responses to the industrial city planning, social theory & policy
TRANSCRIPT
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Responses to the Industrial City
Planning, Social Theory & Policy
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Industrial City (1870-1920)
Population Change: Multiplier Effect
Social Change: Immigrants & Class Issues
Technological & Environmental Change: ‘Up & Out’
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Restructuring the City
Chicago as ‘Shock City’
Multiplier Effect Population Growth:
1840 - 4,470 1870 – 298,977
1900 – 1,698,575 1930 – 3,376,438
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Social Change
‘New Immigrants’ (1880 – 1920) –*Eastern European*Southern European
Industrial Workers – strikes & violence
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Labor Conditions:
Depression of 1873
Haymarket Riot – 1886
Depression of 1893
Pullman Strike - 1894
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New Land Use Patterns
Central Business District Industrial DistrictsResidential DistrictsCommuter SuburbsIndustrial Suburbs
[Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model]
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Central Business District
Skyscrapers-- steel frame
-- elevator
Department Stores
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Burnham’s Reliance Building
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Mass Market of Housing
Balloon Frame Construction – Workers Cottages
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Mass Market of Housing
Rise of Real Estate Developer
Example: S.E. Gross –
‘Friend of the Working Man’
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Commuter Suburbs
Olmsted’s Riverside, Il.[1868-1869]
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Industrial Suburb
Pullman, Illinois [1880-1884]
Milwaukee – South Milwaukee
(1890)
Cudahy (1893)
West Allis (1902)
West Milwaukee (1906)
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Private Responses
Suburbanization – Commuter Industrial
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Environmental Controls
Emergence of Zoning Laws/Building
CodesParks MovementCity Beautiful Movement
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Emergence of Zoning
San Francisco/ Modesto, CA; 1886
Los Angeles; 1909
New York; 1916
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New York’s Zoning
“ . . . Restrictions on land use are constitutional because they enable city government to carry out their duties of protecting the health, safety, morals and general welfare of their citizens.”
1) Separate land uses into appropriate zones;
2) Restrict building heights3) Limit lot coverage
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Euclid vs. Ambler Realty Co., 1926
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Village of Euclid, Ohio
Districting of village into residential land uses; Village lay ‘in path’ of industrial development
Ambler Realty challenged restrictive zoning
Supreme Court ruling established jurisdiction’s right; Village could set single-family as highest and best use
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Urban Parks Movement
Frederick Law Olmsted &
Calvert Vaux – Central Park (1856-1863)
Nature’s ‘cure’ – health benefits, psychological relief; democratizing force
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City Beautiful (1900-1910)
Columbian Exposition(World Fair of 1893): “The White City”
* Burnham - architect
* Olmsted – landscape
architect
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Burnham – architect
“White City” & primary leader of City Beautiful Movement
“Make no little plans for they
have no magic to stir
men’s blood . . .”
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City Beautiful
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Movement Goals
“beauty, order, system & harmony”Middle & upper-class effort to refashion the city into beautiful, functional entitiesFocus on civic improvements & parks
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Milwaukee’s C. Beautiful Legacy
Alfred Clas’ Ideas: * RiverWalk
*West Kilbourn Street Improvements (connecting public buildings)
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Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City
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Howard’s vision
Life’s experience:Homesteading,
Chicago – before1871
Town/Country
Medieval London
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Impact in Britain
Letchworth:1903
Welywyn:1920
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American Influence
Design Implications – Radburn Plan
Greenbelt Cities: Greendale WI
New Towns: Reston, NY & Columbia, Maryland
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LeCorbusier
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Modernist Influence
Public Housing
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Modernist Influence
Town Plans * Brasilia
* Chandigarh
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