respon sel

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The binding of chemical signals to their corresponding receptors induces events within the cell that ultimately change its behaviour. The nature of these intracellular events differs according to the type of receptor. Also, the same chemical signal can trigger different responses in different types of cell. Cell surface receptors work in several ways when they are occupied. Some receptors enter the cell still bound to the chemical signal. Others activate membrane enzymes, which produce certain intracellular chemical mediators. Still other receptors open membrane channels, allowing a flow of ions that causes either a change in the electrical properties of the membrane or a change in the ion concentration in the cytoplasm. This regulation of enzymes or membrane channels produces changes in the concentration of intracellular signaling molecules, which are often called second messengers (the first messenger being the extracellular chemical signal bound to the receptor). Two common intracellular signaling molecules are cyclic AMP and the calcium ion. Cyclic AMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate, the ubiquitous energy-carrying molecule of the cell. The intracellular concentrations of both cyclic AMP and calcium ions are normally very low. The binding of an extracellular chemical signal to a cell surface receptor stimulates an enzyme complex in the membrane to produce cyclic AMP. This second messenger then diffuses into the cytoplasm and acts on intracellular enzymes called kinases that modify the behaviour of the cell, culminating in the activation of target genes that increase the synthesis of certain proteins. The action of cyclic AMP is brief because it is rapidly degraded by specific enzymes. Occupancy of other surface receptors causes a transient opening of membrane channels. This can allow calcium ions to enter the cytoplasm from the extracellular space, where their concentration is higher. The action of calcium ions is also brief because they are rapidly pumped out of the cell or bound to intracellular molecules, lowering the cytoplasmic concentration to the state existing before stimulation. Some extracellular chemical signals enter the cell intact, still bound to the receptor, without generating a second messenger. In this mechanism, receptor occupancy causes individual receptors within the

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Page 1: Respon Sel

The binding of chemical signals to their corresponding receptors induces events within the cell that ultimately change its behaviour. The nature of these intracellular events differs according to the type of receptor. Also, the same chemical signal can trigger different responses in different types of cell.

Cell surface receptors work in several ways when they are occupied. Some receptors enter the cell still bound to the chemical signal. Others activate membrane enzymes, which produce certain intracellular chemical mediators. Still other receptors open membrane channels, allowing a flow of ions that causes either a change in the electrical properties of the membrane or a change in the ion concentration in the cytoplasm. This regulation of enzymes or membrane channels produces changes in the concentration of intracellular signaling molecules, which are often called second messengers (the first messenger being the extracellular chemical signal bound to the receptor).

Two common intracellular signaling molecules are cyclic AMP and the calcium ion. Cyclic AMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate, the ubiquitous energy-carrying molecule of the cell. The intracellular concentrations of both cyclic AMP and calcium ions are normally very low. The binding of an extracellular chemical signal to a cell surface receptor stimulates an enzyme complex in the membrane to produce cyclic AMP. This second messenger then diffuses into the cytoplasm and acts on intracellular enzymes called kinases that modify the behaviour of the cell, culminating in the activation of target genes that increase the synthesis of certain proteins. The action of cyclic AMP is brief because it is rapidly degraded by specific enzymes.

Occupancy of other surface receptors causes a transient opening of membrane channels. This can allow calcium ions to enter the cytoplasm from the extracellular space, where their concentration is higher. The action of calcium ions is also brief because they are rapidly pumped out of the cell or bound to intracellular molecules, lowering the cytoplasmic concentration to the state existing before stimulation.

Some extracellular chemical signals enter the cell intact, still bound to the receptor, without generating a second messenger. In this mechanism, receptor occupancy causes individual receptors within the cell membrane to aggregate spontaneously. That portion of the membrane containing the aggregated receptors is then taken into the cell, where it fuses with various membrane-bounded organelles in the cytoplasm. In some instances the chemical signal is released within the organelles, and in almost all instances the ingested membrane is rapidly returned to the cell membrane along with the surface receptors.

Pengikatan sinyal kimia untuk reseptor yang berhubungan menginduksi peristiwa dalam sel yang pada akhirnya mengubah perilakunya. Sifat peristiwa intraseluler berbeda sesuai dengan jenis reseptor. Juga, sinyal kimia yang sama dapat memicu respon yang berbeda dalam berbagai jenis sel.

Reseptor permukaan sel bekerja dalam beberapa cara ketika mereka diduduki. Beberapa reseptor masuk ke dalam sel masih terikat sinyal kimia. Lainnya mengaktifkan enzim membran

Page 2: Respon Sel

, Yang menghasilkan mediator kimia intraseluler tertentu. Masih reseptor lain saluran membran terbuka, yang memungkinkan aliran ion

yang menyebabkan baik perubahan sifat listrik dari membran atau perubahan konsentrasi ion dalam sitoplasma. Ini regulasi enzim atau saluran membran menghasilkan perubahan konsentrasi intraseluler molekul sinyal, yang sering disebut second messenger (utusan pertama adalah sinyal kimia ekstraseluler terikat pada reseptor).

Dua molekul sinyal intraselular umum adalah siklik AMP

dan thecalcium

ion. Cyclic AMP merupakan turunan dari adenosin trifosfat

, Di mana-mana energi membawa molekul sel. Konsentrasi intraseluler dari kedua AMP dan kalsium ion siklik biasanya sangat rendah. Pengikatan sinyal kimia ekstraseluler pada reseptor permukaan sel merangsang kompleks enzim dalam membran untuk memproduksi AMP siklik. Utusan kedua ini

kemudian berdifusi ke dalam sitoplasma dan bertindak atas enzim intraseluler yang disebut kinase yang memodifikasi perilaku sel, yang berpuncak pada aktivasi gen target yang meningkatkan sintesis protein tertentu. Tindakan AMP siklik singkat karena cepat terdegradasi oleh enzim tertentu.

Hunian reseptor permukaan lainnya menyebabkan pembukaan sementara saluran membran. Hal ini dapat memungkinkan ion kalsium masuk ke sitoplasma dari ruang ekstraselular, dimana konsentrasi mereka lebih tinggi. Tindakan ion kalsium juga singkat karena mereka cepat dipompa keluar dari sel atau terikat dengan molekul intraseluler, menurunkan konsentrasi sitoplasma ke negara yang ada sebelum stimulasi.

Beberapa sinyal kimia ekstraseluler masuk ke dalam sel utuh, masih terikat pada reseptor, tanpa menghasilkan seorang utusan kedua. Dalam mekanisme ini, hunian reseptor menyebabkan reseptor individual dalam membran sel untuk agregat spontan. Bagian dari membran yang mengandung reseptor agregat kemudian diambil ke dalam sel, di mana ia memadukan dengan berbagai organel membran-terikat dalam sitoplasma. Dalam beberapa kasus sinyal kimia dilepaskan dalam organel, dan dalam hampir semua kasus membran tertelan dengan cepat kembali ke membran sel bersama dengan reseptor permukaan.