research on a multi-story car park
DESCRIPTION
Standards on Parking BuildingTRANSCRIPT
RESEARCH on aMulti-story car park
MENDOZA Anna Angelica VDESIGN422 - AR020
Feb 21 2013
I INTRODUCTION
A multi-storey car-park (also called a parking garage parking structure parking ramp parkade parking building or parking deck) is a building designed for car parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place It is essentially a stacked car park Parking as part of an overall transportation system is one of the crucial issues of our times As the number of automobiles increases exponentially the need to house them in close proximity creates a challenging design problem The parking facility or lot must foremost deal with the FunctionalOperational - as in providing for safe and efficient passage of the automobile
II National Building Code of the Philippines
RULE IV - TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
SECTION 401 Types of Construction
4 Type IV - shall be steel iron concrete or masonry construction and walls ceiling and permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire-resistive construction except that permanent non-bearing partitions of one-hour fire-resistive construction may use fire-retardant treated wood within the framing assembly
RULE VII - CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF ALL BUILDINGS BY USE OR OCCUPANCY
SECTION 701 Occupancy Classified
V Group E - Business and Mercantile
Division 3 - Aircraft hangars and open parking garages where no repair work is done except exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open flame welding or the use of highly flammable liquids
GeneralClassification ofUseCharacter of
Occupancy of Building Structure
PRINCIPAL ACCESSORY CONDITIONAL Zoning Classification
Division E-3 (Business and Mercantile where no repair work is done except exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open flames welding or use of highly flammable liquid)
1 All permitted uses in Division E-1 (or for C-1 and C-2 class) buildings structures 2 Aircraft hangars 3 Commercial parking lots and garages 4 Department stores shopping malls centers commercial and sports complexes areas 5 Institutional uses as university complexes 6 Other commercialbusiness activities not elsewhere classified (nec)
1 All uses allowed in R-1 R-2 and R-3 Zones 2 All uses allowed in C-1 C-2 and C-3 Zones 3 Some uses allowed in I-1 Zones 4 All uses allowed in GI Zones and SI Zones 5 Parks and Recreation and Entertainment class buildings structures
C-3 (Commercial Three or Metropolitan Commercial) means a metropolitan level of commercial use occupancy characterized mainly as a medium-rise to high-rise building structure for high to very high intensity commercialtrade service and business activities eg large to very large shopping malls very large office or mixed useoccupancy buildings and the like
SECTION 707 Maximum Height of Buildings
Commercial 3 (C-3)- Number of allowable storeysfloors above established grade 16-60- Meters above highest grade 4800 -18000
Minimum Required Off-Street (Off-RROW) cum On-Site Parking Slot Parking Area and LoadingUnloading Space Requirements by Allowed Use or Occupancy
53 Division E-3
Reference Uses or Character of Occupancies or Type of BuildingsStructures- Aircraft hangars open parking carports and garages etc
Minimum Required Parking Slot Parking Area and Loading Space Requirements- One (1) car slot for every 100000 sq meters of gross floor area and one (1) bus
slot for every one hundred (100) workers if number of workers exceed two hundred (200) provide one (1) off-RROW (or off-street) passenger loading space that can accommodate two (2) queued jeepneyshuttle slots
RULE VIII - LIGHT AND VENTILATION
SECTION 804 Sizes and Dimensions of Courts
III DESIGN GUIDELINES
Site RequirementsLarge and rectangular shaped
sites are ideal for parking structures Although flat sites are generally more economical to develop sloped sites can provide design opportunities such as access on different levels andor no ramping between levels For a reasonably efficient parking layout double-loaded parking ldquobaysrdquo range in width from about 54 to 60 feet depending upon the angle of parking and the width of the parking space The overall width of the structure should be determined based upon multiples of the chosen parking bay width An ideal length for a parking structure is at least 240 feet Longer sites provide the opportunity to park along the end bays which provides more parking spaces improves efficiency and lowers the cost per space A longer site also allows for shallower ramps which provide improved user comfort
Generally parking bays should be oriented parallel to the longer dimension of the site and preferably in the predominate direction of pedestrian travel Walking distance tolerances from parking to a primary destination are typically 200 to 300 feet for shoppers 500 to 800 feet for downtown employees and 1500 to 2000 feet for special event patrons and students
Parking Structures for People
Different user types will have different needs
Some user types may need to be physically separated to ensure revenue control or for security reasons
Different users require different pedestrian circulation systems
Parking space widths and circulation geometry needs vary depending on the user type
Some vehicular circulation system are better for specific user typeso Residential ndash Regular users enter and exit two times a dayo Education ndash May have peak loads in and outo Hotel ndash Overnight guests maybe event parking tooo Office ndash Low turnover Regular users enter and exit two times a dayo Health Care Visitors ndashWay finding very important Need to
accommodate elderly drivers and passengerso Health Care Staff ndash Shift time overlap and loading Security issues at
particularly at nighto Retail ndash High turnover o Occasional users - way finding to and from vehicleo Elderly or Families with Small Children ndash Way finding again
important May need larger spaces and more elevatorso Events ndash Easy quick loading and unloading of structure Multiple
vehicular pathsConsider revenue collection method ndash typically flat fee on entry Provide queuing space Consider pedestrian flow to event - avoid crossing traffic
Circulation and RampingThe basic circulation element for a parking structure is the continuous ramp with
parking on both sides of the drive aisle In continuous ramp structures some of the parking floors are sloped in order for traffic to circulate from one level to another Only on a sloping site that permits direct access to each level from the exterior roadways are ramps unnecessary but they still may be desirable for internal circulation The basic criteria for choosing a circulation system are the simplicity or complexity of the system and the architectural compatibility Ingress and egress capacities are also a consideration in the selection of a circulation system Some circulation systems provide the opportunity for level faccedilades which may be desirable
Non-parking ramps are often employed at airports casinos large retail structures for special event structures and on small and irregularly shaped sites Non-parking ramps consist of circular helixes (most common) express ramps (external) and speed ramps (internal) Non-parking ramp slopes should have a maximum slope in the 12 to 14 range Non-parking ramp slopes up to 20 are sometimes considered if covered or equipped with snow melt systems Parking structures with non-parking ramps tend to be less efficient in terms of square feet of structure per sparking space which directly increases the construction cost per parking space A grade difference of 8 or more requires transition slopes so vehicles do not bottom out Recommended are minimum 10rsquo-0rdquo transition slopes at the top and bottom of the ramp that are one-half of the differential slopes For instance two 10rsquo-0rdquo transition ramps sloped at 625 would be required at the bottom and the top of a ramp sloped at 125
One-Way vs Two-Way TrafficOne of the primary factors in the design of parking structure is determining the traffic flow one-way or two-way Typically a parking bay for a oneway traffic flow is narrower than for a two-way flow The available site dimensions will influence the parking bay width and thus also influence the circulation pattern There are advantages and disadvantages to both circulation patterns One-way traffic flow should never be combined with 90deg parking In parking facilities with one-way traffic flow the angle of the parking stalls establishes the direction of vehicle traffic
Advantages of One-Way Traffic Flow1048707 Easier for parkers to enterexit parking spaces1048707 Vehicles are more likely to be centered in angled spaces
1048707 Less circulation conflict and reduced potential for accidents1048707 Better visibility when backing out of a stall
1048707 Separation of inbound and outbound traffic and improved flow capacity of the circulation system1048707 The intended traffic flow is self-enforcing
1048707 One-way traffic allows the angle of parking to be changed to accommodate changes in vehicle sizes
Advantages of Two-Way Traffic Flow1048707 Wider drive aisles allow parkers to pass other vehicles1048707 Wider drive aisles are safer for pedestrians1048707 Better angle of visibility when searching for a parking space1048707 Traffic flow follows its own pattern rather than one that is forced1048707 Two-way traffic and 90deg parking makes more efficient use of parking aisles (more spaces in a run)1048707 Two-way parking facilities can essentially operate as one-way facilities when there is heavy directional traffic
Single Threaded DesignIn order to develop a
reasonably efficient free-standing parking structure the minimum dimensions needed are about 122 feet in width by 155 feet in length A width of 122 feet allows for a two-bay facility with two-way traffic flow and 90-degree parking A facility with two-way traffic and a five-foot rise along each bay requires approximately 155 feet in length for a minimum floor-to-floor height of about ten feet That is one 360-degree turn within the facility equates to a vertical rise of ten feet A structure in this configuration has sloping floors along both faccedilade sides Howeversloping floors can make faccedilade treatments challenging On larger sites that allow a structure length of about 255 feet one bay can be sloped rising 10 feet with opposite faccedilade having a ldquolevelrdquo floor
Principal Advantages of a Single-Threaded Helix1048707 Repetitive and easy to understand for users1048707 Potentially more flat-floor parking and level faccedilade elements1048707 Better visibility across the structure which enhances security
Principal Disadvantages of a Single-Threaded Helix1048707 More revolutions required going from bottom to top and top to bottom1048707 Two-way traffic bays have less flow capacity than one-way traffic bays Traffic in both directions is impeded by vehicles parking and vacating a space
Double Threaded DesignA facility with a one-way circulation
system and angled parking can be provided in a double-threaded helix with modules ranging from 54 to 58 feet in width depending upon the angle of parking The preferred angles of parking for an efficient layout are 60deg 70deg and 75deg A double thread which requires a ten-foot rise along each module requires 240 feet in length More efficient layouts can be achieved on longer sites The isometric right represents a two-bay double-threaded helix with one-way traffic
Principal Advantages of a Double-Threaded Helix1048707 Efficient circulation and more traffic flow capacity1048707 Pass fewer spaces both inbound and outbound
Principal Disadvantages of a Double-Threaded Helix1048707 Can be complex and confusing particularly in finding onersquos vehicle upon return to the parking facility1048707 Two-sloped bays and minimal flat-floor parking
Other Circulation Systems
Parking Layout Dimensions
Parking spaces adjacent to walls columns elevators stairs etc should be widened if possible by one foot so that vehicle doors can be more easily opened
Signage and WayfindingParking facilities can be very large complex and confusing A well designed graphics and signage system will effectively communicate necessary information to patrons reduce confusion improve safety and enhance the overall user experience
-Vehicle Signs-Pedestrian Signs-Level Theming-Entry Signs-Regulatory Signs-Illuminated Signs-Pavement Markings
Structural Systems
Three primary structural systems commonly used in parking structures today1048707 Cast-in-Place Concrete1048707 Precast Concrete1048707 Steel Framed
Cast-in-Place Concrete
Advantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Monolithic construction so fewer sealant joints1048707 Positive drainage is easier to achieve1048707 Post-Tensioning forces reduces slab cracking1048707 Floor vibration imperceptible1048707 Flexible column spacing (20rsquo to 27rsquo)1048707 Generally no shear walls1048707 Lower maintenance cost1048707 Wide beam spacing creates more open feeling with perception of higher ceiling1048707 Accommodates parking structures on irregular sites beneath buildings and underground
Disadvantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Potentially higher construction cost1048707 Quality control is more difficult to attain due to exposed weather conditions1048707 May require architectural cladding to improve exterior aesthetics1048707 Less adaptable to winter construction in cold climates1048707 Longer on-site construction schedule1048707 Closer expansion joint spacing1048707 Congestion of tendons and rebar at beam column joints1048707 Larger on-site staging requirement
Steel Framed
Advantages of Steel Construction1048707 Flexible column spacing of 18rsquo to 22rsquo1048707 Generally no shear walls
1048707 Can be performed by local subcontractors1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Potentially lower construction cost1048707 Easily accommodates vertical expansion
Precast Concrete
Advantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 Quality control because members are fabricated at a plant1048707 Potentially lower construction cost in some regions1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Greater expansion joint spacing (up to 300 feet)1048707 More adaptable to winter construction1048707 Architectural faccedilade spandrels also serve as structural load bearing elements
Disadvantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 More propensity for leaking at the joints1048707 Higher maintenance cost for sealants1048707 The close spacing of thee tee stems creates the perception of lower ceiling height1048707 Tee stems can block signage and interfere with lighting distribution1048707 Shear walls affect architecture at the exterior and reduce visibility at the interior1048707 Reduced drainage slopes1048707 More bird roosting ledges1048707 Might not be performed by local subcontractors
Disadvantages of Steel Construction1048707 Erection concerns due to mixing foundation
steel and precast subcontractors1048707 Not recommended where the steel is requiredto be fire rated by the building code1048707 Depending upon code requirements steel
structure may need to be fireproofed1048707 Steel painting for corrosion protection1048707 Maintenance of steel paint system1048707 Steel delivery times can fluctuate1048707 Extensive bird roosting ledges on the beam
Design Considerations
1048707 Zoning Requirements (permitted uses setbacks easements etc)1048707 Building Code Compliance1048707 Subsurface Conditions and Foundations1048707 Aesthetics1048707 Fire Rating Fire Protection and Life Safety1048707 Mechanical Systems1048707 Storm Drainage and Water Storage1048707 Parking Access and Revenue Control Equipment1048707 Mixed Uses (retail residential and office)1048707 Parking Office Requirements1048707 Maintenance
IV PARKING STANDARDS
I INTRODUCTION
A multi-storey car-park (also called a parking garage parking structure parking ramp parkade parking building or parking deck) is a building designed for car parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place It is essentially a stacked car park Parking as part of an overall transportation system is one of the crucial issues of our times As the number of automobiles increases exponentially the need to house them in close proximity creates a challenging design problem The parking facility or lot must foremost deal with the FunctionalOperational - as in providing for safe and efficient passage of the automobile
II National Building Code of the Philippines
RULE IV - TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
SECTION 401 Types of Construction
4 Type IV - shall be steel iron concrete or masonry construction and walls ceiling and permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire-resistive construction except that permanent non-bearing partitions of one-hour fire-resistive construction may use fire-retardant treated wood within the framing assembly
RULE VII - CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF ALL BUILDINGS BY USE OR OCCUPANCY
SECTION 701 Occupancy Classified
V Group E - Business and Mercantile
Division 3 - Aircraft hangars and open parking garages where no repair work is done except exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open flame welding or the use of highly flammable liquids
GeneralClassification ofUseCharacter of
Occupancy of Building Structure
PRINCIPAL ACCESSORY CONDITIONAL Zoning Classification
Division E-3 (Business and Mercantile where no repair work is done except exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open flames welding or use of highly flammable liquid)
1 All permitted uses in Division E-1 (or for C-1 and C-2 class) buildings structures 2 Aircraft hangars 3 Commercial parking lots and garages 4 Department stores shopping malls centers commercial and sports complexes areas 5 Institutional uses as university complexes 6 Other commercialbusiness activities not elsewhere classified (nec)
1 All uses allowed in R-1 R-2 and R-3 Zones 2 All uses allowed in C-1 C-2 and C-3 Zones 3 Some uses allowed in I-1 Zones 4 All uses allowed in GI Zones and SI Zones 5 Parks and Recreation and Entertainment class buildings structures
C-3 (Commercial Three or Metropolitan Commercial) means a metropolitan level of commercial use occupancy characterized mainly as a medium-rise to high-rise building structure for high to very high intensity commercialtrade service and business activities eg large to very large shopping malls very large office or mixed useoccupancy buildings and the like
SECTION 707 Maximum Height of Buildings
Commercial 3 (C-3)- Number of allowable storeysfloors above established grade 16-60- Meters above highest grade 4800 -18000
Minimum Required Off-Street (Off-RROW) cum On-Site Parking Slot Parking Area and LoadingUnloading Space Requirements by Allowed Use or Occupancy
53 Division E-3
Reference Uses or Character of Occupancies or Type of BuildingsStructures- Aircraft hangars open parking carports and garages etc
Minimum Required Parking Slot Parking Area and Loading Space Requirements- One (1) car slot for every 100000 sq meters of gross floor area and one (1) bus
slot for every one hundred (100) workers if number of workers exceed two hundred (200) provide one (1) off-RROW (or off-street) passenger loading space that can accommodate two (2) queued jeepneyshuttle slots
RULE VIII - LIGHT AND VENTILATION
SECTION 804 Sizes and Dimensions of Courts
III DESIGN GUIDELINES
Site RequirementsLarge and rectangular shaped
sites are ideal for parking structures Although flat sites are generally more economical to develop sloped sites can provide design opportunities such as access on different levels andor no ramping between levels For a reasonably efficient parking layout double-loaded parking ldquobaysrdquo range in width from about 54 to 60 feet depending upon the angle of parking and the width of the parking space The overall width of the structure should be determined based upon multiples of the chosen parking bay width An ideal length for a parking structure is at least 240 feet Longer sites provide the opportunity to park along the end bays which provides more parking spaces improves efficiency and lowers the cost per space A longer site also allows for shallower ramps which provide improved user comfort
Generally parking bays should be oriented parallel to the longer dimension of the site and preferably in the predominate direction of pedestrian travel Walking distance tolerances from parking to a primary destination are typically 200 to 300 feet for shoppers 500 to 800 feet for downtown employees and 1500 to 2000 feet for special event patrons and students
Parking Structures for People
Different user types will have different needs
Some user types may need to be physically separated to ensure revenue control or for security reasons
Different users require different pedestrian circulation systems
Parking space widths and circulation geometry needs vary depending on the user type
Some vehicular circulation system are better for specific user typeso Residential ndash Regular users enter and exit two times a dayo Education ndash May have peak loads in and outo Hotel ndash Overnight guests maybe event parking tooo Office ndash Low turnover Regular users enter and exit two times a dayo Health Care Visitors ndashWay finding very important Need to
accommodate elderly drivers and passengerso Health Care Staff ndash Shift time overlap and loading Security issues at
particularly at nighto Retail ndash High turnover o Occasional users - way finding to and from vehicleo Elderly or Families with Small Children ndash Way finding again
important May need larger spaces and more elevatorso Events ndash Easy quick loading and unloading of structure Multiple
vehicular pathsConsider revenue collection method ndash typically flat fee on entry Provide queuing space Consider pedestrian flow to event - avoid crossing traffic
Circulation and RampingThe basic circulation element for a parking structure is the continuous ramp with
parking on both sides of the drive aisle In continuous ramp structures some of the parking floors are sloped in order for traffic to circulate from one level to another Only on a sloping site that permits direct access to each level from the exterior roadways are ramps unnecessary but they still may be desirable for internal circulation The basic criteria for choosing a circulation system are the simplicity or complexity of the system and the architectural compatibility Ingress and egress capacities are also a consideration in the selection of a circulation system Some circulation systems provide the opportunity for level faccedilades which may be desirable
Non-parking ramps are often employed at airports casinos large retail structures for special event structures and on small and irregularly shaped sites Non-parking ramps consist of circular helixes (most common) express ramps (external) and speed ramps (internal) Non-parking ramp slopes should have a maximum slope in the 12 to 14 range Non-parking ramp slopes up to 20 are sometimes considered if covered or equipped with snow melt systems Parking structures with non-parking ramps tend to be less efficient in terms of square feet of structure per sparking space which directly increases the construction cost per parking space A grade difference of 8 or more requires transition slopes so vehicles do not bottom out Recommended are minimum 10rsquo-0rdquo transition slopes at the top and bottom of the ramp that are one-half of the differential slopes For instance two 10rsquo-0rdquo transition ramps sloped at 625 would be required at the bottom and the top of a ramp sloped at 125
One-Way vs Two-Way TrafficOne of the primary factors in the design of parking structure is determining the traffic flow one-way or two-way Typically a parking bay for a oneway traffic flow is narrower than for a two-way flow The available site dimensions will influence the parking bay width and thus also influence the circulation pattern There are advantages and disadvantages to both circulation patterns One-way traffic flow should never be combined with 90deg parking In parking facilities with one-way traffic flow the angle of the parking stalls establishes the direction of vehicle traffic
Advantages of One-Way Traffic Flow1048707 Easier for parkers to enterexit parking spaces1048707 Vehicles are more likely to be centered in angled spaces
1048707 Less circulation conflict and reduced potential for accidents1048707 Better visibility when backing out of a stall
1048707 Separation of inbound and outbound traffic and improved flow capacity of the circulation system1048707 The intended traffic flow is self-enforcing
1048707 One-way traffic allows the angle of parking to be changed to accommodate changes in vehicle sizes
Advantages of Two-Way Traffic Flow1048707 Wider drive aisles allow parkers to pass other vehicles1048707 Wider drive aisles are safer for pedestrians1048707 Better angle of visibility when searching for a parking space1048707 Traffic flow follows its own pattern rather than one that is forced1048707 Two-way traffic and 90deg parking makes more efficient use of parking aisles (more spaces in a run)1048707 Two-way parking facilities can essentially operate as one-way facilities when there is heavy directional traffic
Single Threaded DesignIn order to develop a
reasonably efficient free-standing parking structure the minimum dimensions needed are about 122 feet in width by 155 feet in length A width of 122 feet allows for a two-bay facility with two-way traffic flow and 90-degree parking A facility with two-way traffic and a five-foot rise along each bay requires approximately 155 feet in length for a minimum floor-to-floor height of about ten feet That is one 360-degree turn within the facility equates to a vertical rise of ten feet A structure in this configuration has sloping floors along both faccedilade sides Howeversloping floors can make faccedilade treatments challenging On larger sites that allow a structure length of about 255 feet one bay can be sloped rising 10 feet with opposite faccedilade having a ldquolevelrdquo floor
Principal Advantages of a Single-Threaded Helix1048707 Repetitive and easy to understand for users1048707 Potentially more flat-floor parking and level faccedilade elements1048707 Better visibility across the structure which enhances security
Principal Disadvantages of a Single-Threaded Helix1048707 More revolutions required going from bottom to top and top to bottom1048707 Two-way traffic bays have less flow capacity than one-way traffic bays Traffic in both directions is impeded by vehicles parking and vacating a space
Double Threaded DesignA facility with a one-way circulation
system and angled parking can be provided in a double-threaded helix with modules ranging from 54 to 58 feet in width depending upon the angle of parking The preferred angles of parking for an efficient layout are 60deg 70deg and 75deg A double thread which requires a ten-foot rise along each module requires 240 feet in length More efficient layouts can be achieved on longer sites The isometric right represents a two-bay double-threaded helix with one-way traffic
Principal Advantages of a Double-Threaded Helix1048707 Efficient circulation and more traffic flow capacity1048707 Pass fewer spaces both inbound and outbound
Principal Disadvantages of a Double-Threaded Helix1048707 Can be complex and confusing particularly in finding onersquos vehicle upon return to the parking facility1048707 Two-sloped bays and minimal flat-floor parking
Other Circulation Systems
Parking Layout Dimensions
Parking spaces adjacent to walls columns elevators stairs etc should be widened if possible by one foot so that vehicle doors can be more easily opened
Signage and WayfindingParking facilities can be very large complex and confusing A well designed graphics and signage system will effectively communicate necessary information to patrons reduce confusion improve safety and enhance the overall user experience
-Vehicle Signs-Pedestrian Signs-Level Theming-Entry Signs-Regulatory Signs-Illuminated Signs-Pavement Markings
Structural Systems
Three primary structural systems commonly used in parking structures today1048707 Cast-in-Place Concrete1048707 Precast Concrete1048707 Steel Framed
Cast-in-Place Concrete
Advantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Monolithic construction so fewer sealant joints1048707 Positive drainage is easier to achieve1048707 Post-Tensioning forces reduces slab cracking1048707 Floor vibration imperceptible1048707 Flexible column spacing (20rsquo to 27rsquo)1048707 Generally no shear walls1048707 Lower maintenance cost1048707 Wide beam spacing creates more open feeling with perception of higher ceiling1048707 Accommodates parking structures on irregular sites beneath buildings and underground
Disadvantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Potentially higher construction cost1048707 Quality control is more difficult to attain due to exposed weather conditions1048707 May require architectural cladding to improve exterior aesthetics1048707 Less adaptable to winter construction in cold climates1048707 Longer on-site construction schedule1048707 Closer expansion joint spacing1048707 Congestion of tendons and rebar at beam column joints1048707 Larger on-site staging requirement
Steel Framed
Advantages of Steel Construction1048707 Flexible column spacing of 18rsquo to 22rsquo1048707 Generally no shear walls
1048707 Can be performed by local subcontractors1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Potentially lower construction cost1048707 Easily accommodates vertical expansion
Precast Concrete
Advantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 Quality control because members are fabricated at a plant1048707 Potentially lower construction cost in some regions1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Greater expansion joint spacing (up to 300 feet)1048707 More adaptable to winter construction1048707 Architectural faccedilade spandrels also serve as structural load bearing elements
Disadvantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 More propensity for leaking at the joints1048707 Higher maintenance cost for sealants1048707 The close spacing of thee tee stems creates the perception of lower ceiling height1048707 Tee stems can block signage and interfere with lighting distribution1048707 Shear walls affect architecture at the exterior and reduce visibility at the interior1048707 Reduced drainage slopes1048707 More bird roosting ledges1048707 Might not be performed by local subcontractors
Disadvantages of Steel Construction1048707 Erection concerns due to mixing foundation
steel and precast subcontractors1048707 Not recommended where the steel is requiredto be fire rated by the building code1048707 Depending upon code requirements steel
structure may need to be fireproofed1048707 Steel painting for corrosion protection1048707 Maintenance of steel paint system1048707 Steel delivery times can fluctuate1048707 Extensive bird roosting ledges on the beam
Design Considerations
1048707 Zoning Requirements (permitted uses setbacks easements etc)1048707 Building Code Compliance1048707 Subsurface Conditions and Foundations1048707 Aesthetics1048707 Fire Rating Fire Protection and Life Safety1048707 Mechanical Systems1048707 Storm Drainage and Water Storage1048707 Parking Access and Revenue Control Equipment1048707 Mixed Uses (retail residential and office)1048707 Parking Office Requirements1048707 Maintenance
IV PARKING STANDARDS
SECTION 707 Maximum Height of Buildings
Commercial 3 (C-3)- Number of allowable storeysfloors above established grade 16-60- Meters above highest grade 4800 -18000
Minimum Required Off-Street (Off-RROW) cum On-Site Parking Slot Parking Area and LoadingUnloading Space Requirements by Allowed Use or Occupancy
53 Division E-3
Reference Uses or Character of Occupancies or Type of BuildingsStructures- Aircraft hangars open parking carports and garages etc
Minimum Required Parking Slot Parking Area and Loading Space Requirements- One (1) car slot for every 100000 sq meters of gross floor area and one (1) bus
slot for every one hundred (100) workers if number of workers exceed two hundred (200) provide one (1) off-RROW (or off-street) passenger loading space that can accommodate two (2) queued jeepneyshuttle slots
RULE VIII - LIGHT AND VENTILATION
SECTION 804 Sizes and Dimensions of Courts
III DESIGN GUIDELINES
Site RequirementsLarge and rectangular shaped
sites are ideal for parking structures Although flat sites are generally more economical to develop sloped sites can provide design opportunities such as access on different levels andor no ramping between levels For a reasonably efficient parking layout double-loaded parking ldquobaysrdquo range in width from about 54 to 60 feet depending upon the angle of parking and the width of the parking space The overall width of the structure should be determined based upon multiples of the chosen parking bay width An ideal length for a parking structure is at least 240 feet Longer sites provide the opportunity to park along the end bays which provides more parking spaces improves efficiency and lowers the cost per space A longer site also allows for shallower ramps which provide improved user comfort
Generally parking bays should be oriented parallel to the longer dimension of the site and preferably in the predominate direction of pedestrian travel Walking distance tolerances from parking to a primary destination are typically 200 to 300 feet for shoppers 500 to 800 feet for downtown employees and 1500 to 2000 feet for special event patrons and students
Parking Structures for People
Different user types will have different needs
Some user types may need to be physically separated to ensure revenue control or for security reasons
Different users require different pedestrian circulation systems
Parking space widths and circulation geometry needs vary depending on the user type
Some vehicular circulation system are better for specific user typeso Residential ndash Regular users enter and exit two times a dayo Education ndash May have peak loads in and outo Hotel ndash Overnight guests maybe event parking tooo Office ndash Low turnover Regular users enter and exit two times a dayo Health Care Visitors ndashWay finding very important Need to
accommodate elderly drivers and passengerso Health Care Staff ndash Shift time overlap and loading Security issues at
particularly at nighto Retail ndash High turnover o Occasional users - way finding to and from vehicleo Elderly or Families with Small Children ndash Way finding again
important May need larger spaces and more elevatorso Events ndash Easy quick loading and unloading of structure Multiple
vehicular pathsConsider revenue collection method ndash typically flat fee on entry Provide queuing space Consider pedestrian flow to event - avoid crossing traffic
Circulation and RampingThe basic circulation element for a parking structure is the continuous ramp with
parking on both sides of the drive aisle In continuous ramp structures some of the parking floors are sloped in order for traffic to circulate from one level to another Only on a sloping site that permits direct access to each level from the exterior roadways are ramps unnecessary but they still may be desirable for internal circulation The basic criteria for choosing a circulation system are the simplicity or complexity of the system and the architectural compatibility Ingress and egress capacities are also a consideration in the selection of a circulation system Some circulation systems provide the opportunity for level faccedilades which may be desirable
Non-parking ramps are often employed at airports casinos large retail structures for special event structures and on small and irregularly shaped sites Non-parking ramps consist of circular helixes (most common) express ramps (external) and speed ramps (internal) Non-parking ramp slopes should have a maximum slope in the 12 to 14 range Non-parking ramp slopes up to 20 are sometimes considered if covered or equipped with snow melt systems Parking structures with non-parking ramps tend to be less efficient in terms of square feet of structure per sparking space which directly increases the construction cost per parking space A grade difference of 8 or more requires transition slopes so vehicles do not bottom out Recommended are minimum 10rsquo-0rdquo transition slopes at the top and bottom of the ramp that are one-half of the differential slopes For instance two 10rsquo-0rdquo transition ramps sloped at 625 would be required at the bottom and the top of a ramp sloped at 125
One-Way vs Two-Way TrafficOne of the primary factors in the design of parking structure is determining the traffic flow one-way or two-way Typically a parking bay for a oneway traffic flow is narrower than for a two-way flow The available site dimensions will influence the parking bay width and thus also influence the circulation pattern There are advantages and disadvantages to both circulation patterns One-way traffic flow should never be combined with 90deg parking In parking facilities with one-way traffic flow the angle of the parking stalls establishes the direction of vehicle traffic
Advantages of One-Way Traffic Flow1048707 Easier for parkers to enterexit parking spaces1048707 Vehicles are more likely to be centered in angled spaces
1048707 Less circulation conflict and reduced potential for accidents1048707 Better visibility when backing out of a stall
1048707 Separation of inbound and outbound traffic and improved flow capacity of the circulation system1048707 The intended traffic flow is self-enforcing
1048707 One-way traffic allows the angle of parking to be changed to accommodate changes in vehicle sizes
Advantages of Two-Way Traffic Flow1048707 Wider drive aisles allow parkers to pass other vehicles1048707 Wider drive aisles are safer for pedestrians1048707 Better angle of visibility when searching for a parking space1048707 Traffic flow follows its own pattern rather than one that is forced1048707 Two-way traffic and 90deg parking makes more efficient use of parking aisles (more spaces in a run)1048707 Two-way parking facilities can essentially operate as one-way facilities when there is heavy directional traffic
Single Threaded DesignIn order to develop a
reasonably efficient free-standing parking structure the minimum dimensions needed are about 122 feet in width by 155 feet in length A width of 122 feet allows for a two-bay facility with two-way traffic flow and 90-degree parking A facility with two-way traffic and a five-foot rise along each bay requires approximately 155 feet in length for a minimum floor-to-floor height of about ten feet That is one 360-degree turn within the facility equates to a vertical rise of ten feet A structure in this configuration has sloping floors along both faccedilade sides Howeversloping floors can make faccedilade treatments challenging On larger sites that allow a structure length of about 255 feet one bay can be sloped rising 10 feet with opposite faccedilade having a ldquolevelrdquo floor
Principal Advantages of a Single-Threaded Helix1048707 Repetitive and easy to understand for users1048707 Potentially more flat-floor parking and level faccedilade elements1048707 Better visibility across the structure which enhances security
Principal Disadvantages of a Single-Threaded Helix1048707 More revolutions required going from bottom to top and top to bottom1048707 Two-way traffic bays have less flow capacity than one-way traffic bays Traffic in both directions is impeded by vehicles parking and vacating a space
Double Threaded DesignA facility with a one-way circulation
system and angled parking can be provided in a double-threaded helix with modules ranging from 54 to 58 feet in width depending upon the angle of parking The preferred angles of parking for an efficient layout are 60deg 70deg and 75deg A double thread which requires a ten-foot rise along each module requires 240 feet in length More efficient layouts can be achieved on longer sites The isometric right represents a two-bay double-threaded helix with one-way traffic
Principal Advantages of a Double-Threaded Helix1048707 Efficient circulation and more traffic flow capacity1048707 Pass fewer spaces both inbound and outbound
Principal Disadvantages of a Double-Threaded Helix1048707 Can be complex and confusing particularly in finding onersquos vehicle upon return to the parking facility1048707 Two-sloped bays and minimal flat-floor parking
Other Circulation Systems
Parking Layout Dimensions
Parking spaces adjacent to walls columns elevators stairs etc should be widened if possible by one foot so that vehicle doors can be more easily opened
Signage and WayfindingParking facilities can be very large complex and confusing A well designed graphics and signage system will effectively communicate necessary information to patrons reduce confusion improve safety and enhance the overall user experience
-Vehicle Signs-Pedestrian Signs-Level Theming-Entry Signs-Regulatory Signs-Illuminated Signs-Pavement Markings
Structural Systems
Three primary structural systems commonly used in parking structures today1048707 Cast-in-Place Concrete1048707 Precast Concrete1048707 Steel Framed
Cast-in-Place Concrete
Advantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Monolithic construction so fewer sealant joints1048707 Positive drainage is easier to achieve1048707 Post-Tensioning forces reduces slab cracking1048707 Floor vibration imperceptible1048707 Flexible column spacing (20rsquo to 27rsquo)1048707 Generally no shear walls1048707 Lower maintenance cost1048707 Wide beam spacing creates more open feeling with perception of higher ceiling1048707 Accommodates parking structures on irregular sites beneath buildings and underground
Disadvantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Potentially higher construction cost1048707 Quality control is more difficult to attain due to exposed weather conditions1048707 May require architectural cladding to improve exterior aesthetics1048707 Less adaptable to winter construction in cold climates1048707 Longer on-site construction schedule1048707 Closer expansion joint spacing1048707 Congestion of tendons and rebar at beam column joints1048707 Larger on-site staging requirement
Steel Framed
Advantages of Steel Construction1048707 Flexible column spacing of 18rsquo to 22rsquo1048707 Generally no shear walls
1048707 Can be performed by local subcontractors1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Potentially lower construction cost1048707 Easily accommodates vertical expansion
Precast Concrete
Advantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 Quality control because members are fabricated at a plant1048707 Potentially lower construction cost in some regions1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Greater expansion joint spacing (up to 300 feet)1048707 More adaptable to winter construction1048707 Architectural faccedilade spandrels also serve as structural load bearing elements
Disadvantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 More propensity for leaking at the joints1048707 Higher maintenance cost for sealants1048707 The close spacing of thee tee stems creates the perception of lower ceiling height1048707 Tee stems can block signage and interfere with lighting distribution1048707 Shear walls affect architecture at the exterior and reduce visibility at the interior1048707 Reduced drainage slopes1048707 More bird roosting ledges1048707 Might not be performed by local subcontractors
Disadvantages of Steel Construction1048707 Erection concerns due to mixing foundation
steel and precast subcontractors1048707 Not recommended where the steel is requiredto be fire rated by the building code1048707 Depending upon code requirements steel
structure may need to be fireproofed1048707 Steel painting for corrosion protection1048707 Maintenance of steel paint system1048707 Steel delivery times can fluctuate1048707 Extensive bird roosting ledges on the beam
Design Considerations
1048707 Zoning Requirements (permitted uses setbacks easements etc)1048707 Building Code Compliance1048707 Subsurface Conditions and Foundations1048707 Aesthetics1048707 Fire Rating Fire Protection and Life Safety1048707 Mechanical Systems1048707 Storm Drainage and Water Storage1048707 Parking Access and Revenue Control Equipment1048707 Mixed Uses (retail residential and office)1048707 Parking Office Requirements1048707 Maintenance
IV PARKING STANDARDS
III DESIGN GUIDELINES
Site RequirementsLarge and rectangular shaped
sites are ideal for parking structures Although flat sites are generally more economical to develop sloped sites can provide design opportunities such as access on different levels andor no ramping between levels For a reasonably efficient parking layout double-loaded parking ldquobaysrdquo range in width from about 54 to 60 feet depending upon the angle of parking and the width of the parking space The overall width of the structure should be determined based upon multiples of the chosen parking bay width An ideal length for a parking structure is at least 240 feet Longer sites provide the opportunity to park along the end bays which provides more parking spaces improves efficiency and lowers the cost per space A longer site also allows for shallower ramps which provide improved user comfort
Generally parking bays should be oriented parallel to the longer dimension of the site and preferably in the predominate direction of pedestrian travel Walking distance tolerances from parking to a primary destination are typically 200 to 300 feet for shoppers 500 to 800 feet for downtown employees and 1500 to 2000 feet for special event patrons and students
Parking Structures for People
Different user types will have different needs
Some user types may need to be physically separated to ensure revenue control or for security reasons
Different users require different pedestrian circulation systems
Parking space widths and circulation geometry needs vary depending on the user type
Some vehicular circulation system are better for specific user typeso Residential ndash Regular users enter and exit two times a dayo Education ndash May have peak loads in and outo Hotel ndash Overnight guests maybe event parking tooo Office ndash Low turnover Regular users enter and exit two times a dayo Health Care Visitors ndashWay finding very important Need to
accommodate elderly drivers and passengerso Health Care Staff ndash Shift time overlap and loading Security issues at
particularly at nighto Retail ndash High turnover o Occasional users - way finding to and from vehicleo Elderly or Families with Small Children ndash Way finding again
important May need larger spaces and more elevatorso Events ndash Easy quick loading and unloading of structure Multiple
vehicular pathsConsider revenue collection method ndash typically flat fee on entry Provide queuing space Consider pedestrian flow to event - avoid crossing traffic
Circulation and RampingThe basic circulation element for a parking structure is the continuous ramp with
parking on both sides of the drive aisle In continuous ramp structures some of the parking floors are sloped in order for traffic to circulate from one level to another Only on a sloping site that permits direct access to each level from the exterior roadways are ramps unnecessary but they still may be desirable for internal circulation The basic criteria for choosing a circulation system are the simplicity or complexity of the system and the architectural compatibility Ingress and egress capacities are also a consideration in the selection of a circulation system Some circulation systems provide the opportunity for level faccedilades which may be desirable
Non-parking ramps are often employed at airports casinos large retail structures for special event structures and on small and irregularly shaped sites Non-parking ramps consist of circular helixes (most common) express ramps (external) and speed ramps (internal) Non-parking ramp slopes should have a maximum slope in the 12 to 14 range Non-parking ramp slopes up to 20 are sometimes considered if covered or equipped with snow melt systems Parking structures with non-parking ramps tend to be less efficient in terms of square feet of structure per sparking space which directly increases the construction cost per parking space A grade difference of 8 or more requires transition slopes so vehicles do not bottom out Recommended are minimum 10rsquo-0rdquo transition slopes at the top and bottom of the ramp that are one-half of the differential slopes For instance two 10rsquo-0rdquo transition ramps sloped at 625 would be required at the bottom and the top of a ramp sloped at 125
One-Way vs Two-Way TrafficOne of the primary factors in the design of parking structure is determining the traffic flow one-way or two-way Typically a parking bay for a oneway traffic flow is narrower than for a two-way flow The available site dimensions will influence the parking bay width and thus also influence the circulation pattern There are advantages and disadvantages to both circulation patterns One-way traffic flow should never be combined with 90deg parking In parking facilities with one-way traffic flow the angle of the parking stalls establishes the direction of vehicle traffic
Advantages of One-Way Traffic Flow1048707 Easier for parkers to enterexit parking spaces1048707 Vehicles are more likely to be centered in angled spaces
1048707 Less circulation conflict and reduced potential for accidents1048707 Better visibility when backing out of a stall
1048707 Separation of inbound and outbound traffic and improved flow capacity of the circulation system1048707 The intended traffic flow is self-enforcing
1048707 One-way traffic allows the angle of parking to be changed to accommodate changes in vehicle sizes
Advantages of Two-Way Traffic Flow1048707 Wider drive aisles allow parkers to pass other vehicles1048707 Wider drive aisles are safer for pedestrians1048707 Better angle of visibility when searching for a parking space1048707 Traffic flow follows its own pattern rather than one that is forced1048707 Two-way traffic and 90deg parking makes more efficient use of parking aisles (more spaces in a run)1048707 Two-way parking facilities can essentially operate as one-way facilities when there is heavy directional traffic
Single Threaded DesignIn order to develop a
reasonably efficient free-standing parking structure the minimum dimensions needed are about 122 feet in width by 155 feet in length A width of 122 feet allows for a two-bay facility with two-way traffic flow and 90-degree parking A facility with two-way traffic and a five-foot rise along each bay requires approximately 155 feet in length for a minimum floor-to-floor height of about ten feet That is one 360-degree turn within the facility equates to a vertical rise of ten feet A structure in this configuration has sloping floors along both faccedilade sides Howeversloping floors can make faccedilade treatments challenging On larger sites that allow a structure length of about 255 feet one bay can be sloped rising 10 feet with opposite faccedilade having a ldquolevelrdquo floor
Principal Advantages of a Single-Threaded Helix1048707 Repetitive and easy to understand for users1048707 Potentially more flat-floor parking and level faccedilade elements1048707 Better visibility across the structure which enhances security
Principal Disadvantages of a Single-Threaded Helix1048707 More revolutions required going from bottom to top and top to bottom1048707 Two-way traffic bays have less flow capacity than one-way traffic bays Traffic in both directions is impeded by vehicles parking and vacating a space
Double Threaded DesignA facility with a one-way circulation
system and angled parking can be provided in a double-threaded helix with modules ranging from 54 to 58 feet in width depending upon the angle of parking The preferred angles of parking for an efficient layout are 60deg 70deg and 75deg A double thread which requires a ten-foot rise along each module requires 240 feet in length More efficient layouts can be achieved on longer sites The isometric right represents a two-bay double-threaded helix with one-way traffic
Principal Advantages of a Double-Threaded Helix1048707 Efficient circulation and more traffic flow capacity1048707 Pass fewer spaces both inbound and outbound
Principal Disadvantages of a Double-Threaded Helix1048707 Can be complex and confusing particularly in finding onersquos vehicle upon return to the parking facility1048707 Two-sloped bays and minimal flat-floor parking
Other Circulation Systems
Parking Layout Dimensions
Parking spaces adjacent to walls columns elevators stairs etc should be widened if possible by one foot so that vehicle doors can be more easily opened
Signage and WayfindingParking facilities can be very large complex and confusing A well designed graphics and signage system will effectively communicate necessary information to patrons reduce confusion improve safety and enhance the overall user experience
-Vehicle Signs-Pedestrian Signs-Level Theming-Entry Signs-Regulatory Signs-Illuminated Signs-Pavement Markings
Structural Systems
Three primary structural systems commonly used in parking structures today1048707 Cast-in-Place Concrete1048707 Precast Concrete1048707 Steel Framed
Cast-in-Place Concrete
Advantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Monolithic construction so fewer sealant joints1048707 Positive drainage is easier to achieve1048707 Post-Tensioning forces reduces slab cracking1048707 Floor vibration imperceptible1048707 Flexible column spacing (20rsquo to 27rsquo)1048707 Generally no shear walls1048707 Lower maintenance cost1048707 Wide beam spacing creates more open feeling with perception of higher ceiling1048707 Accommodates parking structures on irregular sites beneath buildings and underground
Disadvantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Potentially higher construction cost1048707 Quality control is more difficult to attain due to exposed weather conditions1048707 May require architectural cladding to improve exterior aesthetics1048707 Less adaptable to winter construction in cold climates1048707 Longer on-site construction schedule1048707 Closer expansion joint spacing1048707 Congestion of tendons and rebar at beam column joints1048707 Larger on-site staging requirement
Steel Framed
Advantages of Steel Construction1048707 Flexible column spacing of 18rsquo to 22rsquo1048707 Generally no shear walls
1048707 Can be performed by local subcontractors1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Potentially lower construction cost1048707 Easily accommodates vertical expansion
Precast Concrete
Advantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 Quality control because members are fabricated at a plant1048707 Potentially lower construction cost in some regions1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Greater expansion joint spacing (up to 300 feet)1048707 More adaptable to winter construction1048707 Architectural faccedilade spandrels also serve as structural load bearing elements
Disadvantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 More propensity for leaking at the joints1048707 Higher maintenance cost for sealants1048707 The close spacing of thee tee stems creates the perception of lower ceiling height1048707 Tee stems can block signage and interfere with lighting distribution1048707 Shear walls affect architecture at the exterior and reduce visibility at the interior1048707 Reduced drainage slopes1048707 More bird roosting ledges1048707 Might not be performed by local subcontractors
Disadvantages of Steel Construction1048707 Erection concerns due to mixing foundation
steel and precast subcontractors1048707 Not recommended where the steel is requiredto be fire rated by the building code1048707 Depending upon code requirements steel
structure may need to be fireproofed1048707 Steel painting for corrosion protection1048707 Maintenance of steel paint system1048707 Steel delivery times can fluctuate1048707 Extensive bird roosting ledges on the beam
Design Considerations
1048707 Zoning Requirements (permitted uses setbacks easements etc)1048707 Building Code Compliance1048707 Subsurface Conditions and Foundations1048707 Aesthetics1048707 Fire Rating Fire Protection and Life Safety1048707 Mechanical Systems1048707 Storm Drainage and Water Storage1048707 Parking Access and Revenue Control Equipment1048707 Mixed Uses (retail residential and office)1048707 Parking Office Requirements1048707 Maintenance
IV PARKING STANDARDS
Circulation and RampingThe basic circulation element for a parking structure is the continuous ramp with
parking on both sides of the drive aisle In continuous ramp structures some of the parking floors are sloped in order for traffic to circulate from one level to another Only on a sloping site that permits direct access to each level from the exterior roadways are ramps unnecessary but they still may be desirable for internal circulation The basic criteria for choosing a circulation system are the simplicity or complexity of the system and the architectural compatibility Ingress and egress capacities are also a consideration in the selection of a circulation system Some circulation systems provide the opportunity for level faccedilades which may be desirable
Non-parking ramps are often employed at airports casinos large retail structures for special event structures and on small and irregularly shaped sites Non-parking ramps consist of circular helixes (most common) express ramps (external) and speed ramps (internal) Non-parking ramp slopes should have a maximum slope in the 12 to 14 range Non-parking ramp slopes up to 20 are sometimes considered if covered or equipped with snow melt systems Parking structures with non-parking ramps tend to be less efficient in terms of square feet of structure per sparking space which directly increases the construction cost per parking space A grade difference of 8 or more requires transition slopes so vehicles do not bottom out Recommended are minimum 10rsquo-0rdquo transition slopes at the top and bottom of the ramp that are one-half of the differential slopes For instance two 10rsquo-0rdquo transition ramps sloped at 625 would be required at the bottom and the top of a ramp sloped at 125
One-Way vs Two-Way TrafficOne of the primary factors in the design of parking structure is determining the traffic flow one-way or two-way Typically a parking bay for a oneway traffic flow is narrower than for a two-way flow The available site dimensions will influence the parking bay width and thus also influence the circulation pattern There are advantages and disadvantages to both circulation patterns One-way traffic flow should never be combined with 90deg parking In parking facilities with one-way traffic flow the angle of the parking stalls establishes the direction of vehicle traffic
Advantages of One-Way Traffic Flow1048707 Easier for parkers to enterexit parking spaces1048707 Vehicles are more likely to be centered in angled spaces
1048707 Less circulation conflict and reduced potential for accidents1048707 Better visibility when backing out of a stall
1048707 Separation of inbound and outbound traffic and improved flow capacity of the circulation system1048707 The intended traffic flow is self-enforcing
1048707 One-way traffic allows the angle of parking to be changed to accommodate changes in vehicle sizes
Advantages of Two-Way Traffic Flow1048707 Wider drive aisles allow parkers to pass other vehicles1048707 Wider drive aisles are safer for pedestrians1048707 Better angle of visibility when searching for a parking space1048707 Traffic flow follows its own pattern rather than one that is forced1048707 Two-way traffic and 90deg parking makes more efficient use of parking aisles (more spaces in a run)1048707 Two-way parking facilities can essentially operate as one-way facilities when there is heavy directional traffic
Single Threaded DesignIn order to develop a
reasonably efficient free-standing parking structure the minimum dimensions needed are about 122 feet in width by 155 feet in length A width of 122 feet allows for a two-bay facility with two-way traffic flow and 90-degree parking A facility with two-way traffic and a five-foot rise along each bay requires approximately 155 feet in length for a minimum floor-to-floor height of about ten feet That is one 360-degree turn within the facility equates to a vertical rise of ten feet A structure in this configuration has sloping floors along both faccedilade sides Howeversloping floors can make faccedilade treatments challenging On larger sites that allow a structure length of about 255 feet one bay can be sloped rising 10 feet with opposite faccedilade having a ldquolevelrdquo floor
Principal Advantages of a Single-Threaded Helix1048707 Repetitive and easy to understand for users1048707 Potentially more flat-floor parking and level faccedilade elements1048707 Better visibility across the structure which enhances security
Principal Disadvantages of a Single-Threaded Helix1048707 More revolutions required going from bottom to top and top to bottom1048707 Two-way traffic bays have less flow capacity than one-way traffic bays Traffic in both directions is impeded by vehicles parking and vacating a space
Double Threaded DesignA facility with a one-way circulation
system and angled parking can be provided in a double-threaded helix with modules ranging from 54 to 58 feet in width depending upon the angle of parking The preferred angles of parking for an efficient layout are 60deg 70deg and 75deg A double thread which requires a ten-foot rise along each module requires 240 feet in length More efficient layouts can be achieved on longer sites The isometric right represents a two-bay double-threaded helix with one-way traffic
Principal Advantages of a Double-Threaded Helix1048707 Efficient circulation and more traffic flow capacity1048707 Pass fewer spaces both inbound and outbound
Principal Disadvantages of a Double-Threaded Helix1048707 Can be complex and confusing particularly in finding onersquos vehicle upon return to the parking facility1048707 Two-sloped bays and minimal flat-floor parking
Other Circulation Systems
Parking Layout Dimensions
Parking spaces adjacent to walls columns elevators stairs etc should be widened if possible by one foot so that vehicle doors can be more easily opened
Signage and WayfindingParking facilities can be very large complex and confusing A well designed graphics and signage system will effectively communicate necessary information to patrons reduce confusion improve safety and enhance the overall user experience
-Vehicle Signs-Pedestrian Signs-Level Theming-Entry Signs-Regulatory Signs-Illuminated Signs-Pavement Markings
Structural Systems
Three primary structural systems commonly used in parking structures today1048707 Cast-in-Place Concrete1048707 Precast Concrete1048707 Steel Framed
Cast-in-Place Concrete
Advantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Monolithic construction so fewer sealant joints1048707 Positive drainage is easier to achieve1048707 Post-Tensioning forces reduces slab cracking1048707 Floor vibration imperceptible1048707 Flexible column spacing (20rsquo to 27rsquo)1048707 Generally no shear walls1048707 Lower maintenance cost1048707 Wide beam spacing creates more open feeling with perception of higher ceiling1048707 Accommodates parking structures on irregular sites beneath buildings and underground
Disadvantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Potentially higher construction cost1048707 Quality control is more difficult to attain due to exposed weather conditions1048707 May require architectural cladding to improve exterior aesthetics1048707 Less adaptable to winter construction in cold climates1048707 Longer on-site construction schedule1048707 Closer expansion joint spacing1048707 Congestion of tendons and rebar at beam column joints1048707 Larger on-site staging requirement
Steel Framed
Advantages of Steel Construction1048707 Flexible column spacing of 18rsquo to 22rsquo1048707 Generally no shear walls
1048707 Can be performed by local subcontractors1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Potentially lower construction cost1048707 Easily accommodates vertical expansion
Precast Concrete
Advantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 Quality control because members are fabricated at a plant1048707 Potentially lower construction cost in some regions1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Greater expansion joint spacing (up to 300 feet)1048707 More adaptable to winter construction1048707 Architectural faccedilade spandrels also serve as structural load bearing elements
Disadvantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 More propensity for leaking at the joints1048707 Higher maintenance cost for sealants1048707 The close spacing of thee tee stems creates the perception of lower ceiling height1048707 Tee stems can block signage and interfere with lighting distribution1048707 Shear walls affect architecture at the exterior and reduce visibility at the interior1048707 Reduced drainage slopes1048707 More bird roosting ledges1048707 Might not be performed by local subcontractors
Disadvantages of Steel Construction1048707 Erection concerns due to mixing foundation
steel and precast subcontractors1048707 Not recommended where the steel is requiredto be fire rated by the building code1048707 Depending upon code requirements steel
structure may need to be fireproofed1048707 Steel painting for corrosion protection1048707 Maintenance of steel paint system1048707 Steel delivery times can fluctuate1048707 Extensive bird roosting ledges on the beam
Design Considerations
1048707 Zoning Requirements (permitted uses setbacks easements etc)1048707 Building Code Compliance1048707 Subsurface Conditions and Foundations1048707 Aesthetics1048707 Fire Rating Fire Protection and Life Safety1048707 Mechanical Systems1048707 Storm Drainage and Water Storage1048707 Parking Access and Revenue Control Equipment1048707 Mixed Uses (retail residential and office)1048707 Parking Office Requirements1048707 Maintenance
IV PARKING STANDARDS
1048707 Separation of inbound and outbound traffic and improved flow capacity of the circulation system1048707 The intended traffic flow is self-enforcing
1048707 One-way traffic allows the angle of parking to be changed to accommodate changes in vehicle sizes
Advantages of Two-Way Traffic Flow1048707 Wider drive aisles allow parkers to pass other vehicles1048707 Wider drive aisles are safer for pedestrians1048707 Better angle of visibility when searching for a parking space1048707 Traffic flow follows its own pattern rather than one that is forced1048707 Two-way traffic and 90deg parking makes more efficient use of parking aisles (more spaces in a run)1048707 Two-way parking facilities can essentially operate as one-way facilities when there is heavy directional traffic
Single Threaded DesignIn order to develop a
reasonably efficient free-standing parking structure the minimum dimensions needed are about 122 feet in width by 155 feet in length A width of 122 feet allows for a two-bay facility with two-way traffic flow and 90-degree parking A facility with two-way traffic and a five-foot rise along each bay requires approximately 155 feet in length for a minimum floor-to-floor height of about ten feet That is one 360-degree turn within the facility equates to a vertical rise of ten feet A structure in this configuration has sloping floors along both faccedilade sides Howeversloping floors can make faccedilade treatments challenging On larger sites that allow a structure length of about 255 feet one bay can be sloped rising 10 feet with opposite faccedilade having a ldquolevelrdquo floor
Principal Advantages of a Single-Threaded Helix1048707 Repetitive and easy to understand for users1048707 Potentially more flat-floor parking and level faccedilade elements1048707 Better visibility across the structure which enhances security
Principal Disadvantages of a Single-Threaded Helix1048707 More revolutions required going from bottom to top and top to bottom1048707 Two-way traffic bays have less flow capacity than one-way traffic bays Traffic in both directions is impeded by vehicles parking and vacating a space
Double Threaded DesignA facility with a one-way circulation
system and angled parking can be provided in a double-threaded helix with modules ranging from 54 to 58 feet in width depending upon the angle of parking The preferred angles of parking for an efficient layout are 60deg 70deg and 75deg A double thread which requires a ten-foot rise along each module requires 240 feet in length More efficient layouts can be achieved on longer sites The isometric right represents a two-bay double-threaded helix with one-way traffic
Principal Advantages of a Double-Threaded Helix1048707 Efficient circulation and more traffic flow capacity1048707 Pass fewer spaces both inbound and outbound
Principal Disadvantages of a Double-Threaded Helix1048707 Can be complex and confusing particularly in finding onersquos vehicle upon return to the parking facility1048707 Two-sloped bays and minimal flat-floor parking
Other Circulation Systems
Parking Layout Dimensions
Parking spaces adjacent to walls columns elevators stairs etc should be widened if possible by one foot so that vehicle doors can be more easily opened
Signage and WayfindingParking facilities can be very large complex and confusing A well designed graphics and signage system will effectively communicate necessary information to patrons reduce confusion improve safety and enhance the overall user experience
-Vehicle Signs-Pedestrian Signs-Level Theming-Entry Signs-Regulatory Signs-Illuminated Signs-Pavement Markings
Structural Systems
Three primary structural systems commonly used in parking structures today1048707 Cast-in-Place Concrete1048707 Precast Concrete1048707 Steel Framed
Cast-in-Place Concrete
Advantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Monolithic construction so fewer sealant joints1048707 Positive drainage is easier to achieve1048707 Post-Tensioning forces reduces slab cracking1048707 Floor vibration imperceptible1048707 Flexible column spacing (20rsquo to 27rsquo)1048707 Generally no shear walls1048707 Lower maintenance cost1048707 Wide beam spacing creates more open feeling with perception of higher ceiling1048707 Accommodates parking structures on irregular sites beneath buildings and underground
Disadvantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Potentially higher construction cost1048707 Quality control is more difficult to attain due to exposed weather conditions1048707 May require architectural cladding to improve exterior aesthetics1048707 Less adaptable to winter construction in cold climates1048707 Longer on-site construction schedule1048707 Closer expansion joint spacing1048707 Congestion of tendons and rebar at beam column joints1048707 Larger on-site staging requirement
Steel Framed
Advantages of Steel Construction1048707 Flexible column spacing of 18rsquo to 22rsquo1048707 Generally no shear walls
1048707 Can be performed by local subcontractors1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Potentially lower construction cost1048707 Easily accommodates vertical expansion
Precast Concrete
Advantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 Quality control because members are fabricated at a plant1048707 Potentially lower construction cost in some regions1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Greater expansion joint spacing (up to 300 feet)1048707 More adaptable to winter construction1048707 Architectural faccedilade spandrels also serve as structural load bearing elements
Disadvantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 More propensity for leaking at the joints1048707 Higher maintenance cost for sealants1048707 The close spacing of thee tee stems creates the perception of lower ceiling height1048707 Tee stems can block signage and interfere with lighting distribution1048707 Shear walls affect architecture at the exterior and reduce visibility at the interior1048707 Reduced drainage slopes1048707 More bird roosting ledges1048707 Might not be performed by local subcontractors
Disadvantages of Steel Construction1048707 Erection concerns due to mixing foundation
steel and precast subcontractors1048707 Not recommended where the steel is requiredto be fire rated by the building code1048707 Depending upon code requirements steel
structure may need to be fireproofed1048707 Steel painting for corrosion protection1048707 Maintenance of steel paint system1048707 Steel delivery times can fluctuate1048707 Extensive bird roosting ledges on the beam
Design Considerations
1048707 Zoning Requirements (permitted uses setbacks easements etc)1048707 Building Code Compliance1048707 Subsurface Conditions and Foundations1048707 Aesthetics1048707 Fire Rating Fire Protection and Life Safety1048707 Mechanical Systems1048707 Storm Drainage and Water Storage1048707 Parking Access and Revenue Control Equipment1048707 Mixed Uses (retail residential and office)1048707 Parking Office Requirements1048707 Maintenance
IV PARKING STANDARDS
Principal Advantages of a Double-Threaded Helix1048707 Efficient circulation and more traffic flow capacity1048707 Pass fewer spaces both inbound and outbound
Principal Disadvantages of a Double-Threaded Helix1048707 Can be complex and confusing particularly in finding onersquos vehicle upon return to the parking facility1048707 Two-sloped bays and minimal flat-floor parking
Other Circulation Systems
Parking Layout Dimensions
Parking spaces adjacent to walls columns elevators stairs etc should be widened if possible by one foot so that vehicle doors can be more easily opened
Signage and WayfindingParking facilities can be very large complex and confusing A well designed graphics and signage system will effectively communicate necessary information to patrons reduce confusion improve safety and enhance the overall user experience
-Vehicle Signs-Pedestrian Signs-Level Theming-Entry Signs-Regulatory Signs-Illuminated Signs-Pavement Markings
Structural Systems
Three primary structural systems commonly used in parking structures today1048707 Cast-in-Place Concrete1048707 Precast Concrete1048707 Steel Framed
Cast-in-Place Concrete
Advantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Monolithic construction so fewer sealant joints1048707 Positive drainage is easier to achieve1048707 Post-Tensioning forces reduces slab cracking1048707 Floor vibration imperceptible1048707 Flexible column spacing (20rsquo to 27rsquo)1048707 Generally no shear walls1048707 Lower maintenance cost1048707 Wide beam spacing creates more open feeling with perception of higher ceiling1048707 Accommodates parking structures on irregular sites beneath buildings and underground
Disadvantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Potentially higher construction cost1048707 Quality control is more difficult to attain due to exposed weather conditions1048707 May require architectural cladding to improve exterior aesthetics1048707 Less adaptable to winter construction in cold climates1048707 Longer on-site construction schedule1048707 Closer expansion joint spacing1048707 Congestion of tendons and rebar at beam column joints1048707 Larger on-site staging requirement
Steel Framed
Advantages of Steel Construction1048707 Flexible column spacing of 18rsquo to 22rsquo1048707 Generally no shear walls
1048707 Can be performed by local subcontractors1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Potentially lower construction cost1048707 Easily accommodates vertical expansion
Precast Concrete
Advantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 Quality control because members are fabricated at a plant1048707 Potentially lower construction cost in some regions1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Greater expansion joint spacing (up to 300 feet)1048707 More adaptable to winter construction1048707 Architectural faccedilade spandrels also serve as structural load bearing elements
Disadvantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 More propensity for leaking at the joints1048707 Higher maintenance cost for sealants1048707 The close spacing of thee tee stems creates the perception of lower ceiling height1048707 Tee stems can block signage and interfere with lighting distribution1048707 Shear walls affect architecture at the exterior and reduce visibility at the interior1048707 Reduced drainage slopes1048707 More bird roosting ledges1048707 Might not be performed by local subcontractors
Disadvantages of Steel Construction1048707 Erection concerns due to mixing foundation
steel and precast subcontractors1048707 Not recommended where the steel is requiredto be fire rated by the building code1048707 Depending upon code requirements steel
structure may need to be fireproofed1048707 Steel painting for corrosion protection1048707 Maintenance of steel paint system1048707 Steel delivery times can fluctuate1048707 Extensive bird roosting ledges on the beam
Design Considerations
1048707 Zoning Requirements (permitted uses setbacks easements etc)1048707 Building Code Compliance1048707 Subsurface Conditions and Foundations1048707 Aesthetics1048707 Fire Rating Fire Protection and Life Safety1048707 Mechanical Systems1048707 Storm Drainage and Water Storage1048707 Parking Access and Revenue Control Equipment1048707 Mixed Uses (retail residential and office)1048707 Parking Office Requirements1048707 Maintenance
IV PARKING STANDARDS
Parking Layout Dimensions
Parking spaces adjacent to walls columns elevators stairs etc should be widened if possible by one foot so that vehicle doors can be more easily opened
Signage and WayfindingParking facilities can be very large complex and confusing A well designed graphics and signage system will effectively communicate necessary information to patrons reduce confusion improve safety and enhance the overall user experience
-Vehicle Signs-Pedestrian Signs-Level Theming-Entry Signs-Regulatory Signs-Illuminated Signs-Pavement Markings
Structural Systems
Three primary structural systems commonly used in parking structures today1048707 Cast-in-Place Concrete1048707 Precast Concrete1048707 Steel Framed
Cast-in-Place Concrete
Advantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Monolithic construction so fewer sealant joints1048707 Positive drainage is easier to achieve1048707 Post-Tensioning forces reduces slab cracking1048707 Floor vibration imperceptible1048707 Flexible column spacing (20rsquo to 27rsquo)1048707 Generally no shear walls1048707 Lower maintenance cost1048707 Wide beam spacing creates more open feeling with perception of higher ceiling1048707 Accommodates parking structures on irregular sites beneath buildings and underground
Disadvantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Potentially higher construction cost1048707 Quality control is more difficult to attain due to exposed weather conditions1048707 May require architectural cladding to improve exterior aesthetics1048707 Less adaptable to winter construction in cold climates1048707 Longer on-site construction schedule1048707 Closer expansion joint spacing1048707 Congestion of tendons and rebar at beam column joints1048707 Larger on-site staging requirement
Steel Framed
Advantages of Steel Construction1048707 Flexible column spacing of 18rsquo to 22rsquo1048707 Generally no shear walls
1048707 Can be performed by local subcontractors1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Potentially lower construction cost1048707 Easily accommodates vertical expansion
Precast Concrete
Advantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 Quality control because members are fabricated at a plant1048707 Potentially lower construction cost in some regions1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Greater expansion joint spacing (up to 300 feet)1048707 More adaptable to winter construction1048707 Architectural faccedilade spandrels also serve as structural load bearing elements
Disadvantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 More propensity for leaking at the joints1048707 Higher maintenance cost for sealants1048707 The close spacing of thee tee stems creates the perception of lower ceiling height1048707 Tee stems can block signage and interfere with lighting distribution1048707 Shear walls affect architecture at the exterior and reduce visibility at the interior1048707 Reduced drainage slopes1048707 More bird roosting ledges1048707 Might not be performed by local subcontractors
Disadvantages of Steel Construction1048707 Erection concerns due to mixing foundation
steel and precast subcontractors1048707 Not recommended where the steel is requiredto be fire rated by the building code1048707 Depending upon code requirements steel
structure may need to be fireproofed1048707 Steel painting for corrosion protection1048707 Maintenance of steel paint system1048707 Steel delivery times can fluctuate1048707 Extensive bird roosting ledges on the beam
Design Considerations
1048707 Zoning Requirements (permitted uses setbacks easements etc)1048707 Building Code Compliance1048707 Subsurface Conditions and Foundations1048707 Aesthetics1048707 Fire Rating Fire Protection and Life Safety1048707 Mechanical Systems1048707 Storm Drainage and Water Storage1048707 Parking Access and Revenue Control Equipment1048707 Mixed Uses (retail residential and office)1048707 Parking Office Requirements1048707 Maintenance
IV PARKING STANDARDS
Structural Systems
Three primary structural systems commonly used in parking structures today1048707 Cast-in-Place Concrete1048707 Precast Concrete1048707 Steel Framed
Cast-in-Place Concrete
Advantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Monolithic construction so fewer sealant joints1048707 Positive drainage is easier to achieve1048707 Post-Tensioning forces reduces slab cracking1048707 Floor vibration imperceptible1048707 Flexible column spacing (20rsquo to 27rsquo)1048707 Generally no shear walls1048707 Lower maintenance cost1048707 Wide beam spacing creates more open feeling with perception of higher ceiling1048707 Accommodates parking structures on irregular sites beneath buildings and underground
Disadvantages of Cast-in-Place Construction1048707 Potentially higher construction cost1048707 Quality control is more difficult to attain due to exposed weather conditions1048707 May require architectural cladding to improve exterior aesthetics1048707 Less adaptable to winter construction in cold climates1048707 Longer on-site construction schedule1048707 Closer expansion joint spacing1048707 Congestion of tendons and rebar at beam column joints1048707 Larger on-site staging requirement
Steel Framed
Advantages of Steel Construction1048707 Flexible column spacing of 18rsquo to 22rsquo1048707 Generally no shear walls
1048707 Can be performed by local subcontractors1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Potentially lower construction cost1048707 Easily accommodates vertical expansion
Precast Concrete
Advantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 Quality control because members are fabricated at a plant1048707 Potentially lower construction cost in some regions1048707 Shorter on-site construction schedule1048707 Greater expansion joint spacing (up to 300 feet)1048707 More adaptable to winter construction1048707 Architectural faccedilade spandrels also serve as structural load bearing elements
Disadvantages of Pre-Cast Construction1048707 More propensity for leaking at the joints1048707 Higher maintenance cost for sealants1048707 The close spacing of thee tee stems creates the perception of lower ceiling height1048707 Tee stems can block signage and interfere with lighting distribution1048707 Shear walls affect architecture at the exterior and reduce visibility at the interior1048707 Reduced drainage slopes1048707 More bird roosting ledges1048707 Might not be performed by local subcontractors
Disadvantages of Steel Construction1048707 Erection concerns due to mixing foundation
steel and precast subcontractors1048707 Not recommended where the steel is requiredto be fire rated by the building code1048707 Depending upon code requirements steel
structure may need to be fireproofed1048707 Steel painting for corrosion protection1048707 Maintenance of steel paint system1048707 Steel delivery times can fluctuate1048707 Extensive bird roosting ledges on the beam
Design Considerations
1048707 Zoning Requirements (permitted uses setbacks easements etc)1048707 Building Code Compliance1048707 Subsurface Conditions and Foundations1048707 Aesthetics1048707 Fire Rating Fire Protection and Life Safety1048707 Mechanical Systems1048707 Storm Drainage and Water Storage1048707 Parking Access and Revenue Control Equipment1048707 Mixed Uses (retail residential and office)1048707 Parking Office Requirements1048707 Maintenance
IV PARKING STANDARDS
steel and precast subcontractors1048707 Not recommended where the steel is requiredto be fire rated by the building code1048707 Depending upon code requirements steel
structure may need to be fireproofed1048707 Steel painting for corrosion protection1048707 Maintenance of steel paint system1048707 Steel delivery times can fluctuate1048707 Extensive bird roosting ledges on the beam
Design Considerations
1048707 Zoning Requirements (permitted uses setbacks easements etc)1048707 Building Code Compliance1048707 Subsurface Conditions and Foundations1048707 Aesthetics1048707 Fire Rating Fire Protection and Life Safety1048707 Mechanical Systems1048707 Storm Drainage and Water Storage1048707 Parking Access and Revenue Control Equipment1048707 Mixed Uses (retail residential and office)1048707 Parking Office Requirements1048707 Maintenance
IV PARKING STANDARDS