RESTORATION AND THE 18TH CENTURY

The “Turbulent Time’s” up cycle

Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)practically invented the modern realistic novel

There are seven groups of English Society1. The Great, who live profusely.2. The Rich, who live very plentifully.3. The Middle Sort, who live well.4. The Working Trades, who labor hard, but feel

no want.5. The Country People, Farmers, etc., who fare

indifferently6. The Poor, that fare hard.7. The Miserable, that really pinch and suffer

want What does this tell you about the society of the time period? Is this societal description transcendent?

CLEARLY LABELS WERE IMPORTANT

How is this seen in the quarelle de femes?

Review What Monarch had his head chopped

off? Charles I

Who took over the government after this monarch? Oliver Cromwell

Who succeeded the “Lord Protector” and re-established the monarchy in 1660? Charles II

Historical and Literary connections How did Milton use his society as

inspiration for Paradise Lost?

A Clash of Styles ORNATE

Cavaliers—supported Charles I and were opposed by the Puritans

Dressed elegantly, ate with gusto, attended the theater, lived a high life

PLAINDressed and ate

plainly, thought the theater was wicked, lived God-fearing, yet somewhat dull lives

Established a church dictatorship in England under Cromwell

Royal InheritanceReestablished 1660

“Lord Protector” Cromwell 1653-1658

Cromwell & Puritans Cromwell established a religious

dictatorship. Puritanical reign

Puritans fled at the death of Cromwell…to escape persecution of the newly established Monarchy To the “new world” (1658)1692-1693—what happens in Salem?

Using at least 1 of your new vocabulary words…

Explain how this picture is a parody.

What is it mocking? What change is it calling for?

The Original

The 18th Century

There were many closer heirs to Anne, but they were all Catholic; As a result, George’s reign was questioned by the Catholics; deposing was attempted and failed.

WHY WOULD ALL THESE HISTORICAL CHANGES AND EVENTS INSPIRE

PEOPLE TO USE SATIRE? UpsetTired

Disillusioned

More Trouble & Change After 20 years of civil war, the English people

were wary and exhausted By 1700…

Plague that claimed many—including Queen MaryFire (2/3 of Londoners are homeless)

1775—colonies rebelled against British Rule and won their freedomJuly 4, 1776 “Nothing happened today”—George III

Calm finally emerges toward the end and the British Military is restedColonies established around the globe

Label me? 1660-1800 “The Augustan Age, The Neoclassical

period, The Enlightenment, The Age of Reason” All apply to some, none apply to all

Augustan & Neoclassical Age Comparisons to Rome “Augustus” (63

BC- 14AD) restored peace after death of Caesar

Restoration of the King, England likened itself to Augustan RomeA period of calm after a period of turmoil

Literature and arts fashion themselves after the Latin Classics and Latin Classics are more well known than contemporary or English works

Reason and Enlightenment Asking How?

In Macbeth they noticed the unnatural lack of sunlight—why did this happen? They ask. They did not ask HOW…

If they did—how could science explain it? Advance in science as a result

Ironically While people were being enlightened

they were also being repressedReligion determined politicsReestablished Anglican church “official

religion” of country to this dayOutlaw of Puritan and Independent sects

(caused much of the uproar during the previous years)

Persecution ensues

Pouring into North America What were they seeking?

Freedom from turbulence—political and religious

The “dream”—making money and increasing their standing in by selling and trading furs, tobacco, logs and slaves.

Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)practically invented the modern realistic novel

There are seven groups of English Society1. The Great, who live profusely.2. The Rich, who live very plentifully.3. The Middle Sort, who live well.4. The Working Trades, who labor hard, but feel

no want.5. The Country People, Farmers, etc., who fare

indifferently6. The Poor, that fare hard.7. The Miserable, that really pinch and suffer

want

AGE OF SATIRETHE AGE OF POPE

Attacks on immorality and Bad TasteAlexander Pope (1668-1744) & Jonathan

Swift (1667-1745)

ALEXANDER POPE1711; 1712-1714

“An Essay on Man” and “The Rape of the Lock”

Who is Pope? Brilliant Satirist—writes in verse Physical Problems:

Tuberculosis of the bone, or Pott’s disease, Pope stood only about four and a half feet tall

Roman Catholic family : Persecuted minority. King James II ousted1688: English

Catholics could not legally vote, hold office, attend a university, or live within ten miles of London.

○ What would this kind of repression lead to?

Scriblerus Club Purpose: to ridicule “false tastes in

learning.” Members included: Swift and Pope! Wined, dined, and joked with one another Probably inspired Swift’s masterwork

Gulliver’s Travels

“An Essay on Man” Purpose: caution against intellectual pride

To Teach?To Persuade?To Entertain?To inform?

“An Essay on Man” Means:

describing the uncertain “middle state”Heroic Couplets

Heroic Couplets page 522-523 Couplet: 2 rhymed lines Triplet: 3 rhymed lines Iambic pentameter: 5 iambs

(unstressed; stressed) Closed: thought expressed in a

complete sentenceWith your partner complete number 2-3 on page 523 after reading all the heroic couplets.

“An Essay on Man” By way of: Antithesis: contrasting opposites

Now complete number 6 on page 523 with your partner.

“An Essay on Man” page 524 Interpretation Man should NOT study

God Man should study

Man What is man struggling with? Born but to die means? Reasoning but to err? Does this support rationis capax? How can one be Lord and prey? What connection can you make to the idea that man is

“The glory, jest, and riddle of the world?

“An Essay on Man” page 524 Antithesis

Skeptic’s side; stoic’s prideAct; restBorn; dieReasoning; errAbused; disabuseHalf to rise; half to fallLord of all things; prey to allTruth; error

Pope’s Satire Rape of the Lock Mock epic based on true events Petre family and the Fermor family

dispute over a lock of hair is spun into a fantastical adventure tale

Mock Epic

A Long, humorous narrative poem that treats a trivial subject in the grand style of a true epic like Homer’s Iliad or Milton’s Paradise Lost.

For example, in The Rape of the Lock, Pope applies to the theft of a lady’s lock of hair such epic elements as these: Boasting speeches of heroes and heroines Elaborate descriptions of warriors and their weapons Involvement of gods and goddesses in the action Epic similes, or elaborate comparisons in the style of Homer that

sometimes use the words like, as, or so Antithesis—placing side by side, and in similar grammatical

structures, strongly contrasting words, clauses, sentences, or ideas.

Pope’s Form Heroic Couplet:

2 rhymed lines of iambic pentamenter“closed” if they represent a complete sentence.

Epic elementsBoasting speeches of heroes and heroinesElaborate descriptions of warriors and their

weaponsInvolvement of gods and goddesses in the actionEpic similes, or elaborate comparisons in the style

of Homer that sometimes use the words like, as, or so