research presentation
TRANSCRIPT
Age Differences in Canine Mutual Gaze Tasks Can
Help Optimize the Age at Which Training Starts
By: Seraphina Wong
Mentors: Dr. Brian Hare and the Hare Group
Duke Canine Cognition Center, Duke University
Eye Contact
• Helps with:
• Emotional cues
• Facial recognition
• Attentional focus
• Infants less likely to smile when no eye
contact1
• Able to understand gaze cues by age six4http://www.projects.aegee.org/euroislam/upload
s/RTEmagicC_eyecontact.gif.gif
How This Applies to Dogs
• Important factor in communicating with humans2
• Alternating gaze to communicate location3
• Alternating gaze to ask for permission to access
various things2
Why does this matter?
• Longer eye contact = more reliant on humans5
• Can optimize age at which training starts
• If nothing is done:
• Will slow down training process
• Potentially waste time and money
Goal and Hypothesis
• Goal: To determine if there is an optimal age at which dogs maintain eye
contact the longest
• Hypothesis: Younger dogs will maintain eye contact longer than older dogs
Methods
• Mutual Gaze Task
• Wubba/large squeaky toy
• Engages dog for 10 seconds
• Observes dog for 20 seconds
• Time latency of eye contact with experimenter
• 4 trials totalhttp://dogstory.in/upload_images/Wubba
_Friends_Bear.jpg
Methods, cont’d
• Unsolvable Task
• Tennis ball and treat in sealed container
• 1 minute for retrieval
• Time latency of eye contact with experimenter
• 4 trials total
Photo courtesy of: Seraphina Wong
Results
-2.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
1, 2 3, 4 5, 6 7, 8 9, 10 11, 12 13, 14 15, 16
Avg.
% o
f tr
ial sp
ent
loo
kin
g at
Exp
.
Age Range
Mutual Gaze
Results, cont’d
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
1, 2 3, 4 5, 6 7, 8 9, 10 11, 12 13, 14 15, 16
Avg.
% o
f tr
ial sp
ent
loo
kin
g at
Exp
.
Age Range
Unsolvable
Conclusion
• Dogs look to humans the most when they are about 9-10 years old
• Unsolvable Task less reliable due to unreliable sample
• Not an equal number of subjects per age range
Applications and Future Studies
• Improves training programs
• Would not waste time and money on a dog less likely to pass training
• Future Studies
• Sex differences in mutual gaze
Special Thanks
• Dr. Brian Hare and the Hare Group
• Carolina Livery
• North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics
• Dr. Sarah Shoemaker
Works Cited
1. Itier, R., Batty, M. (2009). Neural bases of eye and gaze processing: The core of social cognition. Neuroscience
& Biobehavioral reviews, 33 (6), 843-863.
2. Jakovcevic, A., Mustaca, A., Bentosela, M. (2012). Do more sociable dogs gaze longer to the human face
than less sociable ones? Behavioural Processes, 90 (2), 217-222.
3. Miklósi, A., Polgárdi, R., Topál, J., Csányi, V. (2000). Intentional behaviour in dog-human communication:
An experimental analysis of “showing” behaviour in the dog. Animal Cognition. 3, 159–166
4. Vida, M., Maurer D. (2012). The development of fine-grained sensitivity to eye contact after 6 years of age.
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 112, 243-256
5. Yamamoto, M., Ohtani, N., Ohta, M. (2011). The response of dogs to attentional focus of human beings: A
comparison between guide dog candidates and other dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 6, 4-11.