research variable (2)
TRANSCRIPT
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Questions
1. What are variables?
2. What are the characteristics of
variables?
3. Can studies be conducted
without variables?
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Type of Variables
• Dependent
• Independent
• Extraneous
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Dependent Variables
• Also refers to outcome of the study • Measurable by researcher • Changed according to intervention or situation • Example
- Spelling test score - Aptitude score - Number of question answered in one minute
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Independent Variables
It may be a form of intervention, example:
intervention to reduce mental patients’
stress
Can be controlled/changed by the researcher
Example: Type of intervention – sweet pills vs.
original drug
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Extraneous Variables
• Unexpected factors that affect the dependent
and independent variables
• To overcome: made them constant – same for
each group
• Build them into the design
• Example:
- Both experimental and control group receive
extra tuition, television programme
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Example
The effect of temperature on students’ achievement in Mathematic test
1) Dependent variable: ???
2) Independent variable: ???
3) Extraneous variable: ???
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1) Mathematical test
2) Classroom temperature
3) Type of food consumed
4) The clothing material
5) Position in the classroom
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Exercise:
Identify the: 1) Dependent; 2) Independent; and 3) Extraneous variables for the following examples:
a) Effect of questioning on students’
science concept mastery
b) Effect of teaching experience on children’s intellectual development
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c) Correraltion of goal orientation
with the use of self-regulated
learning strategies
d) Emotional intelligence for male
and female students
e) ‘Safe school’ policy: Exploration in
a zone within Kuala Lumpur
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Research Process
1. Identification of problem
2. Forming of hypotheses
3. Determine the method and
instruments of the study
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5. Report on the findings
4. Data collection and
interpretation
Question: What constitute a research
proposal?
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General Guidelines in
proposal writing (Quantitative)
Title page - Title page - Content - List of table - List of figure - Bibliography - Appendix
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Chapter 1: Introduction
- Background
- Rationale of the study
- Statement of problem
- Research objective
- Research question
- Research Hypothesis (if any)
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- Significance of the study
- Limitation of the study
- Definition Operational
- Summary
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Chapter 2: Review of
Literature
- Introduction
- Related theories
- Review of past studies
- Conceptual framework
- Summary
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Chapter 3: Methodology
- Introduction
- Research design
- Population of the study
- Sample of the study
- Sampling
- Instrument of the study
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- Validity and Reliability
- Pilot study
- Data analysis
- Summary
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Guidelines for writing
research proposal (Qualitative)
Title Page
- Title page
- Content
- List of table
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- List of figure
- Bibliography
- Appendix
Chapter 1: Introduction
- Background / Research context
- Review of literature
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- The researcher’s interest
towards focus of the study
- Purpose of the study
- Research question
- Significance of the Study
- Limitation of the study
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Chapter 2: Methodology
- Introduction
- Research design
- Researcher’s role as instrument
- Population / Sampling
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- Data collection procedure
- Method
- Pilot study
- Ethics of research
- Interpretation and data analysis
- Data verification method
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Chapter 3: Case / Issues
- Introduction
- Display the case or issues with
different writing approach
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Chapter 4: Conclusion
- Discuss the findings with the case or
issues in research
- Discuss implication of findings
- Recommendation for future study
Bibliography
Appendix
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Get the group assignment title
and individual assignment title