teori weber - industrial location theory

7/22/2019 Teori Weber - Industrial Location Theory

1/30

ANALISA LOKASI KERUANGAN(RP09-1209)

Teori Weber :

Ind us t r ial Loc at ion Theory


2/30

Classic Industrial Location

Key Issues Transportation Costs Production Costs

Inputs (ubiquitous v. place -based) Labor

- Agglomeration and De-agglomeration

PENDEKATANBIAYA LOKASITERKECIL


3/30

Webers Theory of the Location of Industries In 1909 the German location economist Alfred Weber formulated atheory of industrial location in his book entitled ber den Standort der Industrien (Theory of the Location of Industries, 1929).Weber 's theory , called the location triangle, sought the optimumlocation for the production of a good based on the fixed locations of themarket and two raw material sources, which geographically form atriangle.He sought to determine the least-cost production location within thetriangle by figuring the total costs of transporting raw material from bothsites to the production site and product from the production site to themarket.The weight of the raw materials and the final commodity are importantdeterminants of the transport costs and the location of production.Commodities that lose mass during production can be transported lessexpensively from the production site to the market than from the rawmaterial site to the production site.The production site, therefore, will be located near the raw materialsources. Where there is no great loss of mass during production, totaltransportation costs will be lower when located near the market.


4/30

ASUMSI TEORI WEBER 1. UNIT STUDI TERISOLASI, HOMOGEN, KONSUMEN

TERPUSAT DI TITIK TERTENTU, SEMUA UNITPERUSAHAAN DAPAT MEMASUKI PASAR YANGTIDAK TERBATAS (PERSAINGAN SEMPURNA).

2. SUMBER DAYA ALAM: AIR, PASIR, LEMPUNG,TERSEDIA DI MANA-MANA (UBIQUITOUS )

3. BAHAN LAINNYA SEPERTI MINERAL DAN BIJIBESI TERSEDIA TERBATAS PADA SEJUMLAHTEMPAT (SPORADIS)

4. TENAGA KERJA TIDAK TERSEDIA SECARA LUAS,MENGELOMPOK PADA BEBERAPA LOKASI DANMOBILITASNYA TERBATAS.


5/30

Konsep Weber


6/30

KONSEP INI DIJELASKAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKANSEGITIGA LOKASIONAL, DI MANA LOKASIOPTIMUM (P) ADALAH KESEIMBANGAN ANTARA KEKUATAN YANG DITIMBULKAN OLEH SUMBER

BAHAN BAKU (INPUT 1 DAN INPUT 2) DAN TITIK PASAR (MARKET).

UNTUK MENGETAHUI APAKAH LOKASI OPTIMUMLEBIH DEKAT KE SUMBER INPUT ATAU PASAR,DIGUNAKANINDEX BAHAN, YAITUPERBANDINGANBERAT INPUT BAHAN LOKALDENGANBERAT PRODUK AKHIR.


7/30

Perhitungan Indeks Bahan (IB)

IB = ----------------------------Bobot Bahan Baku LokalBobot Produk Akhir

Keterangan:

-IB > 1, perusahaan akan berlokasi dekat ke bahan baku,-IB < 1, perusahaan akan berlokasi dekat ke pasar


8/30

Isotim & Isodapane


9/30

ISOTIMS


10/30

ISODAPAN


11/30

Other Concerns

Spatial Division of Labor No just cost but skills too

Quality of Life

Institutional Supports Economies of Scale & Scope

Agglomeration & localization

Site & Situation Neo-traditional issues


12/30

FAKTOR LOKASI MENURUT ALFRED WEBER (1909)

BERDASARKAN KELAZIMAN YG TERJADI

BERLAKU UMUM DAN PRAKTIS UNTUK SETIAP KEGIATANINDUSTRI (BIAYA TRANSPORT, BIAYA TENAGA KERJA, BIAYA LAHAN, ETC.)

BERLAKU KHUSUS DAN HANYA TERJADI PADA KEGIATAN

TERTENTU PADA BOBOT (BAHAN MENTAH DAN PRODUK MUDAH BUSUK, KELEMBABAN UDARA, ALIRAN AIR)

BERDASARKAN PENGARUH RUANG

FAKTOR REGIONAL DIMANA INDUSTRI TERTARIK PADA ASPEK GEOGRAFIS TERTENTU, JARINGAN UTAMA ORIENTASI

INDUSTRI (KETERSEDIAAN LAHAN, SIMPUL TRANSPORTASI,TEMPAT BONGKAR-MUAT, PELABUHAN)

FAKTOR REGIONAL YANG MURNI EKONOMI ADALAH HARGA BAHAN BAKU, BIAYA TENAGA KERJA, BIAYA TRANSPORT


13/30

LANJUTAN WEBER

FAKTOR AGLOMERASI/DEGLOMERASI DIMANA DALAMJARINGAN UTAMANYA TIDAK TERGANTUNG PADA ORIENTASI GEOGRAFIS, ANTAR INDUSTRI SALING TERKAIT

ATAU SALING BERJAUHAN (MENEKAN HARGA MELALUIPRODUKSI MASSAL, PENGGUNAAN MESIN YG LEBIH BAIK

(INTERNAL FAKTOR), KETERSEDIAAN BANTUAN(EKSTERNAL FAKTOR)

BERDASARKAN SIFAT DAN KEADAAN

FAKTOR ALAMIAH DAN TEKNIS: POSISI DAN IKLIM,TINGKAT UPAH (UMR), KUALITAS TENAGA KERJA

FAKTOR SOSIAL BUDAYA: TINGKAT SUKU BUNGA, TINGKATPENDIDIKAN, TINGKAT KINERJA


14/30

FAKTOR LOKASI UNTUK KEGIATAN INDUSTRIFAKTOR LOKASI DARI SISI MAKRO

TRANSPORTASIJARAK TERHADAP PEMASOK, KONSUMENKETERSEDIAAN KOMUNIKASI (POS, BANK, TELKOM, ETC)POSISI TERHADAP JARINGAN JALAN (ARTERI, KOLEKTOR, TOL)POSISI TERHADAP JARINGAN KERETA API & TERMINAL CONTAINER POSISI TERHADAP KANAL, ANGKUTAN SUNGAI & PENYEBERANGANPOSISI TERHADAP BANDARA, PELABUHAN

TENAGA KERJA KETERSEDIAAN TENAGA KERJA KEMAMPUAN/KETERAMPILAN (PROFESIONAL, TUKANG, BURUH)UPAH TENAGA KERJA TEMPAT PELATIHAN TENAGA KERJA (BLK)KONDISI SOSIAL BUDAYA MASYARAKAT SETEMPAT

IKLIM (TEMPERATUR, KELEMBABAN, CURAH HUJAN, ETC.)PAJAK, RETRIBUSI, PUNGUTAN, INSENTIF


15/30

LANJUTAN

FAKTOR LOKASI DARI SISI MIKROLAHANLAYANAN TRANSPORTASIPENYEDIAAN ENERGI

KELISTRIKAN (TEGANGAN, KINERJA, GARDU INDUK, BIAYA SAMB.)GAS (JENIS PELAYANAN, JARING DISTRIBUSI, HARGA, BIAYA SAMB.)

BATUBARA PENYEDIAAN AIR BERSIH

LAYANAN JARINGAN PDAM (SAMBUNGAN, KINERJA, SUMBER AIR,HARGA JUAL)PENGGUNAAN AIR TANAH (KUALITAS, KUANTITAS)

PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH PADATKEGIATAN USAHA YG BERDEKATAN


16/30

PERTIMBANGAN DALAM PEMILIHAN LOKASIINDUSTRI

LOCATION OF RESOURCES & MARKETSCHANGING DEMAND FOR PRODUCTS

TRANSPORTATION COSTS FOR ASSEMBLY & DISTRIBUTION

VARIATIONS IN MANUFACTURING COSTS; PRINCIPALLY INLABOR COST, BUT ALSO IN LAND COST, COSTS OFHEATING & COOLING THE PLANT, DISPOSAL OF WASTE,

AND CORPORATE & INVENTORY TAXES

SCALE OF OPERATIONS

TECHNIQUES OF PRODUCTION

LABOR-INTENSIVE OR CAPITAL INTENSIVE AVAILABILITY OF CAPITAL


17/30

LANJUTAN PEMILIHAN LOKASI INDUSTRI

GOVERNMENTAL POLICY THAT SERVES TO ENCOURAGEINDUSTRY TO LOCATE IN SPECIAL AREAS BY GUARANTEEING MARKETS, PROVIDING LAND AND/ OR TRAINED EMPLOYEES & TAX REDUCTIONS

AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES ACHIEVED THROUGH

AVAILABILITY OF SPECIALIZED SERVICES & INTER-INDUSTRY LINKAGES BETWEEN SUPPLIERS & CUSTOMERSWITHIN SPECIALIZED MANUFACTURING REGIONS

AMENITY FACTORS, SUCH AS SUPERIOR SCHOOLS, OR LOCATION ADJACENT TO COLLEGE OR UNIVER-SITY,WHICH OFFERS POOL OF PROSPECTIVE EMPLOYEES. MILDCLIMATE, CULTURAL AMENITIES, AND SUBURBANLOCATIONS ARE ESPECIALLY TO MANAGEMENT


18/30

VARIABEL LOKASI INDUSTRI

MATERIALSMANUFACTURINGPROCESS (V.A)

PRODUCTIONFACTORS

INPUT

PRODUCT MARKET

OUTPUT

ASSEMBLY COSTS DISTRIBUTIONCOSTS

TRANSPORTATION INPUTS

TECHNIQUE SCALE

LOCATION

3 MAJOR

DECISIONS


19/30

LOKASI ALTERNATIF

ASUMSI: SEMUA ELEMEN SAMA, KECUALI TRANSP. COST

PROPORSIONAL THD JARAK, MAKA LOKASI ALTERNATIFPADA RAW MATERIAL SITE, MARKET, OR ANYPLACE INBETWEEN

KASUS 1: SEMUA LOKASI DAPAT DIPILIH TANPA MENINGKATKAN TRANSP. COST.

MATERIALSOURCE MARKET

C O S T

TOTAL COST

DC = DISTR. COST

AC = ASSEMBLY COST

DISTANCE


20/30

LOKASI ALTERNATIF (LANJUTAN)

KASUS 2: BILA ASSEMBLY COST MENINGKAT LEBIH CEPATDIBANDING DISTRIBUTION COST, LOKASI PADA TEMPATPRODUKSI LEBIH MENGUNTUNGKAN, CONTOH INDUSTRIPENGALENGAN BUAH-BUAHAN.


C O S T

DC = DISTR. COST

AC = ASSEMBLY COST

DISTANCE


21/30


22/30


KASUS 4: TRANSPORT COST INCREASES UNLINEAR. THERE

ARE ALSO LOADING & UNLOADING COSTS TO CONSIDER.CITIES AT THE BREAK POINT IN TRANSHIPMENT (RIVER,PORT, RAILROAD) GAINED ADVANTAGE BECAUSE OF COSTIN TRANSFERRING GOODS & OPPORTUNITIES FOR MANUFACTURING. CONTOH INDUSTRI TEPUNG TERIGU


C O S T

TOTAL COST

DC = DISTR. COST

AC = ASSEMBLY COST

DISTANCE


23/30


KASUS 5: COMPLICATE PROBLEM BY INTRODUCING THIRD

PLACE WITH ADVANTAGE OF CHEAPER LABOR OR POWER SOURCE. RAW MATERIAL SOURCE IS CENTRALIZED. ASSEMBLY COST INCREASE TO MARKET, OR LOW-COSTPROCESSING PLACE. EXAMPLE LOCATION OF ELECTRONICPLANT


C O S T

TOTAL COST

D.C.

A.C.

DC = DISTR. COST

AC = ASSEMBLY COST

DISTANCE

P.C.PC = PROCESS COST


24/30

KLASIFIKASI INDUSTRI

RESOURCE ORIENTATION: UTILIZE BULKY OR PERISHABLE RAWMATERIAL NORMALLY SEEK LOCATION CLOSE TO SOURCE OFRAW MATERIAL. EXPL. MINING INDUSTRIES, FRUIT CANNING

MARKET ORIENTATION: LOCATION OF MARKET-ORIENTED

INDUSTRIES HAVING HIGH DISTRIBUTION COST IS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LOCATION OF POPULATION.EXPL. PRINTING INDUSTRIES, OFFICE EQUIPMENT & SUPPLIES

OPTIONAL ORIENTATION: INDUSTRIES CAN BE EITHER MARKETOR RESOURCE ORIENTED BECAUSE OF ABILITY TO REARRANGE(EXCHANGE) TECHNIQUE PRODUCTION TO MAXIMIZEPROFITABILITY OF ALTERNATIVE LOCATION


25/30

CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRY BY LOCATIONALORIENTATION

Market

Market Market

Marketoptional

Marketoptional

Optionalmarket

Optionalmarket

Resource

Resource

DISTRIBUTION COST

High Medium Low

Medium

Low

High

A S S E M B L Y C O S T


26/30

REFERENSI Dedi NS Setiono [2011], Ekonomi PengembanganWilayah: Teori dan Analisis , Lembaga PenerbitFE-UI, JakartaRustiadi, Ernan, et.al. [2009], Perencanaan danPengembangan Wilayah , Crestpent Press danYayasan Obor Indonesia, JakartaSjafrizal [2008], Ekonomi Regional: Teori dan

Aplikasi , Baduose Media, PadangTarigan, Robinson [2006], Ekonomi Regional:Teori dan Aplikasi , Edisi Revisi, Bumi Aksara,JakartaKrumme,(http://faculty.washington.edu/krumme/450/weber.html)


27/30

Alfred Weber and Subsequent Developments in Industrial Location Theory (http://faculty.washington.edu/krumme/450/weber.html)

1. Why are we interested in Weberian Triangles?Objectives of deriving Weberian principles andleast-cost location theory.

2. Setting up the theoretical model: the constraints

(assumptions)1. the "objective function" for this "normative" model1. starting with transport cost minimization2. overall cost minimization3. profit maximization

2. Assumptions related to organization and, importantly, toproduction process and production function [the initialWeber model is based on linear production relations withno scale economies and no input substitution; "Leontief-type production function".


28/30

Alfred Weber and Subsequent Developments

3. Assumptions related to inputs used in the

production process1. Inputs are available in unlimited supply at given (fixed)prices independent of location

2. These material inputs are either localized at a limitednumber of locations or ubiquitously available ( =

everywhere).3. "pure" versus weight-losing materials4. competitive price formation on markets for inputs

(input prices are independent of production levels)

4. Assumptions related to markets1. Demand is fixed and concentrated at a limited number

of (known) locations (points)2. competitive price formation (given prices at market, i.e.

prices are independent of production levels)


29/30

Alfred Weber and Subsequent Developments

5. Assumptions related to thetransportation process and transportcosts.

Transport is possible in any direction, andtransport costs for materials or products arelinear, i.e. directly proportional to weight anddistance, implying a "flat plain" and anabsence of networks and distance & scaleeconomies in transportation.


30/30

SEKIAN DAN TERIMA KASIH

teori weber - industrial location theory

Documents