out of the sample size 31 often used the information Couple of times about the number of

calories in foods to make decisions about what to eat, 9 of the samples did not answered the

question, 8 said they never gave a thought to the same.

12. Use information about the carbohydrates in foods to make decisions about what to eat?

During the past 3 months, how often did you:

Out of the sample size 15 often used the information Couple of times about the number of

calories in foods to make decisions about what to eat, 9 of the samples did not answered the

question, 34 said they never gave a thought to the same.

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13. Use information about the number of grams of fat in foods to make decisions about what to

eat? During the past 3 months, how often did you:

Out of the sample size, 16 used the information about the number of grams of fat in foods to

make decisions about what to eat while 2 said they did not, and 31 said it was not applicable.

14. Deliberately skip a meal or snack to cut calories or fat? During the past 3 months, how often

did you:

With respect to above question 24 said they never skipped any meal, 21 said they very often

skipped, 5 said they usually skipped their meal or snacks to cut calories or fats.

15. Use low-calorie, lite, reduced-fat, or fat-free products? During the past 3 months, how often

did you:

With respect to above question 3 samples used low-calorie, lite, reduced-fat, or fat-free products

7 times, 12 said they frequently do, 6 said they do not, 28 said they do not remember.

16. Use a written diet or meal plan to decide what foods to eat? During the past 3 months, how

often did you:

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Couple of times

No

NA

Couple of times No NA

Calories 31 8 9

Carbohydrates 15 28 6

Fats 16 2 31

Diet Knowledge and Skills

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Among the sample size, 2 said they never used a written diet or meal plan to decide what foods

to eat, 18 said yes they do use a written diet or meal plan to decide what foods to eat, 2 said Not

a diet plan only eating on time helps while 27 said they do not Use a written diet or meal plan to

decide what foods to eat frequently.

Diet Change Readiness - Decision Making & Behavior Related to Diet and

Blood Glucose Control

17. Are you currently trying to follow a diet plan in order to better control your blood glucose?

With reference to the above question, 25 people opted for No, I am not following a plan but I am

conscious of how food affects my blood sugar, 8 opted for No, I really do not pay attention to

how food affects my blood sugar and 16 opted for Yes, I have a plan I am trying to follow.

18. If you are following a plan, what kind of plan are you using?

For the above question, 16 said Healthy foods while 33 said they do not use any kind of diet

plan.

19. If you are NOT currently following a diet or meal plan to better control your blood glucose,

is this something you plan to do in the future?

For the above question, 1 have been already following a diet or meal plan, 30 said they I have no

plans right now for starting to follow a diet or meal plan, 18 said they plan to start.

Diet Decision Making

20. Eat your meals and snacks at the same time each day. Even if you are not using a diet or

meal plan as part of your diabetes care, please answer all of the following questions. During the

past 3 months, how often did you:

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15 said they do not eat your meals and snacks at the same time each day, 1 said they often do

thrice in week, 4 said that they eat meals and snacks at the same time each day, 26 said that they

make sure it happens, 3 did not answered the question.

21. Choose the portion sizes of foods carefully so that your blood sugar will not be too high or

too low. Even if you are not using a diet or meal plan as part of your diabetes care, please

answer all of the following questions. During the past 3 months, how often did you:

22. Use information about the grams of carbohydrates in the foods you are eating to decide how

much insulin to take. Even if you are not using a diet or meal plan as part of your diabetes care,

please answer all of the following questions. During the past 3 months, how often did you:

0

10

20

30

40

Yes No NA

Diet Plan - Portion Sizes

Diet Decision Making

Series 1

0

20

40

No I haven't Not necessary

Yes NA

Sam

ple

Siz

e

No I haven't Not necessary Yes NA

Series 1 36 2 8 3

Diet Plan - Carbohydrates

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23. Deliberately eat more or less food to adjust for a change in your usual exercise or physical

activity. Even if you are not using a diet or meal plan as part of your diabetes care, please answer

all of the following questions. During the past 3 months, how often did you:

Eating problems

24. During the past 3 months, how often did you:

Population of 30 from sample size, eat unplanned snacks, while 19 of them - Make poor food

choices? That is, how often do you find that you have eaten a particular food then thought

“I wish I had not eaten that?”

Diet Barriers

0

5

10

15

20

25

NO Once a week Yes NA

Series 1 5 20 21 3

Sam

ple

Siz

e

Deliberately eat more or less food to adjust for a change in

your usual exercise or physical activity

61%

39%

Eating Problems

unplanned snacks

poor food choices

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25. During the past 3 months, how often have you had a problem with each of the following?

Eating problems because of

Out of the selected sample size, 2 samples stated problems due to being busy with family, work,

or other responsibilities, 6 said due to eating away from home, 6 said because of family or

friends tempt you or are not very supportive of your efforts to eat right, 19 said problems were

due to feeling, stressed, anxious depressed, angry, or bored. 16 said hunger or food cravings.

Medication use

26. Has your doctor prescribed pills for your diabetes?

o No – 75.5%

o Yes - 24.5%

27. How often are you supposed to take these pills?

Out of 49 sample size said -

o No – 37

o Yes - 12

busy with family, work, or other responsibilities

4%

eating away from home 12%

family or friends tempt you or are

not very supportive of your efforts to

eat right. 12%

feeling, stressed, anxious depressed,

angry, or bored 39%

hunger or food cravings

33%

Diet Barriers

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28. How often do you end up taking these pills?

NA -17

Yes - 12

No - 20

29. How often are you supposed to take insulin?

- 2-3 in a month - 3

- NA – 17

- Yes – 9

- no - 20

No, 37

Yes, 12

No - 20

Yes - 12

NA- 17

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Medication Barriers

30. During the past 3 months, how often has each of the following caused a problem in taking

your prescribed medicine?

Out of the sample size of the following caused a problem in taking your prescribed medicine,

Reason for Medication Barriers Sample Size (out of 49)

Being too busy with family, work 12

Feeling, stressed, anxious depressed, angry, or bored 22

I hate to stick myself 6

When away from home 3

NA 6

Insulin

2-3 in a month - 3

sample size

NA -17

Yes - 9

N0 -20

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31. How often have you been told to test your blood glucose?

Sample Size (out of 49)

I have not been told to test my blood glucose 19

Occasionally as needed 19

A couple times a month 0

3 to 6 times a week 0

Once a day 0

NA 11

Blood Glucose Monitoring Barriers

32. During the past 3 months, how often has each of the following caused a problem in testing

blood glucose?

Blood Glucose Monitoring Barriers Sample Size (out of 49)

Being too busy with family, work 23

Feeling, stressed, anxious depressed, angry, or bored 3

I hate to stick myself 10

When away from home 2

Family or friends are not very supportive 11

Physical Activity

33. Has your doctor advised you to get more exercise?

o Yes - 29

o No - 16

o Don't Know - 4

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34. How active is your daily routine? How much physical activity do you get as a result of going

to work, shopping, housework, yard work, and other daily activities?

Physical Activity Sample Size (out of 49) Percentage

Inactive 27 55%

Moderate 17 35%

Active 5 10%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Yes No N A

Physical Activity

Physical Activity

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35. How often do you set aside time to exercise. How often do you do something physically

active like walking, running, cycling, going to the gym or participating in sports?

Physical Activity - Exercise Sample Size (out of 49)

I never exercise 27

A couple times a month 10

3 to 4 times a week 12

Once a day 0

More than once a day 0

Conclusions

Diabetes mellitus is reaching potentially epidemic proportions in India. The level of morbidity

and mortality due to diabetes and its potential complications are enormous, and pose significant

healthcare burdens on both families and society. Worryingly, diabetes is now being shown to be

associated with a spectrum of complications and to be occurring at a relatively younger age

within the country. In India, the steady migration of people from rural to urban areas, the

economic boom, and corresponding change in life-style are all affecting the level of diabetes. Yet

despite the increase in diabetes there remains a paucity of studies investigating the precise status

of the disease because of the geographical, socio-economic, and ethnic nature of such a large and

diverse country. Given the disease is now highly visible across all sections of society within

India, there is now the demand for urgent research and intervention - at regional and national

levels - to try to mitigate the potentially catastrophic increase in diabetes that is predicted for the

upcoming years.

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Here is a summary of the guidelines that will help you manage your diabetes for a lifetime of

good health

Reference

www.google.com

docs.google.com/forms

http://www.celt.mmu.ac.uk/researchmethods/

http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/analysis.php

http://www.reading.ac.uk/ssc/resources/ApproachesToTheAnalysisOfSurveyData/